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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Calibration of AASHTO LRFD Concrete Bridge Design Specifications for Serviceability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22407.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Calibration of AASHTO LRFD Concrete Bridge Design Specifications for Serviceability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22407.
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Page 151
Page 152
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Calibration of AASHTO LRFD Concrete Bridge Design Specifications for Serviceability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22407.
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REFERENCES AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th ed. 2012. AASHTO, Washington, DC. Allen, T., A. Nowak, and R. Bathurst. 2005. Transportation Research Circular E-C079: Calibration to Determine Load and Resistance Factors for Geotechnical and Structural Design. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec079.pdf. Amorn, W., J. Bowers, A. Girgis, and M. Tadros. 2007. Fatigue of Deformed Welded-Wire Reinforcement. Journal, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 106–120. Barker, M., and K. Barth. 2007. Live Load Deflection Serviceability of HPS Composite Steel Girder Bridges. 2007 World Steel Bridge Symposium Papers, New Orleans, LA. Burton, K., and E. Hognestad. 1967. Fatigue Test of Reinforcing Bars-Tack Welding of Stirrups. Journal, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 244–252. Ellingwood, B., J. Galambos, J. MacGregor, and C. Cornell. 1980. Development of a Probability Based Load Criterion for American National Standard A58. NBS Special Publication 577. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. EN 1990 (Eurocode 0): Basis of Structural Design. 2002. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. EN 1991-1-6 (Eurocode 1): Actions on Structures - Part 1-6: General Actions - Actions during Execution. 2005. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. EN 1991-2 (Eurocode 1): Actions on Structures - Part 2: Traffic Loads on Bridges. 2003. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. EN 1992-2 (Eurocode 2): Design of Concrete Structures - Part 2: Concrete Bridges - Design and Detailing Rules. 2005. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. EN 1998-2 (Eurocode 8): Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 2: Bridges. 2005. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. Fisher, J., and I. Viest. 1961. Fatigue Tests of Bridge Materials of the AASHO Road Test. Special Report 66. American Association of State Highway Officials, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC. Gross, S., and S. Burns. 2000. Field Performance of Prestressed High Performance Concrete Bridges in Texas. FHWA/TX-05/9-580/589-2. Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas Department of Transportation, FHWA, Austin, TX. Hanson, J., K. Burton, and E. Hognestad. 1968. Fatigue Tests of Reinforcing Bars-Effect of Deformation Pattern. Journal of the Portland Cement Association Research and Development Laboratories, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 2–13. 148

Helgason, T., J. Hanson, N. Somes, W. Corley, and E. Hognestad. 1976. NCHRP Report 164: Fatigue Strength of High Yield Reinforcing Bars. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Hilsdorf, H., and C. Kesler. 1966. Fatigue Strength of Concrete under Varying Flexural Stresses. Journal Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 63, No. 10, pp. 1059–1076. ISO 2394: General Principles on Reliability for Structures, 3rd ed. 1998. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Kulicki, J., W. Wassef, D. Mertz, A. Nowak, N. Samtani, and H. Nassif. 2013. Service Load Design for 100-Year Life. SHRP2, R19B. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC (Under Preparation). Kulicki, J., Z. Prucz, C. Clancy, D. Mertz, and A. Nowak. 2007. Updating the Calibration Report for AASHTO LRFD Code. Report on NCHRP 20-7/186. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Lash, S. 1969. Can High-Strength Reinforcement be used in Highway Bridges. In First International Symposium on Concrete Bridge Design. SP-23. American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, pp. 283–300. Lind, N., and A. Nowak. 1978. Calculation of Load and Performance Factors. Report submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Ontario, Canada. MacGregor, J., I. Jhamb, and N. Nuttall. 1971. Fatigue Strength of Hot Rolled Deformed Reinforcing Bars. Journal Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 169– 179. Mirza, S., and J. MacGregor. 1979. Variability of Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 921–937. Mirza, S., and J. MacGregor. 1979. Variations in Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete Members. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 105, No. 4, pp. 751–766. Mlynarski, M., W. Wassef, and A. Nowak. 2011. NCHRP Report 700: A Comparison of AASHTO Bridge Load Rating Methods. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Nowak, A. 1999. NCHRP Report 368: Calibration of LRFD Bridge Design Code. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Nowak, A., and K. Collins. 2013. Reliability of Structures. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Nowak, A., E. Szeliga, and M. Szerszen. 2008. Reliability-Based Calibration for Structural Concrete, Phase 3. Portland Cement Association, Research and Development Serial No. 2849, pp. 1–110. Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code. 1979. Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Toronto, ON, Canada. 149

Pfister, J., and E. Hognestad. 1964. High Strength Bars as Concrete Reinforcement, Part 6 - Fatigue Tests. Journal of the Portland Cement Association Research and Development Laboratories, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65–84. Rakoczy, P. 2011. WIM Based Load Models for Bridge Serviceability Limit States. PhD Dissertation. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. Roeder, C., K. Barth, and A. Bergman. 2002. NCHRP Web Document 46: Improved Live Load Deflection Criteria for Steel Bridges. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Siriaksorn, A., and A. Naaman. 1980. Reliability of Partially Prestressed Beams at Serviceability Limit States. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, Department of Materials Engineering, Chicago, IL. Sivakumar, B., M. Ghosn, and F. Moses. 2011. NCHRP Report 683: Protocols for Collecting and Using Traffic Data in Bridge Design. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th ed. 2002. AASHTO, Washington, DC. Tadros, M., N. Al-Omaishi, S. Seguirant, and J. Gallt. 2003. NCHRP Report 496: Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 150

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 201: Calibration of AASHTO LRFD Concrete Bridge Design Specifications for Serviceability explores calibrating the service limit states related to concrete bridges in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Load Resistance Factor Design Bridge Design Specifications (AASHTO LRFD).

A limit state is defined as the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable performance of the structure or its component.

According to the report, the limit states amenable to statistical calibration using the information currently available are cracking of reinforced concrete components, tensile stresses in concrete in prestressed concrete components, and fatigue of concrete and reinforcement

The results of the work indicated that the main problem in calibrating the service limit states is the lack of clear consequences to exceeding the limit state and the ability to define more than one limit state function to address the same phenomenon.

In the absence of reasons to increase or decrease the reliability inherent in the designs performed using the current specifications, the goal of the calibration was to help achieve uniform reliability with an average reliability similar to that inherent in current designs.

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