Fiber Additives in Asphalt Mixtures (2015)

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39 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abtahi, S.M., M. Sheikhzadeh, and S.M. Hejazi, “Fiber- reinforced Asphalt-concrete—A Review,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 2010, pp. 871–877. This review of the literature concludes that fibers are promoted for use in asphalt for three main reasons: to improve the mechanical properties of the mix, to allow electrical conductivity of the mixes, and to provide a market for waste fibers. Arabani, M., S.M. Mirabdolazimi, and A.R. Sasani, “The Effect of Waste Tire Thread Mesh on the Dynamic Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 2010, pp. 1060–1068. The use of waste tire cord mesh was investigated in this study, which found that the tire thread mesh could be used effectively to improve the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. The stiffness, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance of mixtures with tire thread mesh was found to be higher than the control mix without the fiber. Austroads, Review of Stone Mastic Asphalt Design Concepts, AP-T138-09, 2009. This document provides a good summary review of materials and mix designs for SMA. The information on fibers is minimal, however. Chan, S., B. Lane, T. Kazmierowski, and W. Lee, “Pavement Preservation: A Solution for Sustainability,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2235, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011, pp. 36–42. The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) compared the effectiveness of various pavement preservation techniques, including fiber-modified chip seals known as FiberMat. Chopped fiberglass fibers are added to a polymer- modified emulsion used to construct a chip seal. The fibers are intended to help reduce reflective cracking of a new overlay. At the time of this report, the method was relatively new to MTO. Chen, J.-S., W. Hsieh, and M.-C. Liao, “Evaluation of Functional Properties of Porous Asphalt Pavements Subjected to Clogging and Densification of Air Voids,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2369, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2013, pp. 68–76. This study from Taiwan compared the performance of porous asphalt pavement with nonmodified binder, polymer- modified binder, and highly modified binder. The nonmodified and polymer-modified mixtures contained hydrated lime and cellulose fibers. The overall performance of the mixture with highly modified binder was found to be superior to that of the other two mixtures. Chen, J.-.S, Y.-C. Sun, M.-C. Liao, and C.-C. Huang, “Effect of Binder Types on Engineering Properties and Performance of Porous Asphalt Concrete,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2293, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 55–62. Compared three binder types [conventional, polymer- modified, and high-viscosity (HV)] for use in porous asphalt. Included cellulose fibers at 0.3% of the mass of the total mixture with the conventional and polymer-modified binders (not with HV). Adding fibers to the conventional and polymer-modified binders greatly reduced draindown. The HV material performed comparably without fibers. Use of polymer binder plus fibers reduced abrasion loss in the Cantabro test compared with mixes without fibers and conventional binder with fibers. Addition of fibers had a small positive impact on indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, and wheel tracking rut depth. Use of fibers decreased the permeability slightly. Ferrotti, G., E. Pasquini, and F. Canestrari, “Experimental Characterization of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cold Mix Asphalt Mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 57, 2014, pp. 117–125. This study looked at the use of fibers in cold mix for patching purposes. Garcia, A., J. Norambuena-Contreras, M.N. Partl, and P. Schuetz, “Uniformity and Mechanical Properties of Dense Asphalt Concrete with Steel Wool Fibers,” Construction and Building Materials, No. 43, 2013, pp. 107–117. This paper is related to other work by the same authors. The conclusion is that long, thin fibers tend to clump, whereas short, thick fibers do not. Steel wool fibers are also damaged (shortened) during mixing. Improvements in raveling resistance and flexural strength were not observed when steel wool fibers were used in dense asphalt concrete. Goh, S.W., M. Akin, Z. You, and X. Shi, “Effect of Deicing Solutions on the Tensile Strength of Micro- or Nano- Modified Asphalt Mixture,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, 2011, pp. 195–200. This study looked at the effects of deicing chemicals on the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures containing carbon microfibers or nano-clay. Both materials were observed to reduce the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures. Kabir, M.S., W. King, Jr., C. Abadie, P. Icenogle, and S.B. Cooper, Jr., “Louisiana’s Experience with Open-Graded

40 Tapkin, S., “Optimal Polypropylene Fiber Amount Determination by Using Gyratory Compaction, Static Creep and Marshall Stability and Flow Analyses,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 44, 2013, pp. 399–410. This study looked at using gyratory compaction to prepare 100-mm-diameter specimens of fiber mix for testing in static creep, Marshall stability, and flow. The conclusions were that 100-mm-diameter specimens could be prepared in the gyratory that were suitable for subsequent mix testing as long as the aggregate was smaller than 2.54 cm. Wu, S., G. Liu, L.-T. Mo, Z. Chen, and Q.-S. Ye, “Effect of Fiber Types on Relevant Properties of Porous Asphalt,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 16, 2006, pp. 791–795. This study looked at cellulose and polyester fibers in porous mixtures, including the use of X-ray computerized tomography to examine the microstructure of the fiber and the skeleton of the porous asphalt. The results showed that fibers stabilize and thicken the binder film around the aggregates and lead to slight improvements in the strength of the porous mix. Wu, S., Q. Ye, and N. Li, “Investigation of Rheological and Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Polyester Fibers,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22, 2008, pp. 2111–2115. This study evaluated the performance of polyester fibers on binder and mixture properties and concluded that polyester fiber increases the viscosity of the binder, especially at low temperatures, and improves the fatigue behavior of the mixtures, especially at lower stress levels. Xu, T., H. Wang, Z. Li, and Y. Zhao, “Evaluation of Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Mixtures Using Different Laboratory Performance Tests,” Construction and Building Materials,” Vol. 53, 2014, pp. 561–567. This study used a partial triaxial test to evaluate the rut resistance of mixtures containing polyester fibers in the laboratory. The authors concluded that fibers can improve the permanent deformation behavior of asphalt mixtures. Ye, Q., S. Wu, and N. Ling, “Investigation of the Dynamic and Fatigue Properties of Fiber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures,” International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 31, 2009, pp. 1598–1602. This study compared the performance of mixtures containing cellulose, polyester, and mineral fibers in the Superpave simple performance tester. The findings suggest that fiber- modified mixtures had lower stiffness and more flexibility than the control mixture without fibers. The findings also suggest that the fiber mixes will have improved fatigue performance. The polyester fiber provided the most improvement in fatigue resistance. Friction Course Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2295, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 63–71. Open-graded friction courses containing styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and cellulose performed well in this field and laboratory study. Lui, Q., E. Schlangen, A. Garcia, and M. van de Ven, “Induction Heating of Electrically Conductive Porous Asphalt Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 2010, pp. 1207–1213. This paper is related to other TU Delft work on induction heating. It compares steel wool with steel fibers and determines that 10% steel wool (type 000) by volume of asphalt is the optimal addition to porous asphalt concrete. Lui, Q., E. Schlangen, and M. van de Ven, “Induction Healing of Porous Asphalt,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2305, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 95–101. This paper relates to other work at TU Delft on induction heating. This study suggests that the use of induction heating can help delay the onset of raveling of porous asphalt. Liu, X. and S. Wu, “Study on the Graphite and Carbon Fiber Modified Asphalt Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, No. 25, 2011, pp. 1807–1811. This study evaluated mechanical and electrical properties of asphalt concrete modified with the addition of graphite and carbon fibers. Liu, Q., S. Wu, and E. Schlangen, “Induction Heating of Asphalt Mastic for Crack Control,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 41, 2013, pp. 345–351. This paper is related to the other induction papers from TU Delft (Garcia et al.). Prowell, B., “Design, Construction, and Early Performance of Hot-Mix Asphalt Stabilizer and Modifier Test Sections,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1767, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 7–14. This study compared coarse-graded Superpave mix designs with modified binders to 75-blow dense-graded Marshall mixes. The Marshall mixes included the control with AC-30 and two fiber-modified mixes with AC-20—one with polyester and the other with polypropylene fibers. After 45 months in service, all the sections were resistant to rutting, fatigue, and thermal cracking. The fiber sections were performing comparably to the polymer-modified sections. The author suggested that the use of fibers might be an effective treatment in situations such as intersections at which a highly rut-resistant mixture is needed.

41 This study investigated the behavior of asphalt mixtures containing recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers. These extruded fibers can have different surface textures, depending on the extrusion nozzle used. Yoo, P.J. and K.-H. Kim, “Thermo-plastic Fiber’s Reinforcing Effect on Hit-Mix Asphalt Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 59, 2014, pp. 136–143.