Naturalistic Driving Study: Development of the Roadway Information Database (2014)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

74 A p p e n d i x d d.1 introduction The SHRP 2 Safety and Reliability focus areas had data of com- mon interest to both programs that were not addressed in either of the focus areas’ projects. SHRP 2 initiated a Phase 1 Supplemental Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) Site Data Fea- sibility project (S32) to determine the availability and feasibil- ity of acquiring these supplemental data in each of the six SHRP 2 NDS sites. The supplemental NDS site data project was divided into two phases: Phase 1 (feasibility study) and Phase 2 (acquisition and integration into the SHRP 2 RID). Phase 1, which is covered in this appendix, identified the availability and cost of acquiring and integrating supplemental data into the RID. During Phase 2, the project team acquired the supple- mental data and integrated them into the RID. See Figure D.12 for the final list of supplemental data items that were acquired for each of the six NDS study sites and included in the RID. d.2 Objectives The following objectives were completed to support this effort: 1. Determine the availability and feasibility of acquiring a list of supplemental data items specific to both SHRP 2 Safety and Reliability focus areas, in each of the six SHRP 2 natu- ralistic driving sites. The list of data items included but were not limited to the following: incident information; five-year crash history; traffic data; traffic control infor- mation; weather information; work zone information; safety improvements; special event information; and infor- mation that would allow for before-after evaluations of new safety programs, initiatives, and laws that were intro- duced or changed during the period of the SHRP 2 study in each NDS site. 2. Recommend to SHRP 2 the most efficient method to acquire, store, deliver, and manage these data to support analyses. d.3 Findings This section provides a summary of the work activities and findings to accomplish the objectives of Phase 1. D.3.1 Supplemental Data Items This effort identified a broad range of potential supplemental data items to facilitate input from the SHRP 2 staff and research designees. Figure D.1 shows the initial list of supple- mental data items. This list was further populated through a variety of efforts and sources, including the following: • Exploring websites of potential public sources of data, including state departments of transportation (DOTs), metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs)/regional planning associations (RPAs), cities, counties, and safety groups. • Identifying relevant private data sources, such as weather and real-time traffic/travel information. • Reviewing safety and reliability literature, research efforts, and recommendations. • Reviewing previous work and recommendations from SHRP 2 projects Development of Analysis Methods (S01, four projects), Development of the NDS Analysis Work- plan (S02), and the NDS Study Design (S05). This effort included a review of the numerous research questions gen- erated by these projects. • Conducting limited discussions with agency staff in the six NDS sites. These actions resulted in a more comprehensive list of data items, as shown in Figure D.2, which includes group labels of safety, common (items of interest to both the Safety and Reli- ability programs), reliability, and policy. Policy data items are not roadway specific but rather give a picture of the individual Supplemental Data

75 state’s policy toward issues such as seat-belt laws and cell phone and texting laws. D.3.2 Expert Feedback and Refinement The list of supplemental data items was presented to both a safety and a reliability group for refinement and prioritiza- tion. This was accomplished through two webinars. D.3.2.1 Feedback (Webinars) Two webinars, on July 29 and August 9, 2011, were organized for safety and reliability participants, respectively. Each group was presented with the comprehensive list of supplemental data items and asked to provide input on the following: • The completeness and categories used for the list (any missing data items not included). • The interest level and specific information desired by item. For example, work zone by roadway is important, but par- ticipants expressed a desire to seek out the physical limits of the work zone area, the impact to travel and primary work activity/duration, and frequency by location. Based on the input received, a revised list of supplemental data items was prepared. In an effort to provide group mem- bers with an opportunity to share their thoughts, this revised list was resubmitted to the groups in the form of an online survey. D.3.2.2 Feedback (Survey) An online survey was prepared that included 32 supplemen- tal data items that were categorized under four topics (safety, reliability, common, and policy). The survey was completed by 14 safety and reliability researchers/experts. Respondents were asked to indicate the significance (low, medium, high) of each data item in terms of supporting research in their area of expertise, and a text box was provided for respondents to share their reasoning for each ranking decision (see Figure D.3). The first question asked participants to identify themselves as either a safety or a reliability expert or an expert in both areas. Among 14 responders, 11 identified themselves as safety experts, only one as a reliability expert, and two as experts in both safety and reliability focus areas. The exper- tise classification was then used to cross-tabulate the survey responses. The survey findings were as follows. Items that were ranked as high, medium, and low by the majority of the responders (>50%) were grouped as Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 items, respectively (see Figure D.4). In addition to overall impor- tance ranking, a ranking by expertise was also considered in tier assignment, because the majority of respondents were safety experts. In some cases, a high ranking from the reli- ability experts was prioritized even if an item’s overall rank- ing was low. See highlights in Figure D.4. The survey analysis was followed up with an item-by- item discussion, which resulted in final tier assignments (1, 2, and 3, with 1 being the highest priority) for each supple- mental data item. The resulting tier assignments by data item are shown in Table D.1. The number next to each data item refers to the survey question for easy tracking to the results. Data Item Crash Aerial Imagery Work Zone Weather Traffic Information AADT Truck Traffic Peak Hourly Volume Design Hourly Volume Level of Service Safety Campaigns Information Special Enforcement Click it or ticket Sobriety Other Overall Traffic Control Strategy Truck traffic operations Corridor management Signalized intersection timings Signal operation Variable message signs Reversible lanes/Dynamic lanes Changes in the infrastructure condition Changes in operations Red Light Running Cameras Speed Enforcement Cameras Flashing Left Turn Arrow Special Events Timed and major events Sanctioned by an official entity Incidents Disabled vehicles Cargo spills Train stall Coordinated with incident mgmt Travel Time Reliability RE LI AB IL IT Y IT EM S SA FE TY A N D C O M M O N D AT A IT EM S Figure D.1. Initial list of supplemental data items. (text continues on page 80)

76 Data Item Data Item Crash Pavement Markings Aerial Imagery Retroreflectivity Work Zone Installation date Locations and begin/end Type and Width Time Period Maintenance Activities (repainting) Impact/activity, traffic control Signs Weather Condition Roadway Level Retroreflectivity Local Area Select Inventory: Stop, Chevron, Slippery/Wet Statewide Maintenance Activities 511 Lighting Incidents/Closures Inventory (locations) Weather/Alerts Glare and Illumination levels Winter Weather Operations and Advisories Pedestrian Crossings Special Events Pedestrian Volume Bridge and Tunnel Status Special Crossing Treatments and Locations Construction Roadway Cameras Rumble Strips (locations) Travel Speeds (e.g. >50mph, 30 49mph, <30mph) Edge drop off maintenance Traffic Information Clear zone or fixed object setback Volume Automatic Traffic Recording Sight Distance Volume Annual or regular occurring counts Vertical Curvature Volume Special counts Friction Truck Traffic Roughness Peak Hourly Volume Changes to Adjacent Land Uses Design Hourly Volume Weigh Station Activity Level of Service Operations Safety Campaigns Information No Passing Zones (locations, l imits) Special Enforcement School Speed Zones (speed, locations, limits, times) Click it or ticket Rural Community Speed Transition Zones Sobriety On Street Bike Lanes (locations) Other* ITS Assets Overall Traffic Control Strategy Cameras / Video (locations, data) Truck traffic operations Red Light Running Cameras (location/approach) Corridor management Speed Enforcement Cameras (location/approach) Signalized intersection timings Signal operation Variable message signs Reversible lanes/Dynamic lanes Changes in the infrastructure condition Changes in operations SA FE TY AN D CO M M O N DA TA IT EM S Figure D.2. Comprehensive list of supplemental data items before prioritization and acquisition. (Continued on next page.)

77 Data Item Recurring Congestion Locations where traffic demand exceeds capacity Nonrecurring Congestion Incident data by location Disabled vehicles Cargo spil ls Train stall Coordinated through an incident mgmt system Work zones frequency by location Weather data by impacts to travel time and location Daily/Seasonal Traffic Variations that impact travel Inadequate base capacity locations Special Events Timed and major events Sanctioned by an official entity Emergencies (unplanned) Independent Travel Time Reliability Business Processes Monitoring weather station data Coordinating traffic signals Dispatching DOT maintenance support Implementing a work zone Integrated Travel Time Reliability Business Processes Traveler information during emergencies Implementing active traffic management Multi agency incident management program Integrated Corridor Management Strategies Integrated Area Work Zone Coordination Strategies Roadway Capacity Improvements Major roadway capacity improvement actions Major operational capacity enhancements Variation in Structured Data (history/data formats) Data storage, archiving, format, visualization, usage Volume (ATR, radar, Select counts, other) Occupancy Speed Incidents and Events Acquire Archival Travel Time Raw Data (among 6 sites) Site, Length, Lanes, Spacing, Travel Times, Dates Analysis Tools Predictive models Re lia bi lit y Figure D.2. Comprehensive list of supplemental data items before prioritization and acquisition. (Continued from previous page and continued on next page.)

78 Data Item Data Item Aggressive Driving and Speeding Prevention, Intervention, Comm and Outreach Laws Countermeasure Alcohol screening and brief intervention Speed Limits Mass media campaigns Enforcement Countermeasure Underage Drinking and Alcohol Impaired Driving Automated enforcement Minimum drinking age 21 laws Distracted Driving and Drowsy Driving Seat Belt Use Laws and Enforcement Seat Belt Use Law Enforcement Countermeasure GDL requirements for beginning drivers State primary enforcement belt use laws Cell phone and text messaging laws Seat Belt Law Enforcement Countermeasure Two wheeled Motorcycle Safety Short term high visibil ity belt law enforcement Motorcycle Helmets Countermeasure Communications and Outreach Countermeasure State motorcycle helmet use laws Communications and outreach supporting enforcement Young Drivers Seat Belt Use Pre Teen and Teenage Occupants Graduated Driver Licensing Countermeasures Restraint Use Laws Countermeasure Graduated driver licensing (GDL) Coverage by restraint use law: seating position, vehicles, ages Learner's permit length, supervised hours Seat Belt Use Children in Child Restraints and Booster Intermediate nighttime restrictions Child Restraint/Booster Seat Use Laws Countermeasure Intermediate passenger restrictions Enactment of child restraint use laws Older Drivers Coverage: seating position, vehicles, ages Licensing Countermeasures Child Restraint/Booster Seat Use Law Enforcement Countermeasure License screening and testing Short-term high visibil ity-child restraint/booster law enforcement Pedestrians Communications and Outreach Countermeasure All Pedestrians Countermeasure Communications and outreach supporting enforcement Reduce and enforce speed limits Targeted enforcement Bicycles Children Countermeasure Bicycle helmet laws for children All Bicyclists Countermeasure Active lighting and rider conspicuity Alcohol Impaired and Drugged Drivers Deterrence:Laws Countermeasures Administrative licence revocation or suspension Open Containers Deterrence: Enforcement Countermeasures Sobriety Checkpoints Saturation Patrols Preliminary Breath Test Devices Deterrence: DWI Offender Countermeasures Alcohol problem assessment, treatment Alcohol interlocks PO LI CY IT EM S Figure D.2. Comprehensive list of supplemental data items before prioritization and acquisition. (Continued from previous page.)

79 Figure D.3. Screenshot from the online survey.

80 # Data Items Safety Reliability Safety and Reliability Response Percent Reliability Response % 1 2 3 10 X Low 2 0 0 15.4% 0.00% Medium 4 0 2 46.2% 66.67% High 4 1 0 38.5% 33.33% 11 X Low 0 0 0 0.0% 0.00% Medium 8 0 1 69.2% 33.33% High 2 1 1 30.8% * 66.67% 12 X Low 6 0 1 53.8% 33.33% Medium 2 1 1 30.8% 66.67% High 2 0 0 15.4% 0.00% 13 X Low 6 0 0 46.2% 0.00% Medium 2 0 1 23.1% 33.33% High 2 1 1 30.8% * 66.67% 14 X Low 8 0 1 69.2% 33.33% Medium 1 1 1 23.1% 66.67% High 1 0 0 7.7% 0.00% 15 X Low 8 1 0 69.2% 33.33% Medium 2 0 2 30.8% 66.67% High 0 0 0 0.0% 0.00% 16 x Low 7 1 1 69.2% 66.67% Medium 2 0 0 15.4% 0.00% High 1 0 1 15.4% 33.33% Public Transportation Analysis Tools Used Tier Recurring Congestion Nonrecurring Congestion Data Travel Time Reliability Business Process Travel Time Data Travel Demand Management Figure D.4. Ranking of reliability data items. D.3.2.3 Prioritized Approach On the basis of time and resources available to accomplish this effort, a prioritized approach was established, which included the following: • First choice was to obtain or identify sources of information, with the second choice being data. For example, if an agency had average daily traffic (ADT) information in GIS files (a format that allows for easy integration into the RID), this was preferred, versus obtaining all the agency’s raw data. • DOT and Tier 1 information was the focus. This follows the fact that DOTs own most of the Tier 1 data items. The criti- cal question was whether the information is archived with easy access. If, within these discussions, a local agency was identified as having data items of interest, the team would target these entities for follow-up discussions. D.3.2.4 Consistency To ensure consistency, completeness, and efficiency during the information gathering process, the research team addressed the following: • Data definitions. Based on the input from previous tasks, a data definn table was used to clarify questions and to share with agency staff (see Table D.2). • Informational paragraph. An email template (text) was pre- pared for each site for new contacts who may not be aware of the SHRP 2 NDS effort. This included program background (continued from page 75)

81 Table D.1. Tier Classification of the Initial Data Items Tier 1 2 3 S af et y 3 Crash data X 4 Traffic counts X 5 Pedestrian crossings X 6 Work zone data X 7 Weather data X 8 511 information X 9 Operational countermeasures X R el ia b ili ty 10 Recurring congestion X 11 Nonrecurring congestion data X 12 Travel time reliability business process X 13 Travel time data X 14 Travel demand management X 15 Public transportation X 16 Analysis tools used X C om m on 17 Aerial imagery X 18 Change in adjacent land use X 19 Speed limit data X 20 Level of service X 21 Variable message signs X 22 Reversible dynamic lanes X 23 Changes to existing infrastructure condition X 24 Roadway capacity improvements X 25 Innovative treatments data X P ol ic y 26 Safety campaign information X 27 Speed limit laws X 28 Cell phone and text messaging laws X 29 Automated enforcement for aggressive driving and speeding X 30 Graduated driver licensing X 31 State motorcycle helmet use laws X 32 License screening and testing X 33 Targeted enforcement for pedestrian crossings X 34 Laws and enforcement for alcohol-impaired and drugged drivers X 35 Laws and enforcement for seat-belt use X

82 Table D.2. Original Data Item Definitions Tier 1 2 3 Category Item Description X Safety Crash data Crash data, including 5 years before and during the 2-year SHRP 2 NDS. X Safety Traffic counts Data, including ADT, truck traffic, and any other seasonal or special count data, if available. Do they archive continuous counts, seasonal counts, special counts, PHV, LOS? X Safety Work zone data Data, including location, limits, time period, and, if available, the impact to travel (lane closure, lane narrowing, lower speed limit). First priority: Location, limits, time period. X Safety Weather data Atmospheric data, including air temperature, dew point, relative humidity, average wind speed, wind gust, wind direction, precipitation, and road- way data, such as surface and subsurface temperature by sensor location. X Safety Automated enforcement Data, including the location and dates of operation for either red light running or automated speed enforcement devices. X Reliability Nonrecurring congestion Location, area of influence, time and source of congestion. Do they keep track of incidents such as disabled vehicles, cargo spills, train stalls? Is this coordinated through an incident management system? Do they keep track of special events, such as timed/major events, sanctioned events? X Reliability Travel time data Travel time data by site and including corridor, number of lanes, intersection spacing, and date. X Common item Aerial imagery Document the available aerial imagery by study site, type of imagery, resolution. Example: Digital orthophotography SID images, topo- graphic maps. X Common item Speed limit data Data, including speed limit by location, posted, advisory, special restric- tions, changes during the SHRP 2 NDS period. X Common item Changes to existing infrastructure condition Data documenting changes to infrastructure condition, such as overlays or replacements that improve condition without adding capacity or changing geometry. X Common item Roadway capacity improvements Data documenting major operational and capacity enhancements, such as additional lanes, intersection treatments, traffic control, traffic signalization, reversible lanes, designated lanes, roundabouts. X Common item Innovative treatments Data documenting targeted safety enhancements, such as curve treat- ments, shoulders, rumble strips during the NDS study. X Policy Safety campaigns information Sobriety checkpoints, distracted driving, share the road awareness, seat belt, targeted enforcement veh/ped. X Policy Speed limit laws Any increase or decrease to the maximum statutory speed limit over the two-year duration on state roads. X Policy Cell phone and text messaging laws Laws that prohibit hand-held cell phone use and/or texting while driving. X Policy State laws regarding automated enforcement Laws that enable or prohibit the use of automated speed enforcement, red light running cameras, or other devices. X Policy Laws for alcohol-impaired and drugged drivers Laws enacted that prohibit driving while impaired, publicizing and enforcing those laws, and punishing the offenders. X Safety 511 information Data, including incidents/closures; weather/alerts; winter weather operations and advisories; special events; bridge and tunnel status; construction; travel speeds (e.g., <30 mph, 30–49 mph, >50 mph). X Reliability Recurring congestion For roadway segments, this includes free flow and actual speeds by time of day and location. For intersections, data identifying locations where traffic demand exceeds capacity by location, area of influence, dura- tion, and time. (continued on next page)

83 Table D.2. Original Data Item Definitions Tier 1 2 3 Category Item Description X Reliability Travel demand management Information specific to efforts to reduce travel demand, such as share a ride, park and ride, zip cars, incentives, HOV lanes. Information spe- cific to community public transportation modes, use, coverage. X Reliability Public transportation Information specific to community public transportation modes, use, coverage. X Common item Level of service Data, including level of service by times of day for intersections and road segments. X Common item Variable message signs Descriptive data, including locations, devices, and operations (messages, duration, frequency). X Policy State law regarding graduated driver licensing (GDL) Laws specific to GDL (nighttime hours, number of passengers, cell phones, learner’s permit, seat-belt use, etc.). X Policy State motorcycle helmet use laws Laws covering helmet use for both driver and rider and, if there are any differences, by specified ages. X Policy Laws for seat-belt use Primary enforcement belt use laws permit seat-belt use law violators to be stopped and cited independently of any other traffic behavior. Sec- ondary enforcement laws allow violators to be cited only after they first have been stopped for some other traffic violation. X Safety Pedestrian crossings Data, including locations where special countermeasures are imple- mented and a description of the countermeasures. X Reliability Travel time reliability business process Coordinating traffic signals (locations and frequency), using weather station data to dispatch maintenance support, standardized process for imple- menting work zone, providing traveler information during emergencies, implementing active traffic management, implementing a multiagency incident management program, and integrated corridor management. X Reliability Analysis tools used Document agency actions based on use of predictive models, software tools to manage travel time reliability during the NDS period. X Common item Change to adjacent land use Data that documents the changes in land use over time by corridor and study area (e.g., agricultural to commercial land use) over the two-year NDS period. X Common item Reversible dynamic lanes Descriptive data including locations, operations, directions, restrictions. X Policy State procedures on driver’s license screening and testing Administered driver’s license screening and testing to evaluate drivers’ abilities and skills. Process of driver referral, screening, assessment, counseling, and licensing action. (continued) information/links and served to orient the audience on the supplemental data request. • Working documents. A working document for each NDS site was prepared based on the tiered listing. These documents were continuously updated with notes from email messages, phone conversations, and web searches. • Findings template. A template was developed for use in populating the results from each site based on the informa- tion within each working document. Table D.3 shows an example of the template and specific details, whether for DOT or other agencies, including the following: 44 Archived: Are the supplemental data items archived (yes, no, limited)? 44 Format: In what format are the data collected, main- tained, and stored (data are maintained in a wide variety of formats and media such as GIS, XML, PDF, and CSV)? 44 Accessibility: What options are available to access the data/information (online, by request, through an approval process, etc.)? 44 Cost: What is the cost to get data from a private source or a public agency? 44 Restrictions: Are there any special restrictions to accessing and/or acquiring the data/informational item (agreement, needs to be established, not sure, etc.)? 44 Comment: A comment field was provided for the team to note any specific details about the data or informa- tion received. The above information was used to estimate associated costs for each data item in terms of a relative cost to acquire and inte- grate the information into the SHRP 2 RID. A three-point cost scale was used (low, medium, and high), given the granularity

84 Table D.3. State Informational Detail and Cost Template (Example Only) DOT Information Details Costs Tier Item Archived Format Accessibility Restrictions Comment Acquire Integrate 1 Crash data Yes GIS Online Agreement Descriptive Low Low 1 Traffic No XML Request Under review Information Medium Medium 1 Work zone Limited Limited Other TBD About data High High of the information. In general, the measure of expense and effort to obtain the data item was categorized as follows: • Low: No cost for the data and minimal effort required to acquire and integrate. • Medium: Moderate to high cost for the data and/or the same for the effort to acquire and integrate. • High: High cost for either the data or the effort needed to support analysis, acquisition, or integration. D.3.2.5 Summary of Findings Figure D.5 provides a qualitative cost summary by data item in terms of the cost (low, medium, high) to acquire and integrate the data into the SHRP 2 RID. As shown, there are some blanks for various items, because the assessments are based on discussions about the available data with different agencies, as opposed to acquiring the actual data, and because not enough information was available to determine a cost category. The information in Figure D.5 was used as input for data acquisition. The findings for each site are shown in Figure D.6 (New York), Figure D.7 (Florida), Fig- ure D.8 (Pennsylvania), Figure D.9 (Indiana), Figure D.10 (North Carolina), and Figure D.11 (Washington). The final- ized list of supplemental data that were acquired for each of the six NDS study states and integrated into the RID is shown in Figure D.12.

85 NY FL PA IN NC WA NY FL PA IN NC WA Tier Item Acquire Acquire Acquire Acquire Acquire Acquire Integrate Integrate Integrate Integrate Integrate Integrate 1 Aerial Imagery Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low 1 Speed Limit Data Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low 1 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High 1 Roadway Capacity Improvements Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High 1 Innovative Treatments Medium Low High High 2 Level of Service Low Medium High Medium 2 Variable Message Signs Low High 3 Change to Adjacent Land Use Medium High 3 Reversible Dynamic Lanes 1 Speed Limit Laws Low Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA 1 Cell phone and text messaging laws Low Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA 1 State laws regarding automated enforcement Low Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA 1 Laws for Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers Low Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA 1 Safety Campaigns Information High High High High High High High High High High High High 2 State law regarding graduated driver licensing (GDL) Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2 State motor cycle helmet use laws Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2 Laws for Seat Belt Use Low Low Low Low Low NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 State procedures regarding driver’s license screening a 1 Nonrecurring Congestion Low High Low Low High Medium High Medium 0 Medium High 1 Travel Time Data Low Low Medium Low Low High 2 Recurring Congestion Medium Medium 2 Travel Demand Management 2 Public Transportation High High 3 Travel Time Reliability Business Process 3 Analysis Tools Used Low Medium Low Low 1 Crash Data Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low 1 Information - AADT Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low 1 Work Zone Low Medium Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High Medium High 1 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Low Low Low Low High Low Low Low Low High 1 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium 1 Data - Continuous Counts (ATR) High Low Medium Medium Low High Low High Medium Low 1 Data -Short Duration Counts High Low Medium Medium Low High Low High Medium Low 1 Cooperative Observer/Other Sources Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium 1 Automated Enforcement High High Low High Medium Medium Medium High 1 Traffic 1 Other Medium Medium High High 1 Weather 1 Roadway Level (RWIS) DOT Medium High High High 1 Hourly Precipitation Data NOAA Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High 1 Storm Event Data (by County) NOAA Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High 2 511 Information Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High Medium Medium 3 Pedestrian Crossings Low Low Figure D.5. Qualitative cost summary (all sites).

86 # Item Priority Category Data Description Integration Data Frequency 1 Crash Data Common 2006-2013 data delivered in access from NYDOT Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network Yearly 2 Traffic Information - AADT Safety 2011-2013 data in excel from NY DOT Joined to GIS, conflate to network Yearly 3 Aerial Imagery Common 2011 NAIP aerial imagery by county in 1 meter resolution None Single Year 4 Speed Limit Data Safety 2011 speed limit data from FLDOT Conflate to network Single Year 5 Speed Limit Laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 6 Cell phone and text messaging laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 7 Automated enforcement laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 8 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 9 Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 10 State motor cycle helmet use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 11 Seat Belt Use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 12 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Common Monthly Quality Controlled Local Climatological (QCLCD) Data from 2011-2013 for 3 stations around NDS study site Access Database by Station Monthly 13 Cooperative Weather Observer/Other Sources Common Monthly Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data from 2011- 2013. Includes 14 COOP stations, 68 CoCoRaHS stations, and 14 ASOS stations. Also have severe weather events for surrounding counties of NDS study site. Access Database by Station Monthly 14 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Common 2011-2013 511 data including weather events from NYDOT and NITTEC Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network NA 15 Work Zone Common 2011-2013 511 data including work zones impacting roadway from NYDOT and NITTEC Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network Yearly 16 511 Information Common 2011-2013 511 data from NYDOT and NITTEC Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network Yearly 17 Traffic Data - Continuous Counts (ATR) Safety 2011-2013 ATR data from NY DOT Join data to shapefile, conflate to network Yearly 18 Traffic Data -Short Duration Counts Safety 2011-2013 short duration count data from NY DOT Join data to shapefile, conflate to network Yearly 19 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Safety Changes to Roadway Data Conflate to network Yearly 20 Roadway Capacity Improvements Common Roadway Improvement Data Conflate to network Yearly 1 2 Figure D.6. Summary for New York.

87 # Item Priority Category Data Description Integration Data Frequency 1 Crash Data Common 2006-2013 Shapefile from FLDOT Conflate to network Yearly 2 Traffic Information - AADT Safety 2011-2013 Shapefile from FLDOT Conflate to network Yearly 3 Aerial Imagery Common 2009-2013 FLDOT aerial imagery by county in 1 foot resolution2013 NAIP aerial imagery by county in 1 meter resolution None Single Year 4 Speed Limit Data Safety 2013 speed limit data from FLDOT Conflate to network Single Year 5 Speed Limit Laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 6 Cell phone and text messaging laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 7 Automated enforcement laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 8 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 9 Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 10 State motor cycle helmet use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 11 Seat Belt Use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 12 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Common Monthly Quality Controlled Local Climatological (QCLCD) Data from 2011-2013 for 7 stations around NDS study site Access Database by Station Monthly 13 Cooperative Weather Observer/Other Sources Common Monthly Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data from 2011- 2013. Includes 3 COOP stations, 120 CoCoRaHS stations, and 12 ASOS stations. Also have severe weather events for surrounding counties of NDS study site. Access Database by Station Monthly 14 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Common Not Applicable None NA 15 Work Zone Common 2011-2013 511 data including work zones impacting roadway TBD Yearly 16 511 Information Common 2011-2013 511 data including work zones impacting roadway TBD Yearly 17 Traffic Data - Continuous Counts (ATR) Safety 2011-2013 ATR shapefile data from FLDOT Conflate to network Yearly 18 Traffic Data -Short Duration Counts Safety 2011-2013 short duraction shapefile data from FLDOT Conflate to network Yearly 19 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Safety Kml data from FLDOT of projects completed within 2011-2013 Convert to GIS then conflate Yearly 20 Roadway Capacity Improvements Common Kml data from FLDOT of projects completed within 2011-2013 Convert to GIS then conflate Yearly 1 2 Figure D.7. Summary for Florida.

88 # Item Priority Category Data Description Integration Data Frequency 1 Crash Data Common 2006-2013 data delivered in access from PA DOT Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network Yearly 2 Traffic Information - AADT Safety 2011-2013 Shapefile from PA DOT Conflate to network Yearly 3 Aerial Imagery Common 2013 NAIP aerial imagery by county in 1 meter resolution None Single Year 4 Speed Limit Data Safety 2013 speed limit data from FLDOT Conflate to network Single Year 5 Speed Limit Laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 6 Cell phone and text messaging laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 7 Automated enforcement laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 8 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 9 Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 10 State motor cycle helmet use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 11 Seat Belt Use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 12 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Common Monthly Quality Controlled Local Climatological (QCLCD) Data from 2011-2013 for 1 stations around NDS study site Access Database by Station Monthly 13 Cooperative Weather Observer/Other Sources Common Monthly Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data from 2011- 2013. Includes 8 COOP stations, 10 CoCoRaHS stations, and 0 ASOS stations. Also have severe weather events for surrounding counties of NDS study site. Access Database by Station Monthly 14 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Common 2011-2013 511 data including weather events from PA DOT Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network NA 15 Work Zone Common 2011-2013 511 data including work zones from PA DOT Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network Yearly 16 511 Information Common 2011-2013 511 data from PA DOT Convert to GIS using Lat/Long, conflate to network Yearly 17 Traffic Data - Continuous Counts (ATR) Safety 2011-2013 ATR data from PA DOT Reduce data, convert to GIS, conflate to network Yearly 18 Traffic Data -Short Duration Counts Safety 2011-2013 short duration count data from PA DOT Conflate to network Yearly 19 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Safety 2011-2013 projects in shapefile from PA DOT Conflate to network Yearly 20 Roadway Capacity Improvements Common 2011-2013 projects in shapefile from PA DOT Conflate to network Yearly 1 2 Figure D.8. Summary for Pennsylvania.

89 # Item Priority Category Data Description Integration Data Frequency 1 Crash Data Common 2006-2013 data delivered as a .DAT file from INDOT Extract data, convert to GIS , conflate to network Yearly 2 Traffic Information - AADT Safety 2011-2013 Shapefile from FLDOT Conflate to network Yearly 3 Aerial Imagery Common 2012 Indiana University GIS aerial imagery by county in 1 meter resolution None Single Year 4 Speed Limit Data Safety 2011 speed limit data from FLDOT Conflate to network Single Year 5 Speed Limit Laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 6 Cell phone and text messaging laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 7 Automated enforcement laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 8 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 9 Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 10 State motor cycle helmet use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 11 Seat Belt Use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 12 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Common Monthly Quality Controlled Local Climatological (QCLCD) Data from 2011-2013 for 5 stations around NDS study site Access Database by Station Monthly 13 Cooperative Weather Observer/Other Sources Common Monthly Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data from 2011- 2013. Includes 16 COOP stations, 81 CoCoRaHS stations, and 3 ASOS stations. Also have severe weather events for surrounding counties of NDS study site. Access Database by Station Monthly 14 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Common 2011-2013 511 data from CARS Program TBD NA 15 Work Zone Common 2011-2013 511 data from CARS Program including work zone impact TBD Yearly 16 511 Information Common 2011-2013 511 data from CARS Program TBD Yearly 17 Traffic Data - Continuous Counts (ATR) Safety 2011-2013 ATR data from INDOT Conflate to network Yearly 18 Traffic Data -Short Duration Counts Safety 2011-2013 short duraction count data from INDOT Conflate to network Yearly 19 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Safety TBD TBD Yearly 20 Roadway Capacity Improvements Common TBD TBD Yearly 1 2 Figure D.9. Summary for Indiana.

90 # Item Priority Category Data Description Integration Data Frequency 1 Crash Data Common 2006-2013 delivered as excel from HSIS Convert to GIS using LRS, conflate to network Yearly 2 Traffic Information - AADT Safety 2011-2013 Shapefile from NC DOT Conflate to network Yearly 3 Aerial Imagery Common 2012 NAIP aerial imagery by county in 1 meter resolution None Single Year 4 Speed Limit Data Safety 2011 speed limit data from FLDOT Conflate to network Single Year 5 Speed Limit Laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 6 Cell phone and text messaging laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 7 Automated enforcement laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 8 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 9 Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 10 State motor cycle helmet use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 11 Seat Belt Use laws Policy Documented laws from 2011-2013 None Yearly 12 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Common Monthly Quality Controlled Local Climatological (QCLCD) Data from 2011-2013 for 6 stations around NDS study site Access Database by Station Monthly 13 Cooperative Weather Observer/Other Sources Common Monthly Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data from 2011- 2013. Includes 18 COOP stations, 129 CoCoRaHS stations, and 2 ASOS stations. Also have severe weather events for surrounding counties of NDS study site. Access Database by Station Monthly 14 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Common 2011-2013 Traffic Incident Management System data from NC DOT in shapefile with weather events Conflate to network NA 15 Work Zone Common 2011-2013 Traffic Incident Management System data from NC DOT in shapefile with work zone impacts Conflate to network Yearly 16 511 Information Common 2011-2013 Traffic Incident Management System data from NC DOT in shapefile Conflate to network Yearly 17 Traffic Data - Continuous Counts (ATR) Safety 2011-2013 ATR data from NC DOT Convert to GIS, conflate to network Yearly 18 Traffic Data -Short Duration Counts Safety 2011-2013 short duration count data from NC DOT Conflate to network Yearly 19 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Safety TBD TBD Yearly 20 Roadway Capacity Improvements Common TBD TBD Yearly 1 2 Figure D.10. Summary for North Carolina.

91 Figure D.11. Summary for Washington.

92 Figure D.12. Final list of supplemental data acquired. # Item Priority Category Description Data Type Data Frequency Time Period of Interest 1 Crash Data Common State’s official crash file. GIS State/County Yearly 2006 2013 2 Traffic Information - AADT Safety Computed AADT by site or segment. GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 3 Aerial Imagery Common Aerial imagery at 1 meter resolution which can be associated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 1 Meter Resoultion Image County Based Single Year Between 2011 2013 4 Speed Limit Data Safety Posted speed limit by location, and if available advisory and special restrictions along with changes during the SHRP2 NDS period GIS Statewide Single Year Between 2011 2013 5 Speed Limit Laws Policy Any increase or decrease to the maximum statutory speed limit over the two-year duration on state roads. State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 6 Cell phone and text messaging laws Policy Laws which prohibit hand-held cell phone use and/or texting while driving. State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 7 Automated enforcement laws Policy Laws which enable or prohibit the use of automated speed enforcement, red light running cameras, or other devices. State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 8 Alcohol-Impaired and Drugged Drivers laws Policy Laws enacted that prohibit driving while impaired, publicizing and enforcing those laws, and punishing the offenders. State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 9 Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws Policy Laws specific to GDL (nighttime hours, number of passengers, cell phones, learners permit, seat-belt use, etc). State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 10 State motor cycle helmet use laws Policy Laws covering helmet use for both driver and rider and if there are any differences by specified ages. State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 11 Seat Belt Use laws Policy Primary enforcement belt use laws permit seat belt use law violators to be stopped and cited independently of any other traffic behavior. Secondary enforcement laws allow violators to be cited only after they first have been stopped for some other traffic violation. State Summary Document Yearly 2011 2013 12 Local Climatological Data (LCD) NOAA Common A monthly NOAA summary from major airport weather stations that includes a daily account of temperature extremes, degree days, precipitation and winds. Also included are the hourly precipitation and abbreviated 3-hourly weather observations. Access Database by Station Monthly 2011 2013 13 Cooperative Weather Observer/Other Sources Common Hourly precipitation amounts obtained from recording rain gages located at National Weather Service, FAA, and cooperative observer stations which includes inches to tenths at local standard time; includes maximum precipitation for nine time periods for some stations; these data are final quality controlled copy and have a 4 to 6 month time lag. National Climactic Data Center Storm Event data which includes storm events by county including tornadoes, thunderstorm winds, and hail. Clarus data where available. Weather Underground (personal weather station information) data if available including (daily high/low/avg; Temp(F), Dew Point(F), Humidity(%), Sea Level Pressure (in), Visibility (mi), Wind (mph), Precip (in). Access Database by Station Monthly 2011 2013 14 Winter Road Conditions (DOT) Common Winter Travel Advisory by road segment and time. When available this will include roadway and segment limits; Roadway Status (clear, wet, snow, ice, severe, closed); Pavement Condition; Weather Condition; and date/time of last update GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 15 Work Zone Common Data including location, limits, time period, and if available the impact to travel (minimal, moderate, severe). GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 16 511 Information Common Includes Incidents/closures; Weather/Alerts; Winter Weather Operations and Advisories; Special Events; Bridge and Tunnel Status; Construction; Travel Speeds (e.g. <30mph, 30-49mph, >50mph) where available. GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 17 Traffic Data-Continuous Counts (ATR) Safety Continuous count data from permanent equipment which operates 365 days a year. GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 18 Traffic Data-Short Duration Counts Safety Short count data from portable equipment which typically operates from 2 days to 7 days. These counts usually vary in frequency per location from every year to up to 5 years in between counts. GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 19 Changes to existing infrastructure condition Safety Data documenting changes to infrastructure condition such as overlays or replacements that improve condition without adding capacity or changing geometry. GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 20 Roadway Capacity Improvements Common Data documenting major operational and capacity enhancements such as additional lanes, intersection treatments, traffic control, traffic signalization, reversible lanes, designated lanes, roundabouts, etc. GIS Statewide Yearly 2011 2013 1 2