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iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. Literature Review .......................................................................5 Chapter 2. ASD Seismic Design of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil (GRS) Bridge Abutments ..........................................................42 Chapter 3. LRFD Seismic Design of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil (GRS) Bridge Abutments ..........................................................66 Chapter 4. Bearing Pad Design ..................................................................88 Chapter 5. Shake Table Test ......................................................................99 Chapter 6. Shake Table Test Results .......................................................115 Chapter 7. Parametric Analysis................................................................197 Chapter 8. Construction Guidelines .........................................................239 Chapter 9. Findings ..................................................................................247 References ................................................................................................249 Appendix A ............................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B ..............................................................................................B-1