Airport Parking Garage Lighting Solutions (2015)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 124 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation Airport Parking Garage Lighting Solutions Ronald B. Gibbons Matthew E. Palmer Caroline Connell Arash Jahangiri Virginia Tech TransporTaTion insTiTuTe Blacksburg, VA Paul Lutkevich Jonathan Weaver Jeffrey Berg parsons Brinckerhoff Boston, MA Joakim Karlsson Doug Slocum Mcr federal, llc McLean, VA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte­ nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera­ tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Associa­ tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work­ shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 124 Project 09­03 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­30844­1 Library of Congress Control Number 2015932913 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 09­03 by the Center for Infrastructure Based Safety Systems (CIBSS) at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI). Dr. Ronald B. Gibbons, Director of the CIBSS, is the Project Director and Principal Investigator. The other authors of this report are Paul Lutkevich, Jeffrey Berg, and Jonathan Weaver from Parsons Brinckerhoff and Joakim Karlsson and Doug Slocum from MCR Federal, LLC, as well as Matthew E. Palmer, Caroline Connell, and Arash Jahangiri, also from the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 124 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications ACRP PROJECT 09-03 PANEL Field of Maintenance Terry Civic, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA (Chair) Stacey Craft, HNTB Corporation, Arlington, VA Lynda Dodd, City of Phoenix–Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix, AZ Randy Kinsey, Enterprise Holdings, St. Louis, MO Harold Schulke, Kimley-Horn & Associates, Inc., Houston, TX Thomas Mai, FAA Liaison

ACRP Report 124: Airport Parking Garage Lighting Solutions provides guidance to help airport industry practitioners select the most appropriate lighting technologies for their unique parking garage conditions. Airports provide singular challenges to the design and operation of parking garages in general and to their lighting in particular. Users are fre­ quently unfamiliar with the garage and under time constraints; atypical activities often occur (e.g., rental car operations); activity often occurs at night; and airports are high­ security areas. The guidebook will be of interest to a wide range of airport practitioners, including landside planners, utilities managers, lighting specialists, operations and mainte­ nance personnel, and customer service staff. Recent advancements in lighting technologies provide new airport garage lighting options. Although these advancements have resulted in more choices, many airports may not have the information or expertise needed to select the most appropriate technologies to meet their unique operations. In addition, performance data for these new technologies are limited and obtained primarily from manufacturers. Research was needed to develop guidance to help airports objectively evaluate and select appropriate lighting technologies to meet their parking garage needs. The research, led by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, began with a review of literature and current codes and practices recommended by industry associations. An assessment of current lighting technologies was then undertaken to identify their opera­ tional strengths and weaknesses. Next, to gain an understanding of the unique consider­ ations that airport parking garages present, a data collection effort was undertaken. This effort consisted of user surveys and the collection of photometric data at eight airports representing a variety of lighting types, sizes, activity levels, and geographic conditions. Finally, the research team developed a process to consider the lifecycle cost of various approaches to airport garage lighting. The results of these efforts were used to develop suggested guidance for airports that considers an airport’s operations, site conditions, and cost. The guidebook’s introduction focuses on the unique needs of airport parking garage lighting. Next, the guidebook provides an overview of the current state of the art in lighting technologies, including high pressure sodium, ceramic metal halide, fluorescent, induction fluorescent lamps, light­emitting diodes, organic light­emitting diodes, and light emitting plasma/plasma lamps. The guidebook then evaluates these technologies relative to a set of lighting goals. Based on these goals, it offers recommendations for illuminance level, emergency lighting, luminance (reflected light), and uniformity based on the location and F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

functional elements of the garage, including drive aisles, ramps, pedestrian walks, drop­off/ pickup areas, elevator lobbies, vehicular entrances/exits, and concession areas. The guide­ book also provides building design considerations and addresses site planning, architecture, and light operation options. It concludes with guidance on weighing the benefits and costs of airport garage lighting options and provides examples for how the reader can identify and incorporate various considerations. A list of references and glossary are also included in the guidebook.

1 Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 State of the Art in Lighting Technologies 2 2.1 High Pressure Sodium (HPS) 4 2.2 Ceramic Metal Halide (MH) 5 2.3 Fluorescent Lamps (FL) 7 2.4 Induction Fluorescent Lamps (IFL) 9 2.5 Light­Emitting Diode (LED) 10 2.6 Organic Light­Emitting Diode (OLED) 12 2.7 Light Emitting Plasma (LEP)/Plasma Lamp 13 2.8 Lamp Technology Summary 14 Chapter 3 Designing for Lighting Performance 14 3.1 Design Standards 14 3.1.1 IESNA RP­20 14 3.1.2 IES Lighting Handbook 16 3.1.3 APTA Recommended Practices 16 3.1.4 City Codes 17 3.2 Lighting Standards and Recommendations for Airport Garages 17 3.2.1 Illuminance Level 20 3.2.2 Emergency Lighting 20 3.2.3 Luminance 21 3.2.4 Uniformity 22 3.2.5 Color Contrast 22 3.2.6 Airport Garage Layout and Highlighting 23 3.2.7 Daylighting 23 3.2.8 Luminaire Efficacy 25 3.2.9 Glare 26 3.2.10 Light Trespass 28 Chapter 4 Building Design Considerations 28 4.1 Site Planning 28 4.1.1 Orientation on the Site 28 4.1.2 Sunlight Capture 29 4.2 Architecture 29 4.2.1 Top Level 29 4.2.2 Perimeter 30 4.2.3 Pavement and Vertical Surface Reflectivity 32 4.2.4 Stairwells/Elevators 32 4.2.5 Ramps, Entrances, and Exits 33 4.2.6 Pedestrian Exits/Entrances 33 4.2.7 Signage 33 4.3 Retrofit Issues 33 4.3.1 Available Electric Power 33 4.3.2 Available Electrical Circuits C O N T E N T S

34 Chapter 5 Lighting Operation Options 34 5.1 Current and Alternative Operation Practices 34 5.2 Luminaire Selection 34 5.3 Light­Triggered Adaptation 34 5.4 Usage­Driven Adaptation 34 5.4.1 Volume Peaks 35 5.4.2 On/Off Adaptive Lighting 35 5.4.3 Bi­ and Multi­Level Adaptive Lighting 37 Chapter 6 General Safety 40 Chapter 7 Cost-Benefit Considerations 41 7.1 The Project Lifecycle 42 7.2 Assumptions 42 7.3 Estimating Benefits 42 7.3.1 Cost Effectiveness 43 7.3.2 Efficiency 43 7.3.3 Environment 43 7.3.4 Safety 43 7.3.5 Quantitative Benefits 43 7.3.6 Qualitative Benefits 44 7.3.7 Benefits in Airport Parking Garage Lighting Applications 45 7.3.8 Other Benefits 46 7.4 Estimating Costs 46 7.4.1 Work Breakdown Structure 48 7.4.2 Costs 49 7.5 Lifecycle Economic Value 49 7.5.1 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Evaluation 50 7.5.2 Discounting 50 7.5.3 Legacy Case 51 7.5.4 Metrics 52 7.5.5 Risk Adjustment 54 Chapter 8 Other Considerations 54 8.1 Environmental Stewardship 54 8.2 Provision of New Customer Service in the Garage 54 8.3 Customer Comfort 54 8.4 Other Financial Considerations 55 Chapter 9 Case Studies 55 9.1 Parking Garage Lighting Comparison 55 9.2 Bi­Level Lighting Savings Example 57 9.3 Effects of Various Surface Reflectances 60 9.4 Sample Benefit­Cost Calculation 62 Chapter 10 Conclusions and Final Remarks 63 Appendix A References 64 Appendix B Glossary of Terms