Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile (1998)

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89 APPENDIXB 1995 SURVEY COVER LETTERS AND QUESTIONNAIRE

1995 S&E Advance Letter on NSF Office of the Director Letterhead Dr. John Respondent 132 Elm St. Maplewood, PA 15324 Dear Dr. Respondent: May 10, 1995 In a few days, Dr. Bruce Alberts, Chairman of the National Research Council, will ask you to help with the 1995 Survey ofDoctorate Recipients. Since 1973, we have sponsored this important biennial survey of people who earned doctorates in the United States. It helps government, businesses, and academic institutions do a better job of ensuring sufficient numbers of highly educated personnel in a variety of fields. We have asked the National Research Council to conduct this survey for us to take advantage of their experience in issues involving human resources. The letter from Dr. Alberts will explain more about this survey and our reasons for contacting you. I would greatly appreciate your participation in this important effort. Sincerely, Neal Lane Director

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LETTERHEAD SCIENTISTS & ENGINEERS WAVE 1 LETTER Dr. John Respondent 132 Elm St. Maplewood, PA 15324 Dear Dr. Respondent: May 17, 1995 I am writing to ask for your help with the 1995 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. This is an important biennial study of highly educated and trained persons, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, and conducted by the National Research Council. You have been chosen for this study as part of a scientifically selected sample of individuals holding doctoral degrees. Your response is needed whether or not you are employed, living in the United States, or working in your field of degree. The results of this study will be used by government and academic institutions to make decisions in such areas as graduate student support and R&D funding; to anticipate surpluses or shortages in personnel; and to study the relationship between graduate education and career outcomes. Results from earlier studies have been used to identify trends in faculty composition, in time spent teaching and doing research, and in characteristics of academic and nonacademic employment. Please complete the enclosed survey form and return it in the postage-paid envelope as soon as possible. The information you provide is voluntary and will be kept strictly confidential. Findings will be reported only in the form of statistical summaries. If you have any questions about the survey, please call1-(800)-248-8649 between 9:00a.m. and 5:00p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. We would be happy to talk with you. Thank you for your help. We look forward to receiving your questionnaire. Enclosure Sincerely, Bruce Alberts Chairman

May 1995 A few days ago, we sent you a questionnaire for the 1995 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. If you have already completed and returned it, we thank you very much. The survey will help the federal government and others to ensure a sufficient supply of personnel trained to the doctoral level in a variety of fields. The information you provide is very important to the accuracy and success of the survey. If you have not yet had time to complete the questionnaire, please do so as soon as possible. If you need another copy of the questionnaire, please call toll free between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., EDT, on 1-(800)-248-8649. Sincerely, ~ 13. -rnJ,.l.OO Susan B. Mitchell - f Project Director

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LETTERHEAD SCIENCE & ENGINEERING WAVE 2 LETTER Dr. John Respondent 132 Elm St. Maplewood, PA 15324 Dear Dr. Respondent: July 12, 1995 About 6 weeks ago, we asked you to participate in a nationwide survey of doctorate recipients sponsored by the National Science Foundation. To the best of my knowledge, we have not yet received your completed Survey of Doctorate Recipients questionnaire. In case you did not receive the questionnaire or have misplaced it, we are enclosing a replacement copy. We are writing to you again to stress the significance that your response has for the overall accuracy of the results and the usefulness of the survey. We know that the experiences of people with doctoral degrees vary. To understand these differences, we need your response even if you are retired, not working, or working in a field not related to your doctoral degree. The survey provides timely information for businesses, government, and educational institutions. It helps these groups understand where and in what fields doctorate recipients work and where we should place priorities in a time of limited resources. We want to assure you that federal law requires us to keep your answers confidential. We cannot release information that allows identification of any individual's answers. We would be happy to talk to you about any questions or concerns you might have about the survey·. Please feel free to call a member of my staff toll free between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Eastern Daylight Time, on 1-(800)-248-8649 (or 334-3152 if calling from Washington, D.C.). Enclosure Sincerely, Susan Mitchell Project Director

SURVEY OF DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS CONDUCTID IT THI NATIONAL IIIIAKH COUNCIL POll TH1 NATIONAL ICIINCI POUNDATION

INSTRUCTIONS Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire. Directions for filling It out are provided wHh each question. Because not all questions will apply to everyone, you may be asked to skip certain questions. • In order to get comparable data, we will be asking you to refer to the week of April15, 1995 (e.g., April9-15, 1995), when answer- ing most questions. • Follow all "SKIP" instructions AFTER marking a box. H no "SKIP" instruction is provided, you should continue to the NEXT question. • Either a pen or pencil may be used. • When answering questions that require marking a box, please use an "X". • H you need to change an answer, please make sure that your old answer is either completely erased or clearly crossed out. Thanks again for your help, we really appreciate lt.

PART A- Employment Status During the Week of Aprll15, 1995 A 1. Were you working for pay (or profit) during the week of April 15, 1995? Thla Includes a postdoctoral appointment, being aeH-employed or temporarily abeent from a Job (e.g., lllneaa, vacation, or parental leave), even H unpaid. 1 0 Yes - SKIP to A7, page 2 20 No A2. (IF NO) Did you look for work at any time during the four weeks preceding Aprll15, 1995 (that Ia, any time between March 19 and Aprll15, 1995)? 10 Yes 20 No A3. What were your reaaona for not working during the week of Aprll15? Mark (X) all that apply Year Retired 1 0 Retired 19 _j_ 2 0 On layoff from a job 3 0 Student 4 0 Family responsibilities s 0 Chronic illness or permanent disability 8 0 Suitable job not available 1 0 Old not need or want to work 8 0 Other - Specify t A4. Prior to the week of Aprll15, 1995, when did you last work for pay (or profit)? N never worked for pay (or profit) marl< (X) in this box- 0 and SKIP to Part D, P8(J6 13 Month Year LAST WORKED: _j_ 19 AS. What kind of work were you doing on thla laat job-that Ia, what waa your occupation? Please be as specific as possible, including any area of specialization. Example: College Professor· Electrical Engineering A6. Ualng the JOB CATEGORIES LIST (pages 18-17), choose the code that BEST deacrlbea the work you were doing on thla laat Job. CODE I I - SKIP to A49, page 8

A7. (IF WORKED DURING WEEK OF APRIL 15TH) Counting a// Jobe held during the week of Aprll15, 1995, did you USUALLY work ••• 1 0 A total of 35 or more hours per week- SKIP to A 10 Fewer than 35 hours per week AS. (IF FEWER THAN 35 HOURS) During the week of Aprll15, did you want to work a full-time work week of 35 or more hours? 10 Yes 20 No A9. What ware your reasons for working a part- time work week (I.e., leu than 35 hours) the week of Aprll15? Mark (X) all that apply Year- 10 Retired or semi-retired-+ 19 20 Student 30 Family responsibilities 40 Chronic ilness or permanent clsability SKIP to A10. (IF 35 OR MORE HOURS) Although you were working during the week of Aprll15, had you previously RETIRED from any position? Examples of retirement include mandatory retirement, earty retirement, or voluntary retirement 1 0 Yes- 19 __L Year Retired 20 No Please answer the next 88l'lea of queatlona for your PRINCIPAL Job held during the week of Aprll15, 1995. A MCOnd Job, H held, will be covered later. A 11. Who was your principal employer during the week of Aprll15, 1995? IF MORE THAN ONE JOB: Record employer for whom you worked the most hours that week IF EMPLOYER HAD MORE THAN ONE LOCATION: Record location where you usually worked Employer Name City/Town State/Foreign Country Zip Code A 11 A 12. Counting all locations where this employer so Suitable full-time work week job not available sO Did not need or want to work full-time 70 Other· Specify~ 2 operataa, how meny people work for your principal employer? Your beat aatlmate Is fine. Mark(X)one 10 Under 10 employees 20 1 0·24 employees 30 25 to 99 employees 40 1 00-499 employees so 500·999 employees 60 1 ,000-4,999 employees 70 5,000+ employees

A 13. Was your principal employer during the week of Aprll15 ••. IF EMPLOYER WAS A SCHOOL: Mark (X) the type of organizational charter (e.g., mark •state government• for state schools, most private schools are "private not-for-profit") Mark(X) one 20 30 40 so 60 70 so 90 A PRIVATE-FOR-PROFIT company, business or indi.vi~ual, working for wages, salary or comm1ss1ons A PRIVATE NOT-FOR-PROFIT, tax-exempt, or charitable organization SELF-EMPLOYED in own NOT INCORPORATED business, professional practice, or farm SELF-EMPLOYED in own INCORPORATED business, professional practice, or farm Local GOVERNMENT (city, county, etc.) State GOVERNMENT U.S. military service, active duty or Commissioned Corps (e.g., USPHS, NOAA) U.S. GOVERNMENT (civilian employee) Other - Specify + A 14. Waa your principal employer an educational Institution? r 10 Yes 2 0 No - SKIPtoA18 A 15. (IF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION) Waa thla eclucatlonallnatltutlon ... Mark(X) one A preschool, elementary, or } middle school or system SKIP to A 18 A secondary school or system 10 20 30 A 2-year college, junior college, or technical institute • 0 A 4-year college or university, other than a medical school s 0 A medical school (including university- affiliated hospital or medical center) 6 0 A university-affiliated research institute 7 0 Other - Specify + 3 A 16. What waa your faculty rank? Mark(X) one 1 0 Not applicable at this institution 2 0 Not applicable for my position 3 0 Professor 40 Associate Professor 50 Assistant Professor 60 Instructor 70 Lecturer so Adjunct Faculty 90 Other - Specify + A 17. What waa your tenure statue? Mark(X) one 1 0 Not ~licable: no tenure system at this mstitution 2 D Not applicable: no tenure system for my position 3 0 Tenured 4 0 On tenure track but not tenured s 0 Not on tenure track A 18. What kind of work were you doing on your principal Job held during the week of Aprll15, 1995-that Ia, what was your occupation? Please be as specific as possible, including any area of specialization. Example: College Professor- Electrical engineering A19. Ualng the JOB CATEGORIES LIST (pagea16- 17), choose the code that BEST deacrlbea the work you were doing on your principal Job during the week of Aprll15. CODE I I

A20. Did you record Job code "141'' (manager, executive, or administrator) In A 19? 10 Yes 2 0 No- SKIPtoA22 A21. (IF YES) Did your duties on this Job require the technical expertise of a bachelor's degree or higher In - Mark (X) Yes or No for each Yea No l l 1. Engineering, computer science, math or the natural sciences ..... 1 0 2 0 2. The social sciences ................... 1 0 2 0 3. Some other field (for example, health or business) - Specify1 1 0 2 0 A22. During what month and year did you start this Job (that Ia, your principal Job held during the week of Aprll15, 1995)? JOB STARTED _l_ 19 _j_ Month Year A23. As of the week of April 15, were you licensed or certified In your occupation? Do NOT include academic degrees (e.g., BA, MA, PhD) 10 Yes 20 No 4 A24. Thinking about the relationship between your work and your education, to what extent was your work on your principal Job held during the week of April 15 related to your first doctoral degree awarded In the U.S.? Was It ..• Mark(X)one 1 0 Closely related ~ _ 2 0 Somewhat related __r SKIP to A2l, page 5 Not related A25. (IF NOT RELATED) Did these factors Influence yow declalon to work In_, area OUTSIDE THE FIELD OF YOUR FIRST U.S. DOCTORAL DEGREE? Mark (X) Yes or No for each Yea No l l 1. Pay, promotion opportunities ........... 1 0 2 0 2. Working conditions (hours, equipment, working environment) .... 1 0 20 3. Job location ...................................... 1 0 20 4. Change in career or professional interests ....................... 1 0 20 5. Family-related reasons (children, spouse's job moved) ......... 1 0 20 6. Job in doctoral degree field not available ..................................... 1 0 20 7. Other reason - Specify+ ........... 10 20 A26. Which 1WO factors In A25 rep11111nt yow MOST lmportald N81DM for WOitdng In., area OIDide the fteld of yow tlrlt u.s. doctoral degree? Enter fXJITtJer of approprfate REASONS from A25 above. 1. MOST important reason 2. __ _ SECOND MOST important reason (Enter ·o· if no second most)

AZT. The next Cl' l88llon Is about yow work activities on yow principal Job. Which of the following work activities occupied 10 percent or more of yow time during a TYPICAL work week on this Job? Marl< (X) Yes or No for each Yes l 1. Accounting, finance, contracts ......... 1 0 2. Applied research - study directed toward gaining scientific knowledge to meet a recognized need ............... 1 0 3. Basic research- study directed toward gaining scientific knowledge primarily for its own sake .................. 1 0 4. Computer applications, programming, systems development ....................... 1 0 5. Development - using knowledge gained from research for the production of materials, devices ........ 1 0 6. Design of equipment, processes, structures, models ............................. 1 o 7. Employee relations - including ~iting, personnel development, tran11ng .............................................. 1 0 8. Managing and supervising ................ 1 0 9. Production, operations, maintenance (e.g., truck driving, machine tooling, auto/machine repairing} ................... 1 0 1 0. Professional services (health care, counseling, financial services, legal services, etc.) .......................... 1 0 11. Sales, purchasing, marketing, customer service, public relations .... 1 0 12. Quality or productivity management. 1 0 13. Teaching .......................................... 1 o 14. Other- Specify+ ........................ 1 o No l 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 A28. On which TWO activities In A27, did you work the MOST hours during a typical week on this job? Enter number of appropriate ACTIVITY from A27 above. 1._L 2._L Activity MOST hours Activity SECOND MOST hours (Enter ·o· if no second most) 5 A29. In A28, did you record "2" or "3" or "5" or "6" {applied/basic research or development/ design)? I' 0 Yes 1 2 0 No~ SldptoA31 A30. (IF YES) In what field was your research-related work being conducted? Field: --------------------------- A31. Owing a typical week on this Job, In which, If any, of the following araas or technologies, were you working? Marl< (X) Yes or No for each Yes No l l 1. Flexible manufacturing, robotics ...... 1 0 20 2. Advanced materials .......................... 1 0 20 3. Biotechnology .................................. 1 0 20 4. Micro or opto-electronics, Semiconductor devices .................... 1 0 20 5. High performance computing ........... 1 0 20 6. Software producibility ....................... 1 0 20 7. Sensor and signal processing ........ 10 20 A32. Since April 1990, how many ... If NONE, enter "0" Number 1. Papers have you authored or co- authored for presentation at regional, national or international conferences? (Do not count presentations of the same work more than once} ................ ·---- 2. Articles that you have authored or co-authored have been accepted for publication in a refereed professional journal? ............................ ---

A33. Since Aprll1990, have you been named u an Inventor on any application for a U.S. patent? 1 , 0 Yes ! 2 0 No -+ SKIP to A35 A38. During a typical week on this Job, how many hours did you u.ually work? Number of Hours Per Week A39. Including paid vacation and paid sick leave, upon how many weeks par year was your A34. (IF YES) Since Aprll1990 ••• Number ulary baaed? 1. How many applications for U.S. patents have named you as inventor? .......... , ................................. __ _ 2. How many U.S. patents have been granted to you as an inventor? ........... __ _ 3. How many of the patents recorded as GRANTED (recorded in category 2 above) have resulted in commer- cialized products or processes or have been licensed? .......................... __ _ A35. Did you auperviM the work of otherw u part of your principal Job held during the week of Aprll15, 1995? Answer •yEs•Jt you assigned duties to workers AND recommended or Initiated personnel actions such as hiring, firing, or promoting TEACHERS: Do NOT count students 10 Yes 2 0 No -+ SKIP to A37 A36. (IF YES) How many people did you typically ... IF NONE, enter -o• 1. supervise DIRECTLY? .. 2. supervise through subordinate supervisors? Number supervised A37. Before deductlona, what wu your basic ANNUAL ulary on thla Job u of the WMk of Aprll15, 1995? (Do NOT Include bonUMe, overtime, or additional compensation for aummertlme teaching or reeearch) IF NOT SALARIED, please estimate your earned income, excluding business expenses. $ .00 Basic Annual Salary/Earned Income 6 Number of Weeks Per Year A40. During the week of Aprll15, 1995, wu any of your work on this Job aupported by CONTRACTS OR GRANTS from the U.S. government? FEDERAL EMPLOYEES, please answer •No• Mark(X)one 10 Yes 20 No r SKIP to A42, page 7 3 0 Don't know -~- A41. (IF YES) Which Federal agencies or departments were aupportlng your work? Mark (X) all that apply 10 Agency for International Development (AID) 20 Agriculture Department 30 Commerce Department 40 Defense Department (DOD) 50 Department of Education (Include NCES, OERI, FIPSE, FIRST) sO Energy Department (DOE) 70 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) aD Health and Human Services Department (EXCLUDING NIH) 90 Interior Department 100 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 110 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 120 National Science Foundation (NSF) 130 Transportation Department (DOT) 140 Other - Specify+ 15D DON'T KNOW SOURCE AGENCY

The following 3 question• provide Information for the U.S. Department of Energy A42. From the following list of selected areas, Indicate the ONE araa, If any, to which you devoted the MOST hours during a typical week on thla Job. Mark(X)one r--10 Energy or Fuel 20 Environment 30 Food or Agriculture 40 Health or Safety ... SKIPtoA45 50 National Defense sO Transportation 70 NONE OF THE ABOVE - A43. (IF ENERGY OR FUEL) From the following list, Indicate the ONE ENERGY SOURCE that Involved the largest proportion of your energy- related work during the past year. Mark(X)one 10 Coal 2 0 Petroleum and natural gas 3 0 Nuclear fission 4 0 Nuclear fusion s 0 Hydroenergy s 0 Other renewables (such as solar, biomass, wind, geothermal) 1 0 Other energy source - Specify t A44. From the following list, Indicate the ONE ENERGY-RELATED ACTIVITY that Involved the largest proportion of your energy-related work during the past year. Mark(X)one 10 20 30 40 sO sO 70 aD 90 Exploration and extraction Manufacture of energy-related equipment Fuel processing (include refining and enriching) Electric power generation and transmission Transportation and distribution of fuel Waste management or decommissioning Conservation, utilization, management or storage of energy or fuel Environment, health, and safety Other energy-related activity - Specify 7 7 A45. During the week of Aprll15, 1995, were you working for pay (or profit) at a second Job (or buslnesa), Including part-time, evening, or weekend work? I'D Yes 1 2 0 No ~ SKIP to A49, page 8 A46. (IF YES) What kind of work were you doing at your second Job during the week of Aprll15- that Is, what was your occupation? Please be as specific as possible, including any area of specialization. Example: College professor- Electrical engineering IF YOU HAD MORE THAN TWO JOBS that week answer for the job where you worked the second most hours A47. Ualng the JOB CATEGORIES LIST {pagea 16-17) chooae the code that BEST describe& the work you were doing on your second Job during the week of Aprll15. CODE I I A48. To what extent was your work on thla second Job related to your first doctoral degree awarded In the U.S.? Waa It • Mark(X)one 1 0 Closely related 2 0 Somewhat related 3 0 Not related

Questions A49-A51 ask about your work for pay (or profit) In 1994 A49. Turning now to 1994, Including paid vacation and paid sick leave, how many weeks did you work In 1994? IF NONE, MARK (X) THIS BOX .... 0 AND SKIP TO B1 Number of Weeks Worked ASO. During the weeks you worked In 1994, how many hours a week did you usually work? Number of Hours Worked A51. Counting all jobs held, what wa your TOTAL EARNED Income, BEFORE deductlona, for 1994? Include all wages, salaries, bonuses, overtime, commissions, consulting fees, net income from business, summertime teaching or research, post doctoral appointment, or other worie associated with scholarships. $ .00 Total1994 Earned Income IF YOU HAD NO EARNED INCOME IN 1994, MARK (X) THIS BOX .... 0 8 PART B • Past Employment The next few q.l88tlo.,. will help ua betler undelstand employment chengee over time. B 1. Were you working for pay (or profit) during BOTH of these time periods-the week of Aprll15, 1993 AND the week of Aprll15, 1985? If you were a STUDENT: Do NOT count financial aid awards with no worie requirement. 1 0 Yes 2 0 No-t SKIP to Part C, page 9 82. (IF YES) During these two tlma periods-the week of Aprll15, 1993 and the week of April 15, 1995-were you working for ••• Marie (X) one 1 0 Same employer AND same job .... SKIP to Part C, page 9 ~ 2 0 Same employer BUT different job 3 0 Different employer BUT same job 4 0 Different employer AND different job 83. (IF DIFFERENT} Why cld you ct.~ge your 8l11plower or your Job? Marie (X) Yes or No for each Yes No ! ! 1. Pay, promotion opportunities .......... 1 0 2 0 2. Working conditions (hours, equipment, working environment) .. 1 0 2 0 3. Job location ................................... 1 0 2 0 4. Change in career or professional interests ..................... 1 0 2 0 5. Family-related reasons (e.g., children, spouse's job moved) ....... 1 0 2 0 6. School-related reasons (e.g., returned to school, completed adegree) ....................................... 10 20 7. Laid off or job terminated (includes company closings, mergers, buyouts) ......................................... 1 0 2 0 8. Retired ........................................... 1 0 2 0 9. Other - Speci(y + ..................... 1 0 2 0

PART C - Other Work Related Information The next few questlona aak about your work experience since completing your (first) doctoral degree. C1. Plene review the JOB CATEGORIES LIST on pagH 16-17. Ualng that list, please record codes In Column 1 for those Job categorlea where you have had ONE OR MORE YEARS OF WORK EXPERIENCE since completing your (first) doctoral degree (a alngle Job category code can represent eeveral Joba). Next, complete Columna 2-5 for each Job category recorded In Column 1. Example: Chris was a regional sales director for a computer hardware company between 1980 and 1986. In 1986 she was offered a job teaching marketing at a local college, something she had always wanted to try and that would allow more time with her family. Between 1986 and 1995, she had taught at three different colleges. Chris would enter: A~ Col1 Col2 First 141 Sales Director, computer hardware company Second 27 4 Professor - Marketing Col3 1980 and 1986 1986 and 1995 Col4 6years 9years Col5 3,4 9 WORK EXPERIENCE SINCE (FIRST) DOCTORAL DEGREE - Col1 Col2 Col3 Col4 Col5 Job category Brief DHcrtptlon Starting and Ending Total Years Two MoM Important Codes of Work Done DatM of Work Aeaaona for Leaving {pegn 16-17) Experience ~jobs by WorlcWJg continuBiy Estimate using Write sppropriBle numi:Jers from job cate(py codes, In the S8l'f)(l job cate(py full-time the ·Reasons for Leaving. box only use a job cat8(IOIY b6twefJn the two dBl8s 8qUivBJ8ncy below code ONCE Is not t1808SSB/)' (FTE) If more than 3 job cate(py codes apply: Pfclc the 3 whtlte you have WCJtked the /ong8$t CODE FROM D Most D 2nd Most 19 I _j_ important important 1 Jj_ (Specify for category 1 0) T~ Year(s) 19 CODE FROM D Most D 2nd Most 19 I _j_ important important 2Jj_ (Specify for category 1 0) T~ Year(s) 19 CODE FROM D Most D 2nd Most 19 I _j_ important important 3Jj_ (Specify for category 1 0) T~ Year(s) 19 REASONS FOR LEAVING (for uaeln Column 5 above) 1. Pay, promotion, benefits 6. Did not enjoy the work 2. Working conditions (hours, equipment, working environment) 7.Job ended/suitable job in my field not available 3 Change in career/professional interests &.Retired 4. Family (children, spouse's job moved) 9. Still working in that field 5. School (completed degree, returned to school, etc.) tO. Other· Specify above 9

C2. Since completing your (first) doctoral degree, have you had any periods of 6 montha or more where you were not working? l1 0 Yes ~ 2 0 No -. SKIP to C4 C3. (IF YES) Please provide the following Information for Mch period of 6 months or longer. Your beat guese Ia fine. DATES NOT WORKING REASONS FOR NOT WORKING - Mark (X) all that apply_ FROM TO Month YMr Month YMr 1 _j_ 19_j_ _j_ 19_j_ 10 2_j_ 19_j_ _L 19_j_ 10 3_j_ 19_j_ _j_ 19_j_ 10 C4. How much would (or doea) your work benefit from each of the following? Mark (X) one for each 1. Long distance communi- cations with colleagues outside the U.S. (e.g., by letter, telephone, e-mail, fax, etc.) .......................... 2. Short-term visits to non- U.S. locations (days or A G....a aom. Not DMI whet AtAII l l l 10 2 0 30 weeks in duration)........... 1 0 2 0 3 0 3. Long-term visits to non- U.S. locations (&-months to 1 or 2 years in duration) 1 0 2 0 3 0 C5. Since completing your doctorate, have you ever traveled outside the United States to work or conduct I'M88I'Ch In your field? DO NOT include international conferences. 1 0 Yes -. Go to C6 2 0 No -. SKIP to C7 20 20 20 10 30 40 so 60 70 so 30 40 so 60 70 so 30 40 so 60 70 so C6. (IF YES) How long waa your lnt trip outside the United States to work or conduct reeearch? 1 0 Less than 7 days ----, 2 0 7to30days 3 0 1 to 6 months 4 0 More than 6 months - r+ SKIP to C8, page 11 C7. (IF NO) Why haven't you worked or conducted reeearch outside the United States? Mark (X) all that apply 1 0 Not relevant to my career 2 0 No interest 3 0 No time 4 0 Unable to identify host institution s 0 Concemed about losing my place in U.S. job market 6 0 Unaware of funding sources 1 0 Lack of foreign language skills a 0 Family-related reasons 9 0 Other - Specify:+

C8. Since completing your (first) doctoral degree how many "postdocs," H any, have you held? A "poatdoc" (poatdoctoral appointment) Ia a temporary position awarded In academe, Industry, or government primarily for gaining additional education and training In research. NUMBER __ _ OR IF NONE, MARK THIS BOX~ 0 AND SKIP to C12 C9. Pleue provide the following Information for each postdoc recorded In C8. Please Include any poatdocs you might currently hold. MOST RECENT OR CURRENT POSTDOC A. Delli ponloc .wted end ended (or you left) IF CURRENTLY IN POSTDOC: Enter "00" for yeer ended Month y.., St8rtecl: I 19 I Ended: I 19 I a. What wu your prlrMry NMOn for 1aldng thl8 ponloc? Marlc (X) one 1 0 Adcltional training in PhD field 2 0 Training in an area outside of PhD field 3 0 Work with a specific person or place 4 0 Other employment not available sO Other- Specify ------ C. In whet field..,. you wortdng? PINN be .. epeclftc .. poalble. D. What leCtor BEST cleecrlbN where you worbcl ••• Mark (X) one 1 0 Educational Institution 20 Businesallndustry 30 Government (any level) 40 Other - Specify E. For thl8 postdoc. did you NCelve •• • Health benefits? ... 1 0 Yes 2 0 No Pension benefits?. 1 0 Yes 2 0 No F. Wu thl8 ponloc the reeult of winning • netlonel competition? 10Yea 20No SECOND MOST RECENT POSTDOC A. Date postdoc awted end ended (or you left) Month Y•r se.rted: I 19 I Ended: I 19 I B. What wu your prlmery NMOn for 1aldng thl8 postdoc? Marlc (X) one 1 0 Additional training in PhD field 2 0 Training in an area outside of PhD field 3 0 Work with a specific person or place 4 0 Other employment not available sO Other- Specify ------ C. In whet field..,. you WOI'Idng? PINN be .. apeclflc .. poulble. D. What leCtor BEST cleecrlbN where you worked • • • Mark (X) one 1 0 Educational Institution 20 Buslnessllndustry 30 Government (any level) 40 Other - Specify E. For thle ponloc, did you NCelve •• • Health benefits? ... 1 0 Yes 2 0 No Pension benefits? . 1 0 Yes 2 0 No F. Wu thla ponloc the reeult of winning • national competition? 10Yea 20No 11 THIRD MOST RECENT POSTDOC A. Delli ponloc at.rted end ended (or you left) Month Y•r Stllrted: I 19 I Ended: I 19 I B. What wu your prlmery NMOn for 1aldng thl8 ponloc? Mark (X) one 1 0 Additional training in PhD field 2 0 Training in an area outside of PhD field 3 0 Work with a specific person or place 4 0 Other employment not available sO Other- Specify ------ C. In whet field..,. you WOI'Idng? PINN be .. apeclflc .. possible. D. What leCtor BEST cleecrlbN where you worbcl ••• Mark (X) one 1 0 Educallonallnstltution 20 Business/Industry 30 Government (any level) 40 Other - Specify E. For thl8 postdoc. did you NCelve ••• Health benefits? ... 1 0 Yes 2 0 No Pension benefits? . 1 0 Yes 2 0 No F. Wu thl8 postdoc the reeult of winning • national competition? 10Yea 20No

C1 0. Was your principal Job during the week of Aprll15 a poatdoc position? 1 0 Yes-. SKIP to C12 r2 0 No C11. How relevant wu your (most recent) postdoc to your wortc on your prtnclpal Job held during the week of Aprll15? IF NOT WORKING FOR PAY OR PROFIT THE WEEK OF APRIL 15: Use your •last job" Mark (X) one for each A Great Some- Not Deal what AtAII 1. Subject matter knowledge ! ! ! or expertise? ................... 10 20 30 2. Use of specific skills or techniques? ..................... 10 20 30 3. Contacts established with colleagues in your field? .. 10 20 30 4. Use of specialized equipment? ..................... 10 20 30 5. General approach or problem solving skills? .... 10 2 0 30 6. Something else?-~1 0 20 30 C12. OWing thepaetyaar, cld you alland~pcfn1lo."'lal accl8ty or a11 DCiallon meetiiiQII orconfer8IICIIS? Include regional, national, or international meetings 1 0 Yes 20 No C13. To how many national or lntematlonal profaaslonal societies or aaaoclatlons do you cui'1'W1tly belong? Number OR 0 NONE C14. During the past year, did you attend any WORK- RELATED workshops, aemlnars, or other work-related training activities? Do NOT include college courses - these will be discuss8d in PART D. Do NOT include professional meetings unless you attended a special training session conducted at the meeting/conference. 1 0 Yes -. GO to C15 2 0 No _. SKIP to Part D, page 13 12 C15. (IF YES) During the past year, In which of the following areas did you attend wortc-relatad workshops, aemlnars, or other wortc-relatad training activities? Mark (X) Yes or No for each Yea No ! ! 1. Management or supervisor training .. 1 0 2 0 2. Training inyouroocupatlonal field ................................................ 1 0 2 0 3. General professional training (e.g., public speaking, business writing) .... 1 0 2 0 4. Otherwori<-relatedtranng-~+1 0 2 0 C16. For which of the following real Di1S cld you atl8nd training activities during the past year? Mark (X) Yes or No for each Yea No 1. To facilitate a change in your ! occupational field ........................... 1 0 20 2. To gain FURTHER skills or knowledge in your occupational field ................................................ 10 20 3. For licensure/certification ................ 1 0 2 0 4. To increase opportunities for promotionladvanoementhligher salary ............................................. 1 0 2 0 5. To learn skills or knowledge needed for a recentfy acquired position .... .. 1 0 2 0 6. Required or expected by employer 1 0 2 0 7. Other- Specify+ ....................... 1 0 2 0 C17. What wu your most Important reason for attending training activities? Enter number of appropriate REASON from C16 above --Most IMPORTANT REASON from C16

PART 0 - Background Information 01. Between Aprll1993 and Aprll1995, did you take any college or university coureea or enroll In a college or university for other reasons, auch as completing another Master'• or PhD? r 1 0 Yes 2 0 No ..... SKIP to D10, page 14 02. (IF YES) In which college or university depart· ment were you prlmerlly taking classes or doing reeearch, etc., (e.g., Engllah, chemistry)? DEPARTMENT: 03. Between Aprll1993 and Aprll1995, did you complete a degree or certificate? l1 0 Yes ! 2 0 No ..... SKIP to D7 04. (IF YES) In what month and year was this degree or certificate awarded? IF YOU COMPLETED MORE THAN ONE: Enter the date for the highest degree or certificate awarded _L 19_1_ Month Year 05. What type of degree or certificate did you receive? IF MORE THAN ONE APPLIES: Marie the highest level Marie (X) one 10 Bachelor's degree 20 Post baccalaureate certificate 30 Master's degree (including MBA) 40 Post master's certificate so Doctorate 60 Other professional degree (e.g., JD, LLB, THO, MD, DDS, etc.) 70 Other- Specify+ 13 06. From which academic lnatltutlon did you receive this degree or certificate? School name: City/Town: State/Foreign country:-------- 07. What was your primary field of study during that time? IF NO PRIMARY FIELD OF STUDY, MARK (X) THIS BOX ..... 0 Primary Field of Study: 08. For which of the following reasons were you taking classes or enrolled between Aprll1993 and Aprll1995? Marie (X) Yes or No for each Yea 1. To gain further education before beginning a career ............ 1 0 2. To prepare for graduate school .... 1 0 3. To change your academic or occupational field ...................... 1 0 4. To gain FURTHER skills or knowledge in your academic or occupational field .......................... 1 0 5. For licensure/certification .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1 0 6. To increase opportunities for promotion/advancement/higher salary ............................................ 1 0 7. Required or expected by employer 1 0 8. For leisure/personal interest......... 1 0 9. Other- Specify+ ....................... 1 0 09. w ... ANY ofyourachookelalld coata for taking college or unlvw1llty courees during thla time paid by an employer? 1 0 Yes 2 0 No No 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

010. As of the week of April15 were you - Mark(X)one 1 0 Married 20 30 Widowed Separated~ D. ced SKIP to 013 IVOr s 0 Never Married 011. (IF MARRIED) During the week of Aprll15, was your spouse working for pay (or profit} at a full-time or part-time Job? 1 0 Yes, full-time 2 0 Yes, part-time 3 0 No- SKIPto013 012. (IF YES) Old your spouee'a duties on thla Job require the technical expertise of a bachelor's degree or higher In ••• Mark (X) Yes or No for each Yes 1. Engineering, computer science, math, or the natural sciences ...... 1 0 2. The social sciences ...................... 1 0 3. Some other field (e.g., health or business)- Specify+ ... 1 0 013. During the week of Aprfl15, did you have any children living with you as part of your family? Only count children who lived with you at least 50 percent of the time. 1 0 Yes- GOto014 2 0 No- SKIPto015 No 2 0 2 0 20 14 014. (IF YES) How many of these children living with you as part of your family were - If no children in a category, enter -o· Number of children 1. Under age 2 .............................. ___ _ 2. Aged 2-5 ................................... __ _ 3. Aged6-11 ................................. __ _ 4. Aged 12-17 ............................... ___ _ 5. Aged 18 or older ....................... ___ _ 015. During the week of Aprll15, 1995, were you living In the United States or one of Its territories or were you living In another country? 1 0 United States or one of its territories 2 0 Another country 016. As of the week of Aprll15, were you a .•• Marie (X) one u.s. Cltlzln 1 0 Native Bom ~ _____J" SKIP to 018 2 0 Naturalized Non-U.S. Citizen 1 0 With a Permanent U.S. Resident Visa 2 0 With a Temporary U.S. Resident Visa 3 0 Uving outside the United States 017. (IF A NON-U.S. CITIZEN) Of which country are you a citizen? COUNTRY: ----------- 018. What Ia your blrthdate? 19 Month Day Year

The nut qiMtlon II designed to help us better undenlt8nd the career paths of lndlvlduall with different physical abilities. 019. What Ia the USUAL degree of difficulty you have with • MARK (X) ONE FOR EACH None Slight Moderate Severe Unable to Do 1. SEEING words or letters in ordinary newsprint (with glasses/contact lenses if you usually wear them) ........................... 1 0 2. HEARING what is normally said in conversation with another person (with a hearing aid, if you usually wear one) .................................................... 1 0 3. WALKING without human or mechanical assistance or using stairs ........................... 1 0 4. LIFTING or carrying something as heavy as 1 0 pounds, such as a bag of groceries ...... 1 0 l l l 20 30 40 20 30 40 20 30 40 20 30 020. H you answered "none" TO ALL AcnvmES In D19, Mark (X) this box -+ 0 and SKIP to D22 l so so so so 021. What Ia the earlleat age at which you FIRST began experiencing ANY dlfflcuhles In any of these areaa? AGE: _L OR 0 SINCE BIRTH 022. In case we need to clarify some of the lnfonnatlon you have provided, please list a phone number (and fax number and email eddress H applicable) where you can be reached. Area Code Number Area Code Number Daytime: I I I 1--4 I I H I I I I Evening: I I I ~~ I I H I I I I ~~mber: I I I 1--4 I I H I I I I ~~d~~ss 023. Since we are Interested In how education and employment change over time, we may be recontacting you In 1997. To help us contact you, please provide the name, addresa, and telephone number of a person who Is likely to know where you can be reached. DO NOT INCLUDE SOMEONE WHO LIVES IN YOUR HOUSEHOLD. As with all the information provided in this questionnaire, complete confidentiality will be provided. This person will only be contacted if we have trouble contacting you in 1997. First Name Ml Last Name Number and Street Clty,own State Zip Code Country (If outside U.S.) II II~ II H II II Area Code Number 024. PLEASE TURN TO THE BACK COVER FOR THE LAST QUESTION (025). 15

JOB CATEGORIES LIST This list is ordered ALPHABETICALLY. The titles in bold type are broad job categories. To make sure you have found the BEST code, please review ALL broad categories before making your choice. If you cannot find the code that BEST describes your job, use the "OTHER" code under the most appropriate broad category in bold print. If none of the codes fit your job, use Code 500. 010 Artists, Broadcasters, Editors, Entertainers, Public Relations Specialists, Writers Biological/Life Scientists 021 Agricultural and food scientists 022 Biochemists and biophysicists 023 Biological scientists (e.g., botanists, ecologists, zoologists) 024 Forestry, conservation scientists 025 Medical scientists (excluding practitioners) 026 Technologists and technicians in the biologicalllife sciences 027 OTHER biological/life scientists Clerical/Administrative Support 031 Accounting clerks, bookkeepers 032 Secretaries, receptionists, typists 033 OTHER administrative (e.g., record clerks, telephone operators) 040 Clergy and Other Religious Workers Computer Occupations 051 052 053 054 055 ... 070 081 ... (Also see 173) Computer engineers (See 087, 088 under Engineering) Computer programmers (business, scientific, process control) Computer system analysts Computer scientists, except system analysts Information systems scientists or analysts OTHER computer, information science occupations Consultants (select the code that comes closest to your usual area of consulting) Counselors, Educational and Vocational (Also see 236) Engineers, Architects, Surveyors Architects Engineers (Also see 1 00·1 03) 082 Aeronautical, aerospace, astronautical engineer 083 Agricultural engineer 084 Bioengineering and biomedical engineer 085 Chemical engineer 086 Civil, including architectural and sanitary engineer 16 Engineers (continued) 087 Computer engineer - hardware 088 Computer engineer - software 089 Electrical, electronic engineer 090 Environmental engineer 091 Industrial engineer 092 Marine engineer or naval architect engineer 093 Materials or metallurgical engineer 094 Mechanical engineer 095 Mining or geological engineer 096 Nuclear engineer 097 Petroleum engineer 098 Sales engineer 099 Other engineers Engineering Technologists and Technicians 100 Electrical, electronic, industrial, mechanical 1 01 Drafting occupations, including computer drafting 1 02 Surveying and mapping 103 OTHER engineering technologists and technicians 1 04 Surveyors 110 111 112 236 113 114 120 130 141 ... Farmers, Foresters & Fishermen Health Occupations Diagnosing/Treating Practitioners (e.g., dentists, optometrists, physicians, psychiatrists, podiatrists, surgeons, veterinarians) Registered nurses, pharmacists, dieticians, therapists, physician assistants Psychologists, including clinical Health Technologists & Technicians (e.g., dental hygienists. health record technologists/ technicians, licensed practical nurses, medical or laboratory technicians, radiologic technologists/ technicians) OTHER health occupations Lawyers, Judges Librarians, Archivists, Curators Managers, Executives, Administrators (Also see 151-153) Top and mid-level managers, executives, administrators (people who manage other managers) All other managers, including the self-employed - Select the code that comes closest to the field you manage

JOB CATEGORIES LIST (continued) Management-Related Occupations Teachers/Professors (AISOS86 141) 251 Pre-Kindergarten and kindergarten 151 Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists 252 Elementary 152 Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists 253 Secondary- computer, math, or sciences 153 OTHER management related occupations 254 Secondary - social sciences 255 Secondary - other subjects Mathematical Scientists 256 Special education - primary and secondary 171 Actuaries 257 OTHER precollegiate area 172 Mathematicians ... Postsecondary 173 Operations research analysts, modeling 271 Agriculture 174 Statisticians 272 Art, Drama, and Music 175 Technologists and technicians in the mathematical 273 Biological Sciences sciences 274 Business Commerce and Mari<eting 176 OTHER mathematical scientists 275 Chemistry 276 Computer Science Physical Scientists 277 Earth, Environmental, and Marine Science 191 Astronomers 278 Economics 192 Atmospheric and space scientists 279 Education 193 Chemists, except biochemists 280 Engineering 194 Geologists, including earth scientists 281 English 195 Oceanographers 282 Foreign Language 196 Physicists 283 History 197 Technologists and technicians in the physical sciences 284 Home Economics 198 OTHER physical scientists 285 Law 286 Mathematical Sciences Research Associates/ Assistants 287 Medical Science (Select the code that comes closest to your field) 288 Physical Education 289 Physics Sales and Marketing 290 Political Science 200 Insurance, securities, real estate, and business services 291 Psychology 201 Sales Occupations - Commodities Except Retail 292 Social Wort< (e.g., industrial machinery/equipment/supplies, 293 Sociology medical and dental equipment/supplies) 294 Theology 202 Sales Occupations - Retail 295 Trade and Industrial (e.g., furnishings, clothing, motor vehicles, cosmetics) 296 OTHER health specialties 203 OTHER mari<eting and sales occupations 297 OTHER natural sciences 298 OTHER social sciences Service Occupations, Except Health 299 OTHER Postsecondary (AisoS86111-114) 221 Food Preparation and Service (e.g., cooks, waitresses, Other Professions bartenders) 401 Construction trades, miners and well drillers 222 Protective services (e.g., fire fighters, police, guards) 402 Mechanics and repairers 223 OTHER service occupations, except health 403 Precision/production occupations (e.g., metal wori<ers, woodwori<ers, butchers, bakers, Social Scientists printing occupations, tailors, shoemakers, photographic 231 Anthropologists process) 232 Economists 404 Operators and related occupations 233 Historians, science and technology (e.g., machine set-up, machine operators and tenders, 234 Historians, except science and technology fabricators, assemblers) 235 Political scientists 405 Transportation/material moving occupations 236 Psychologists, including clinical (Also S86 070) 237 Sociologists 500 Other Occupations (Not Listed) 238 OTHER social scientists 240 Social Workers 17

025. Is the name and addresa Information below the beet one for us to use In future mailings? 10 Yes 2 0 No- Please make name and address changes as needed below. Please print clearly. Title ArstName Middle Initial Last Name Number-and Street/Apt. No. City/Town State ZIP CODE Plus 4 Country (If outside U.S.) THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THE QUESTIONNAIRE. Please return the completed form In the envelope provided. If you lose the envelope and want another, call1-800-248-8649. Our address Is: National Research Council TJ 1021 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418