Reference Guide for Applying Risk and Reliability-Based Approaches for Bridge Scour Prediction (2013)

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116 AASHTO (2005). Guide Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges, 1st Edition with 2005 Interim Revisions. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO (2007). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications: Customary U.S. Units, 4th Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO (2008). AASHTO Manual for Bridge Evaluation, 1st Ed. (MBE 1-M), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO (2009). “Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges” 2nd Ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. Arneson, L. A., L. W. Zevenbergen, P. F. Lagasse, and P. E. Clopper (2012). Evaluating Scour at Bridges, 5th Ed., Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-HIF-12-003, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. ASCE (2010). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-10, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. ATC/MCEER Joint Venture (2002). NCHRP Report 472: Comprehensive Specifications for the Seismic Design of Bridges, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C. Ayyub, B. M. (2003). Risk Analysis in Engineering and Economics, Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL. Ayyub, B. M. and R. McCuen (2003). Probability, Statistics, and Reliability for Engineers and Scientists, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL. Ballio, F., A. Terruzi, and A. Radice, (2009). Constriction Effects in Clear-Water Scour at Abutments, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 2 (February), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 140–145. Cesare, M. A. (1991). First-order Analysis of Open-channel Flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 242–247. Dey, S. and R. V. Raikar (2005). Scour in Long Contractions, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 12, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 1035–1049. Ettema, R., T. Nakato, and M. Muste (2010). Estimation of Scour Depth at Bridge Abutments, Draft/Final report, NCHRP Project 24-20, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C. Flynn, K. M., W. H. Kirby, and P. R. Hummel (2006). User’s Manual for Program Peak FQ, Annual Flood- Frequency Analysis Using Bulletin 17B Guidelines, Techniques and Methods, Book 4, Chapter B4, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Froehlich, D. C. (2003). Finite Element Surface-Water Modeling System: Two-Dimensional Flow in a Horizon- tal Plane, In FESWMS-2DH, Version 2, User’s Manual, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal High- way Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA. Ghosn, M. and F. Moses (1998). NCHRP Report 406: Redundancy in Highway Bridge Superstructures, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Ghosn, M., F. Moses, and J. Wang (2003). NCHRP Report 489: Design of Highway Bridges for Extreme Events, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Gill, M. A. (1981). “Bed Erosion in Rectangular Long Contraction.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 107, No. 3, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 273–84. Helsel, D. R. and R. M. Hirsch (1992). Statistical Methods in Water Resources, Elsevier Science B.V., New York, NY. Hydrologic Engineering Center (1986). Accuracy of Computed Water Surface Profiles, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, CA. Imbsen, R. (2007). AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, Report to AASHTO T3 Subcommittee, Washington, D.C. References

References 117 Johnson, P. A. (1991). Advancing Bridge Pier Scour Engineering, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 117, No. 1, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp. 48–55. Johnson, P. A. and B. M. Ayyub (1992). Probability of Bridge Failure Due to Pier Scour, in Proc. of the Water Resources Sessions at Water Forum ’92, August 2–6, 1992, Baltimore, MD, p. 690. Johnson, P. A. (1996). Uncertainty of Hydraulic Parameters, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 112–115. Johnson, P. A. and D. A. Dock (1998). Probabilistic Bridge Scour Estimates, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 7, July 1998, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 750-754. DOI 10.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:7(750). Jones, J. S. (1984). Comparison of Prediction Equations for Bridge Pier and Abutment Scour, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 950, Vol. 2, Second Bridge Engineering Conference, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Keaton, J. R., S. K. Mishra, and P. E. Clopper (2012). NCHRP Report 717: Scour at Bridge Foundations on Rock, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Komura, S. (1966). Equilibrium Depth of Scour in Long Constrictions. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 92, No. 5, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY. Kulicki, J. M., D. R. Mertz, and A. S. Nowak (2007). Updating the Calibration Report for AASHTO LRFD Code, Draft/Final report, NCHRP Project 20-7/186, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Lagasse, P. F., W. J. Spitz, L. W. Zevenbergen, and D. W. Zachmann (2004). NCHRP Report 533: Handbook for Predicting Stream Meander Migration, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Lagasse, P. F., P. E. Clopper, L. W. Zevenbergen, W. J. Spitz, and L. G. Girard (2010). NCHRP Report 653: Effects of Debris on Bridge Pier Scour, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Lagasse, P. F., L. W. Zevenbergen, W. J. Spitz, and L. A. Arneson (2012). Stream Stability at Highway Structures, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 20, 4th Ed., Federal Highway Administration, HIF-FHWA-12-004, Washington, D.C. Lagasse, P. F., M. Ghosn, P. A. Johnson, L. W. Zevenbergen, and P. E. Clopper (2013). Risk-Based Approach for Bridge Scour Prediction, Final report, NCHRP Project 24-34, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Lim, S. Y. (1993). Clear Water Scour in Long Contractions, in Water and Maritime Engineering: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 101 (June), London. Liu, D., M. Ghosn, F. Moses, and A. Neuenhoffer (2001). NCHRP Report 458: Redundancy in Highway Bridge Substructures, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Mays, L. W. and Y. K. Tung (1992). Hydrosystems Engineering and Management, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. Melchers, R. E. (1999). Structural Reliability: Analysis and Prediction, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Military Engineer (2012). National Levee Database and Its Asset Management Application, Technology News, The Military Engineer, Vol. 104, No. 679, Society of American Military Engineers, Alexandria, VA. Moses, F. (2001). NCHRP Report 454: Calibration of Load Factors for LRFR Bridge Evaluation, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Nowak. A. S. (1999). NCHRP Report 368: Calibration of LRFD Bridge Design Code, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Nowak, A. S. and K. R. Collins (2000). Reliability of Structures, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. Oben-Nyarko, K. and R. Ettema (2011). Pier and Abutment Scour Interaction, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 137, No. 12, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 1598–1605. Raikar, R. (2004). Local and General Scour of Gravel Beds. PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. Ries, K. G. (2007). The National Streamflow Statistics Program: A Computer Program for Estimating Streamflow Statistics for Ungaged Sites, U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A6, Reston, VA. Richardson, E. V., D. B. Simons, and P. F. Lagasse (2001). River Engineering for Highway Encroachments: High- ways in the River Environment, Report No. FHWA NHI 01-004, Hydraulic Design Series No. 6, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Sheppard, D. M., B. W. Melville, and H. Deamir (2011). NCHRP Report 682: Scour at Wide Piers and Long Skewed Piers, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Sturm, T. W., R. Ettema, and B. W. Melville (2011). NCHRP Web-Only Document 181: Evaluation of Bridge-Scour Research: Abutment and Contraction Scour Processes and Prediction, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C. Thoft-Christensen, P. and M. J. Baker (1982). Structural Reliability Theory and Its Applications, Springer Verlag, Berlin.

118 Reference Guide for Applying Risk and Reliability-Based Approaches for Bridge Scour Prediction Tung, Y. K. (1990). Mellin Transform Applied to Uncertainty Analysis in Hydrology/Hydraulics, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 116, No. 5, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp. 659–674. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1986). Accuracy of Computed Water Surface Profiles, Research Document No. 26 (M. Burnham and D. W. Davis), 198 p. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1992). Reliability Assessment of Navigation Structures, Department of the Army, Engineer Technical Letter No. 1110-2-532. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2004). Upper Mississippi: River System Flow Frequency Study—Final Report: Appendix E, Kansas City District, Missouri River Hydrology and Hydraulic Analysis, November 2003, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, Rock Island, IL. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2010). HEC-RAS Version 4.1, USACE Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA. U.S. Geological Survey (1981). Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency, Bulletin 17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee, Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, Reston, VA. Webby, M. G. (1984). General Scour at a Contraction, RRU Bulletin 73, National Roads Board, Bridge Design and Research Seminar, New Zealand. Wu, B. and A. Molinas (2005). Energy Losses and Threshold Conditions for Choking in Channel Contractions, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 43, No. 2, International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), pp. 139–148. Yeh, K. C. and Y. K. Tung (1993). Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of Pit-Migration Model, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 2, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp. 262–283. Yevjevich, V. (1972). Probability and Statistics in Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, Fort Collins, CO.