Final Research Report: A Transportation Guide for All-Hazards Emergency Evacuation (2013)

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NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 162 Appendix C: Glossary of Terms A Access and Functional Needs Populations Populations whose members may have additional needs before, during, and after an incident in functional areas, including but not limited to: maintaining independence, communication, transportation, supervision, and medical care. Individuals in need of additional response assistance may include those who have disabilities; who live in institutionalized settings; who are elderly; who are children; who are from diverse cultures; who have limited English proficiency or are non-English speaking; or who are transportation disadvantaged. See also "Vulnerable Populations." (Definition adopted from the National Response Framework (NRF) definition) Accessible Having the legally required features and/or qualities that ensure easy entrance, participation, and usability of places, programs, services, and activities by individuals with a wide variety of disabilities. (NIMS definition) After Action Report (AAR) AARs assemble critical data regarding evacuation performance in the aftermath of an exercise or event (including evacuations), including the findings and recommendations gathered from debriefing sessions with relevant agencies and staff; a narrative of the events; critical successes and failures during the exercise or event itself; and lessons learned and agreed-upon methods to address performance gaps. The evaluation and improvement of mission and task performances that take place with AARs are the final steps of the Preparedness Cycle and crucial to informing risk assessments, managing vulnerabilities, allocating resources, and informing the other elements of the Cycle. AARs are also referred to as Corrective Action Reports, especially when referring to actual events. All-Hazards Approach An all-hazards approach is a conceptual and management approach that uses the same set of management arrangements to deal with all types of hazards (e.g., natural, man-made, complex). Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Passed in 1990, the ADA is civil rights legislation that protects individuals with disabilities. It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications. An individual is defined by the ADA as someone with a disability if they: (1) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity; (2) have a record of such an impairment; and/or (3) are regarded as having such an impairment. Area Agency on Aging (AAA) AAAs are regional agencies (more than 600 nationwide) responsible for the Older Americans Act programs at the local level. The AAAs contract for transportation, nutrition, and other services. Each has an advisory council. AAAs are a national network supported by The National Association of Area Agencies on Aging (N4A).

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 163 Assistive Device Assistive devices are tools, equipment, or products that can help people perform tasks associated with daily living and/or manage specific medical conditions or disabilities. Assistive devices can include hearing aids, computer programs, and simpler devices, such as a “reacher.” C Catastrophic Incident Any natural or man-made incident, including terrorism, that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions. A catastrophic incident could result in sustained regional or national impacts over a prolonged time period; almost immediately exceeds resources normally available to state, territorial, local, tribal, and private-sector authorities in the affected area; and significantly interrupts governmental operations and emergency services to such an extent that national security could be threatened. (All Hazards Consortium, draft definition) Cognitive Disabilities Cognitive and developmental disabilities include disorders that may affect a person’s ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, do math, or follow instructions. It includes people with dyslexia, an extreme difficulty in reading, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is an inability to focus on necessary tasks. Many cognitive disabilities are based in physiological or biological processes within the individual, such as a genetic disorder or a traumatic brain injury. Other cognitive disabilities may be based in the chemistry or structure of a person’s brain and may require assistance with aspects of daily life. Community-based Organization (CBO) CBOs are nonprofit organizations that operate within a local community, are often run on a voluntary basis, and are self funding. CBOs vary in terms of size and organizational structure. Some are formally incorporated with a written constitution and a board of directors, while others are much smaller and more informal. See also "Faith- based Organization (FBO)" and "Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)." Community Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) CEMPs provide policies, authorities, concepts of operations, legal constraints, responsibilities, and emergency functions to be performed in order to create an integrated approach to the management of emergency programs and activities for all emergency phases (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery), for all types of emergencies and disasters, and for all levels of government and the private sector. (Definition adapted from: http://www.davislogic.com/CEMP.htm#Definition) Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101, Volume 2 (CPG 101) CPG 101 provides general guidelines on developing Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs). It promotes a common understanding of the fundamentals of planning and decision making to help emergency planners examine a hazard and produce integrated, coordinated, and synchronized plans. This guide helps emergency managers in state, territorial, local, and tribal governments in their efforts to develop and maintain a viable all- hazard EOP. (Definition from FEMA document: "Guidance on Planning for Integration of Functional Needs Support Services in General Population Shelters")

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 164 Contraflow Contraflow is a form of reversible traffic operation in which one or more travel lanes of a divided highway are used for the movement of traffic in the opposing direction. Since 1999, contraflow has been used to evacuate regions of the southeastern US under threat from hurricanes, and is now considered as a potential preparedness measure for other mass-scale hazards. Contraflow segments are most common and practical on freeways because they are the highest capacity roadways, are designed to facilitate high speed operation, and do not incorporate at-grade intersections that can interrupt flow or permit unrestricted access into the reversed section. Convener Agencies for Multimodal Evacuation (CAME) A CAME is one or more designated agencies which performs the vital task of leading the forum in which emergency operations plans can be discussed and coordinated with other agencies and jurisdictions in the region. It is important that the CAME be regional and multijurisdictional in scope, be able to address multiple modes of transportation, and have the ability to coordinate and plan across multiple agencies representing local, regional and state levels. CAME candidates include state emergency management agencies, state transportation agencies, regional transit agencies, MPOs, COGs, Regional Transit Security Working Groups (RTSWGs- established and required through the Transportation Security Administration - TSA), Urban Area Strategic Initiatives (UASIs), or powerful municipal departments in regions willing to work in a regional manner. CAME is a term that was developed in conjunction with this report and is not a universally recognized acronym. Council of Governments (COG) The COG is a voluntary association of local governments that operates as a planning body. The COG collects and disseminates information, reviews applications for funding, and provides services for its member governments. D Department of Homeland Security (DHS) The Department of Homeland Security’s mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure the country, preserve citizens’ freedoms, and prepare for and respond to all hazards and disasters. Homeland Security leverages resources within Federal, state, and local governments and coordinates the transition of multiple agencies and programs into a single, integrated agency focused on protecting the American people and their homeland. More than 87,000 different governmental jurisdictions at the Federal, state, and local level have homeland security responsibilities. The comprehensive national strategy seeks to develop a complementary system connecting all levels of government without duplicating effort. Department of Transportation (DOT) The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966. The top priorities of the DOT are to keep the traveling public safe and secure, increase their mobility, and have the U.S. transportation system contribute to the nation’s economic growth. The DOT comprises 12 operating administrations and bureaus. All states, as well as many counties and cities, have their own DOT as well, although some are known by other names.

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 165 Disability A disability is a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of a person’s major life activities. There are many definitions for “disability,” some of which are narrow, others of which are broad. For example, a person with a visual impairment correctable by contact lenses could be considered disabled in some circumstances but not in others. Disaster Planning Cycle See "Emergency Planning Cycle." Durable Medical Equipment (DME) Durable medical equipment is medical equipment that a person needs to function on a daily basis, such as oxygen tanks, wheelchairs, orthotics, and prosthetics. Dynamic Message Sign (DMS) A DMS is a traffic control device used in conjunction with traffic management systems to communicate real- time traffic information about roadway or adverse weather conditions and special events. It is also referred to as a variable message sign (VMS), a changeable message sign (CMS), or an electronic message sign. E Emergency An emergency is a sudden, urgent, often unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring immediate action or an urgent need for assistance or relief. Also see “Incident.” Emergency Alert System (EAS) / Emergency Broadcast System The EAS is designed to provide the President with a means to address the American people in the event of a national emergency. Beginning in 1963, the President permitted state and local emergency information to be transmitted using the system. Since then, local emergency management personnel have used the EAS to relay local emergency messages via broadcast stations, cable, and wireless cable systems. In October 2005, the Federal Communications Commission expanded the EAS rules to require EAS participation by digital television broadcasters, digital cable television providers, digital broadcast radio, digital audio radio service, and direct broadcast satellite systems. Emergency Management (EM) The broad class of agencies or people involved in the practice of managing all kinds of emergencies and other incidents. Emergency response is a subset of emergency management. Emergency Management Agency (EMA) An EMA may also be known as an Office of Emergency Management (OEM), as an Office of Emergency Services (OES), or by a similar name. It is generally described as a state or local government agency that provides support to the local community in response to an emergency situation. Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) A national interstate mutual-aid agreement that enables states to share resources during times of disaster. EMAC

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 166 has grown to become the nation's system for providing mutual aid through operational procedures and protocols that have been validated through experience. EMAC is administered by NEMA, the National Emergency Management Association, headquartered in Lexington, KY. EMAC acts as a complement to the federal disaster response system, providing timely and cost-effective relief to states requesting assistance from assisting member states. (Adapted from FEMA-EMAC, 2007) Emergency Medical Services (EMS) EMS are types of emergency services dedicated to providing out-of-hospital acute medical care and/or transport to definitive care for patients with illnesses and injuries, which the patient or the medical practitioner believes constitutes a medical emergency. Emergency Operations Center (EOC) The EOC provides needed centralized management when a major emergency or disaster strikes. The EOC is an established location/facility in which local and state staff and officials can receive information pertaining to an incident and from which they can provide direction, coordination, and support to emergency operations. This is also where the decision makers and support agencies will report to manage the evacuation. National Incident Management System (NIMS) defines the EOC as, “The physical location at which the coordination of information and resources to support incident management (on-scene operations) activities normally takes place. An EOC may be a temporary facility or may be located in a more central or permanently established facility, perhaps at a higher level of organization within a jurisdiction. EOCs may be organized by major functional disciplines (e.g., fire, law enforcement, medical services), by jurisdiction (e.g., Federal, state, regional, tribal, city, county), or by some combination thereof.” Emergency Planning Cycle The emergency planning cycle includes four basic elements bracketing a disaster: mitigation, preparedness, [disaster], response, recovery, cycling back to mitigation and preparedness. The circle graphic to the right illustrates this cycle. See also "Preparedness Planning Cycle." Emergency Responder / Management Personnel Includes Federal, state, territorial, tribal, sub-state regional, and local governments, private-sector organizations, critical infrastructure owners and operators, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and all other organizations and individuals who assume an emergency management role. These represent a broader community than first responders. See also "First Responder." (See Section 2 (6), Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002)) (NIMS, 2008) Emergency Response The planned and actual response by multiple agencies to incidents that can include acts of terrorism, wildland and urban fires, floods, hazardous material spills, nuclear accidents, aircraft accidents, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms, war-related disasters, public health and medical emergencies. Traffic incidents are assumed to be included. (Adapted from (NIMS, 2008))

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 167 Emergency Support Function (ESF) The Federal government groups most of its resources and capabilities, and those of certain private-sector and nongovernmental organizations, under ESFs. ESFs align categories of resources and provide strategic objectives for their use. They use standardized resource management concepts such as typing, inventory, and tracking to facilitate the dispatch, deployment, and recovery of resources before, during, and after an incident. Support agencies are assigned based on the availability of resources in a given functional area. ESFs provide the greatest possible access to federal department and agency resources regardless of which agency has those resources. See Tool 1.3 for more detail and discussion. Emergency Transportation Operations (ETO) A coordinated, performance-oriented, all-hazard approach to support the development of a formal program for the improved management of traffic incidents, natural disasters, security events, and other emergencies on the highway system. Focuses on an enhanced role for state departments of transportation as participants with the public safety community in an interagency process. (Adapted from NCHRP Report 525, Volume 6, 2005) Evacuation The organized, phased, and supervised movement of people away from a dangerous or potentially dangerous area due to an emergency or other major event. Local governments typically have the primary responsibility for ordering an evacuation if one is necessary. Evacuation Operations Team (EOT) EOTs are a multi-disciplinary, multijurisdictional group of specialists that are called on to plan, organize, and execute tactical evacuation operations and usually become the region’s Core Planning Team for evacuation planning, response and reentry. The teams typically include police, fire and emergency medical personnel, highway workers, public information specialists, public transit representatives, emergency managers, mass care specialists, political decision makers, and others as appropriate. The team periodically trains and exercises the team and team members may be from public, private, or volunteer sectors. (Definition adapted from the FHWA report: “Using Highways During Evacuation Operations for Events with Advance Notice- Evacuation Planning and Preparedness Process from the Transportation Perspective”) F Faith-based Organization (FBO) FBOs are organizations based on religious beliefs or connected with an organized faith community. These organizations typically deliver a variety of human services, such as caring for the infirm and elderly, advocating justice for people who are oppressed, humanitarian aid, and international development efforts. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) FEMA is the federal agency charged with building and supporting the nation’s emergency management system. On March 1, 2003, FEMA became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). FEMA’s mission is to support American citizens and first responders to ensure that the U.S. works together to build, sustain, and improve capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. FEMA provides funding for mitigation and training, and reimbursements for response and recovery efforts. The Office of Disability Integration and Coordination, with a representative in each FEMA field office, is part of FEMA.

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 168 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) FHWA is a major agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). FHWA is charged with the broad responsibility of ensuring that America’s roads and highways continue to be the safest and most technologically up-to-date. This federal agency provides technical and financial support to state, local, and tribal governments to support construction, improvement, and preservation of America’s highway system. FHWA is headquartered in Washington, D.C., with division offices in every state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) FTA is one of 11 operating administrations within the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), located in Washington, D.C., with 10 regional offices across the nation. As authorized by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users of 2005 (SAFETEA-LU), the FTA provides stewardship of combined formula and discretionary programs to support a variety of locally planned, constructed, and operated public transportation systems throughout the United States. Transportation systems typically include buses, paratransit (see definition), subways, light rail, commuter rail, streetcars, monorail, passenger ferryboats, inclined railways, or people movers. First Responder A first responder is the first responding unit to arrive at an incident scene. This term has traditionally been used to describe public safety emergency responders who have duties related to preservation of life and property. As transportation agencies become more actively involved in traffic incident response and take active roles in Incident Command (as partners in Unified Command), they are becoming accepted as first responders for traffic incidents. For example, service patrols may be first on the scene of an incident and many are trained to provide traffic control to stabilize the scene and to provide emergency first aid. Some service patrols are also permitted limited use of emergency lights and sirens to get to an incident. Fixed Route A fixed route refers to where transit service vehicles run on regular, pre-designated, pre-scheduled routes with little or no deviation. Fusion Center Centers that integrate various streams of information and intelligence, including that flowing from the Federal government, state, territorial, tribal, and local, governments, as well as the private sector, providing a more accurate picture of risks to people, economic infrastructure, and communities that can be developed and translated into protective (e.g., preventative or responsive) actions. The ultimate goal of fusion is to prevent man-made (terrorist) attacks and to respond to natural disasters and manmade threats quickly and efficiently should they occur. Note that Fusion Centers are referred to differently in the various states. FHWA has also prepared a guidebook for Fusion Center/TMC/EOC linkages/integration. I Incident Command System (ICS) ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazards incident management approach used by all levels of government, many nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. ICS is the combination of facilities, equipment, personnel,

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 169 procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure, designed to aid in the management of resources during incidents. ICS is the command and control protocol at a highway incident scene. It is the operational component or core of NIMS. Incident In emergency management vocabulary, this is an event that has the potential to result in unintended harm or damage. Incidents are natural or manmade occurrences or events and can include major disasters, emergencies, terrorist attacks, terrorist threats, civil unrest, wildland and urban fires, floods, hazardous materials spills, nuclear accidents, aircraft accidents, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms, tsunamis, war-related disasters, public health and medical emergencies, and other occurrences requiring an emergency response including traffic incidents. (NIMS, 2008) Also see “Catastrophic Incident.” Interagency Coordination The synchronization and integration of activities, responsibilities, and command and control structures of different government agencies to ensure that the resources of an organization are used most efficiently in pursuit of the specified objectives. In addition to interagency coordination, it is also essential to have coordination and good communication among jurisdictions, service providers, other area plans, and stakeholders. (Definition adopted from: www.businessdictionary.com) L Latchkey Children Children (usually 5-12 years old) who must spend part of the day unsupervised at home while their parents are at work. The Census estimates in 2000 indicated about 14 percent of children or about 10 million children were unsupervised on average for an hour a day, but the time and frequency vary widely, including varying with the age of the child. Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Individuals who do not speak English as their primary language and who have a limited ability to read, speak, write, or understand English can be limited English proficient, or “LEP.” These individuals may be entitled to language assistance with respect to a particular type or service, benefit, or encounter. M Major Disaster Any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought) or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the president causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act to supplement the efforts and available resources of states, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby. (Stafford Act) Many guides actually treat catastrophic events as a more severe event than a major disaster.

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 170 Mandatory Evacuation The term implies that individuals do not have a choice of whether or not to evacuate because the government will not be able to protect them and provide relief if they remain. It generally conveys a higher level of urgency. (Adapted from US House of Representatives document: "A Failure of Initiative") Medical Needs Shelters (MNS) All shelters must be accessible to people with access and functional needs. A medical needs shelter (MNS) is a location that offers greater medical assistance than basic first aid, but not to the level of acute care. This type of shelter may be reserved for a relocation of a nursing home in the event of a disaster. It will be assumed that the staff of the facility will accompany the patients and be the primary caregivers of medical care to them. Supplies and equipment will also be the responsibility of the evacuated facility. Due to the nature of the MNS, limiting occupants to just those of the evacuated facility should be given consideration. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) / Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) A document that outlines the intentions of two or more different agencies or jurisdictions to work together, on a continuing and lasting basis, toward maximum cooperation and mutual assistance in the areas of disaster response and emergency preparedness. The documents typically confirm a mutual aid agreement for reciprocal emergency aid in case of emergencies too extensive to be dealt with effectively unassisted. MOUs and MOAs are also developed between a local agency and outside organizations or private companies in order to ensure that the necessary resources are available in the event of an emergency. Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) An MPO is an agency designated by law with the lead responsibility for developing transportation plans and programs within an urbanized area. MPOs are established by agreement of the Governor(s) and units of local government representing at least 75 percent of the population in the urbanized area. An MPO can also be a Council of Governments. See also “Council of Governments (COG)." N National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Managed by the Cooperative Research Programs of the TRB and sponsored by state departments of transportation, the NCHRP conducts research in problem areas that affect highway planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance nationwide. National Incident Management System (NIMS) NIMS is a system used in the United States, and established by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), to coordinate emergency preparedness and incident management among various Federal, state, tribal, territorial, and local agencies. NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents. Also see "Incident Command System (ICS)" and the FHWA report titled "Simplified Guide to the Incident Command System (ICS) for Transportation Professionals.” National Planning Scenarios The National Preparedness Guidelines, developed by DHS, contain fifteen scenarios that form the basis for

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 171 coordinated federal planning, training, exercises, and grant investments. The fifteen all-hazards planning scenarios (the National Planning Scenarios or Scenarios) were developed for use in national, Federal, state, and local homeland security preparedness activities. The Scenarios are planning tools and are representative of the range of potential terrorist attacks and natural disasters and the related impacts that face our nation. The objective was to develop a minimum number of credible scenarios in order to establish the range of response requirements to facilitate preparedness planning. See also "Scenarios." (Definition adapted from: "National Planning Scenarios: Executive Summaries" and "Fitting the Pieces Together: Improving Transportation Security Planning in the Delaware Valley") National Preparedness Guidelines These guidelines define what it means for the Nation to be prepared by providing a vision for preparedness, establishing national priorities, and identifying target capabilities. The guidelines adopt a Capabilities-Based Planning process supported by three planning tools: the National Planning Scenarios, Target Capabilities List (TCL), and Universal Task List (UTL). The Guidelines serve as a framework to guide operational readiness planning, priority-setting, and program implementation at all levels of government. (Definition from DHS document titled: "Target Capabilities List: A Companion to the National Preparedness Guidelines") National Response Framework (NRF) NRF is part of the National Strategy for Homeland Security that presents the guiding principles enabling all levels of domestic response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies. NRF provides the structure and mechanisms for national-level policy for incident management. The NRF can be accessed on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) website. Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) NGOs are non-profit entities formed as an association that are based on the interests of their members, individuals, or institutions, and that are not created by government but may work cooperatively with government. Such organizations serve a public purpose, not a private benefit. P Paratransit Paratransit is the family of transportation services that serves the mobility impaired or transportation disadvantaged. Examples of paratransit include taxis, carpools, vanpools, minibuses, jitneys, demand responsive bus services, and specialized bus services. People with Medical Conditions Many people throughout the United States may have one or more existing medical conditions, some more severe than others. People with medical conditions are individuals who have one or more medical diagnoses that may or may not interfere with activities of daily living. They may need assistance during an emergency evacuation. If a person with a medical condition becomes debilitated, limited, or otherwise impaired, that person may be protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). See Tool 3.2. People with Mobility Disabilities Mobility disabilities are the physical challenges that can range from difficulty moving to the need to use

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 172 assistive devices such as canes, walkers, wheelchairs, or scooters. A person with mobility disabilities may have a condition that requires him/her to remain in bed or need similar conveyances, and may require additional assistance in an evacuation. That assistance could range from a low-floor bus to accommodate a person with a walker, to a lift equipped bus, paratransit, or other vehicle, to an ambulance or similar specialized vehicle. People with No Access to a Vehicle People with no access to a vehicle are individuals and families that do not have a car and generally rely on public transportation on a daily basis. Individuals and families may not have a car for several reasons, including economic factors, geographic location (i.e., people who live in urban environments may not own a vehicle), health conditions (e.g., those with physical disabilities, some of the very elderly), environmental conscientiousness, and lack of a license. Preparedness Planning Cycle The Preparedness Planning Cycle is a subset of the Emergency Planning Cycle. Preparedness is achieved and maintained through a continuous cycle of planning, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, evaluating, and taking corrective action. Ongoing preparedness efforts among all those involved in emergency management and incident response activities ensure coordination during times of crisis. Moreover, preparedness facilitates efficient and effective emergency management and incident response activities. The cycle involves several phases, as illustrated in the graphic to the right. See "Emergency Planning Cycle." Presidential Disaster Declaration There are several types of responses governments can take in emergency situations. Local and state governments may declare a state of emergency within their jurisdiction, but only the Federal government may declare a presidential disaster declaration or a federal state of emergency. When local and state governments become overwhelmed by an emergency, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 5121-5206, establishes a process for a state governor to request assistance from the Federal government and obtain a Presidential disaster declaration. The process defines the type and scope of assistance available from the Federal government and sets the conditions for obtaining that assistance. FEMA, now part of the DHS, is the federal agency then tasked with coordinating the response. (Definition adapted from FEMA document titled: "A Guide to the Disaster Declaration Process and Federal Disaster Assistance") Private Sector The private sector is the part of the economy that is both run for private profit and is not controlled by the state. Also see “Voluntary Sector.” Public Assisted Evacuation Plan (PAEP) A PAEP is a plan for how to implement an effective government assisted evacuation of the general public. Typically a PAEP uses a timeline to set forth key phases and milestones for evacuation response that should be planned for ahead of time. See Tool 4.1.2.

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 173 R Re-entry The phase of the evacuation process that involves the ingress of evacuees once conditions are safe and infrastructure (roads, utilities, and housing) and support services (such as law enforcement, stores, schools, and clinics) are up and running. This phase involves coordination between local, county, and state agencies in order to ensure a safe and orderly return of evacuees. Regional Emergency Assistance Compact (REAC) A regional mutual aid compact in which multiple states and/or regional governing agencies create an agreement to assist each other in emergency situations. A REAC is essentially a regional Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC). Also see "Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC)." Regional Transit Security Working Group (RTSWG) RTSWGs support region-wide planning to address National Preparedness Goals, including improvements to specific response capabilities and communications, and to identify and fill gaps in regional transit security planning. These groups develop a Regional Transit Security Strategy (RTSS) in coordination with local and regional transit agencies and the local or state EMA. These working groups are established and required through the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and required of any municipality receiving Transit Security Grant Program funds, which are administered by DHS. Registry In emergency services vocabulary, a registry is a voluntary listing of disabled or vulnerable special needs populations. Registries are considered an essential part of preparedness in some communities and regions, but are often controversial for many reasons. Community communication and outreach, networks, multiple means of communication, and well-prepared communities may replace the perceived need for registries. Resource Typing Resource typing is categorizing, by capability, the resources requested, deployed, and used in incidents. Measurable standards identifying resource capabilities and performance levels serve as the basis for categories. Resource users at all levels use these standards to identify and inventory resources and apply for reimbursement. Resource kinds may be divided into subcategories to define more precisely the capabilities needed to meet specific requirements. (FEMA) Risk Management / Risk Assessment Risk management is the identification and assessment of the threats and hazards that could impact a jurisdiction. The risk assessment is the process of collecting and identifying information about possible threats and hazards and then assigning values to each for the purpose of determining those that have the highest priorities so that plans for action can be developed for addressing them. The jurisdiction can then catalog everything from specific asset vulnerabilities to staffing levels for emergency personnel. S

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 174 Scenarios Scenarios, outlines or models of an expected or supposed sequence of events, are an important element in emergency planning. They allow emergency managers, transportation managers, and other key players to think through and practice all the stages of an actual disaster, including coordination, actions, and resource needs. The process, the relationships developed, and the decisions on frameworks and strategies for control and operations explored in scenarios will generally lead to better outcomes in actual disasters. See "National Planning Scenarios." Service Animal A service animal is defined under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) as “a guide dog, signal dog, or other animal individually trained to provide assistance to an individual with a disability.” Service animals assist people with disabilities in various activities, such as sight (dog guides) and hearing (hearing dogs). Often, a service animal enables a person with a disability to live independently. Trained and certified service animals must be allowed to accompany an individual in a taxi, public transport vehicle, or other mode of transportation to a public shelter or any other location; a service animal is not a pet. Shadow Evacuation An evacuation in which people who are not in danger (and who have not been advised to evacuate), choose to evacuate and cause an unnecessary burden on the area's transportation infrastructure. A shadow evacuation can subsequently overburden area infrastructure to the point that truly at risk individuals cannot evacuate as directed. Shelters A temporary facility which provides housing and basic services until persons can return home or obtain temporary or permanent housing elsewhere. (Definition from FEMA document: "Guidance on Planning for Integration of Functional Needs Support Services in General Population Shelters") Sheltering-in-Place In some situations, the most effective approach to protecting populations is to strongly encourage or force people to stay where they are while taking steps to increase safety (e.g., closing outside vents and sealing doors), such as during chemical spills or air-born related disasters. In other cases, sheltering-in-place is part of an evacuation strategy, where individuals who are not in imminent danger are advised to stay where they are to allow truly at risk individuals to evacuate as well as to prevent a shadow evacuation. (Part of definition adapted from: "Fitting the Pieces Together: Improving Transportation Security Planning in the Delaware Valley") Sign Language Interpreter A sign language interpreter is a person who has been trained to use a system of conventional symbols or gestures made with the hands and body to help people communicate who are deaf or hard of hearing, or have speech impairments. There are different types of sign language interpreters: Tactile, Oral, Signed English, and others, as well as American Sign Language (ASL). Special Event While special events can by some definitions include emergencies, this report generally uses the term to mean a planned (or unplanned) gathering of a large amount of people. A planned special event is usually described as those activities that have a known location, scheduled time(s) of occurrence, and similar associated operating

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 175 characteristics. Special events typically involve increased traffic congestion and require the direct attention of transportation agencies. (Planned special events can include sporting events, concerts, festivals, conventions, parades, fireworks displays, races, sporting games, rallies, seasonal festivals, milestone celebrations, etc.) Special Needs Populations No singular definition of the term “special needs” exists, although the term is widely used within the disaster services and emergency management fields. The National Response Framework employs the preferred term "populations with access and functional needs," while CPG 101 emphasizes "whole community planning." See "Access and Functional Needs Populations." T Target Capabilities List (TCL) The National Preparedness Guidelines, a statement of the core preparedness goal for the United States, defines 37 specific capabilities that communities, the private sector, and all levels of government should collectively possess in order to respond effectively to disasters. The TCL serves as a reference document as well as a planning, assessment, and training tool. (Portions of definition from: "Fitting the Pieces Together: Improving Transportation Security Planning in the Delaware Valley") Traffic Management Center or Transportation Management Center (TMC) The TMC or Traffic Operations Center (TOC) is the hub of a transportation management system where information about the transportation network is collected and combined with other operational and control data to manage the transportation network and produce traveler information. It is the focal point for communicating transportation-related information to the media and the motoring public. It is a place where agencies can coordinate their responses to transportation situations and conditions. The TMC links various elements of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), such as variable message signs, closed-circuit video equipment, and roadside count stations. These ITS elements enable decision makers to identify and react to an incident in a timely manner based on real-time data. Many EOCs coordinate with TMCs (and fusion centers, if available) to bring together the best possible situational awareness. Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) TCRP is a program for carrying out practical research that yields near-term results for expanding public transportation system services and improving their efficiency. Through research, TCRP seeks to solve operational transportation problems, adopt useful technologies from related industries, and find ways for the transportation industry to be innovative. TCRP is funded by the public through the Federal Transit Administration and is governed by an independent board — the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Transportation Demand Management (TDM) is any action or set of actions designed to influence the intensity, timing, and distribution of transportation demand, in order to reduce traffic congestion or enhance mobility. Transportation demand management is also sometimes referred to as traffic demand management or travel demand management. (Part of this definition was adopted from the FHWA document: "The Transportation Planning Process: Key Issues.")

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 176 Transportation Disadvantaged Transportation disadvantaged populations include individuals who do not have access to personal transportation for reasons of health, disability, level of income, or other reasons. Florida statutes define it as, “Persons who because of physical or mental disability, income status, or age are unable to transport themselves or to purchase transportation and are, therefore, dependent upon others to obtain access to health care, employment, education, shopping, social activities, or other life-sustaining activities, or children who are handicapped or high-risk or at- risk.” Also see "Access and Functional Needs Populations." Transportation Research Board (TRB) The TRB is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council— a private, nonprofit institution that is the principal operating agency of the National Academies in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The mission of TRB is to promote innovation and progress in transportation through research. (from TRB website: http://www.trb.org/AboutTRB/AboutTRB.aspx) U Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) FEMA grant program to plan for and enhance regional emergency preparedness capabilities related to national security in the highest risk urban areas. UASI funding is typically used in providing planning, training, and other support activities for emergency managers and first responders to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from acts of terrorism. Unified Command An application of ICS used when there is more than one agency involved with an incident in a single jurisdiction or when incidents cross political jurisdictions. Agencies work together through the designated members of the Unified Command (UC), often the senior person from agencies and/or disciplines participating in the UC, to establish a common set of objectives and strategies and a single Incident Action Plan (IAP). (NIMS, 2008) V Variable Message Signs (VMS) See "Dynamic Message Signs (DMS)." Videophone (VP) A VP is a telephone with a video screen that is capable of bi-directional video and audio transmissions for communication between people in real time. VPs are particularly useful to the deaf and speech-impaired who can use them with American Sign Language to facilitate communication. Voluntary Evacuation Voluntary evacuation is a type of evacuation where people choose to move from a perceived area of danger to an area of safety either on their own or under the direction of government. People are not required to evacuate

NCHRP 20-59 (32) A Transportation Guide to All-Hazards Evacuation Final Report 177 under such circumstances, so no penalty is issued for failing to follow a voluntary evacuation. (Definition adapted from: http://definitions.uslegal.com) Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) National VOAD is a nonprofit membership organization founded in 1970 in response to Hurricane Camille in the Gulf Coast. Members of National VOAD include national nonprofit organizations, whose missions include programs either in disaster preparedness, response, and/or recovery. Vulnerable Populations Vulnerable populations include those who are made especially vulnerable by their financial circumstances, place of residence, health, age, personal characteristics, functional or developmental status, ability to communicate effectively, and presence of chronic illness or disability. Examples include elderly, people with disabilities, and young children. See "Access and Functional Needs Populations." W Whole Community Planning Planning that engages the whole community by using a process that represents the actual population in the community and involves community leaders, the private sector, and all community stakeholders. FEMA's CPG 101 emphasizes that this type of planning yields the most realistic and complete plans. (Image from CitizenCorps website: http://www.citizencorps.gov/about/principles.shtm) Note: Given the similarity in the topic areas and the need to keep definitions uniform, most definitions in this glossary were reproduced from the “TCRP Report 150: Communication with Vulnerable Populations: A Transportation and Emergency Management Toolkit,” and additional definitions were adopted from the “NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 16, A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies.” Several other documents were used as sources including FEMA’s “Guidance on Planning for Integration of Functional Needs Support Services in General Population Shelters” (2006); the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission’s “Fitting the Pieces Together: Improving Transportation Security Planning in the Delaware Valley" (2010); FEMA’s “National Incident Management System” (2008); and the individual references also noted with various other terms in this Glossary.