Mapping Voids, Debonding, Delaminations, Moisture, and Other Defects Behind or Within Tunnel Linings (2013)

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98 a p p e N D I x L handheld Infrared Camera The Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) purchased a FLIR T300 handheld infrared camera for this Renewal proj- ect. The cost of the camera was approximately $9,000. Fig- ure L.1 is a photograph of this camera. Infrared Camera Images for the ttI test Specimens TTI personnel collected infrared camera images of ground- penetrating radar (GPR) data on concrete and shotcrete spec- imens that contained simulated delaminations and voids. As described in Chapter 3 of the main report, the TTI team determined that the infrared camera could detect only three simulated voids, all of which were located in shotcrete sec- tions. Those specimens were • Specimen F, an air-filled void placed 3 in. from the surface; • Specimen G, a water-filled void placed 3 in. from the sur- face; and • Specimen L, a delamination placed 1 in. from the surface. Specimen F had the most distinct thermal image. The following images were taken at night. Figure L.2 shows the infrared image of Specimen F. The blue grid lines are chalk marks placed on the specimen. The spacing between the chalk marks is 50 mm (approximately 2 in.). Figure L.3 shows the infrared image of specimen G. As shown in Figure L.3, the thermal image is less distinct. The blue grid lines are chalk marks placed on the specimen. The spacing between the chalk marks is 50 mm. Figure L.4 shows the infrared image of Specimen L. As shown in Figure L.4, the thermal image is less distinct than the image in Figure L.2. The blue grid lines are chalk marks placed on the specimen. The spacing between the chalk marks is 50 mm. Selected Infrared Images Introduction This section contains selected infrared images from the FLIR T300 handheld infrared camera and the FLIR A325 vehicle- mounted infrared camera. TTI personnel obtained the FLIR T300 images. Roadscanners Oy personnel obtained and ana- lyzed the images from the FLIR A325. Chesapeake Channel Tunnel Images Figures L.5 through L.14 show the images obtained in the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel Images Figures L.15 through L.23 show the images obtained from the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. Hanging Lake Tunnel Images Figure L.24 through Figure L.35 show the images taken in the Hanging Lake Tunnel. Evaluation of Texas A&M Transportation Institute Test Specimens with the Handheld Infrared Camera

99 Figure L.2. Infrared camera image of Specimen F. Figure L.6. Visual image of the top of the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. Figure L.5. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. Areas in red are air vents. Figure L.4. Infrared camera image of Specimen L. Figure L.3. Infrared camera image of Specimen G. Figure L.1. FLIR T300 infrared camera.

100 Figure L.9. FLIR T300 visual image of Figure L.8. Figure L.10. FLIR T300 infrared image of the tiled lining in the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. Note the thermal reflection of the vehicles. Figure L.11. FLIR T300 visual image of Figure L.10. Figure L.8. FLIR T300 infrared image of the tiled lining in the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. Figure L.7. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. Areas in blue at the top of the tunnel are cracks with moisture.

101 Figure L.12. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (0–600 ft).

102 Figure L.13. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (600–1,200 ft).

103 Figure L.16. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. Figure L.15. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. Areas in white are cables. Figure L.14. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Chesapeake Channel Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (1,200–1,800 ft).

104 Figure L.17. Visual image of the top of the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. Figure L.18. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel showing stalagmites (white). Figure L.19. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. Figure L.20. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (0–600 ft).

105 Figure L.22. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (1,200–1,800 ft). Figure L.23. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (1,800–2,400 ft). Figure L.21. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (600–1,200 ft).

106 Figure L.24. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Hanging Lake Tunnel. Figure L.25. Visual image of the top of the Hanging Lake Tunnel. Note staining around cracks. Figure L.26. FLIR T300 infrared image of the top of the Hanging Lake Tunnel. According to visual observations, areas in blue along the tunnel ceiling are cracks with moisture; areas in blue at the bottom are air vents. Figure L.27. FLIR T300 infrared image of the tiled tunnel wall in the roadway section (eastbound). According to limited sounding tests, areas in blue appear to be areas of debonded tiles. Figure L.28. FLIR T300 visual image of Figure L.27. Figure L.29. Visual image of the Hanging Lake Tunnel roadway section.

107 Figure L.30. FLIR A325 scan of the top of the Hanging Lake Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (0–600 ft). Figure L.31. FLIR A325 scan of the top of the Hanging Lake Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (600–1,200 ft). Figure L.32. FLIR A325 scan of the top of the Hanging Lake Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (1,200–1,800 ft).

108 Figure L.33. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Hanging Lake Tunnel The temperature range is in centigrade (0–600 ft). Figure L.34. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Hanging Lake Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (600–1,200 ft). Figure L.35. FLIR A325 scan of the tiled roadway section in the Hanging Lake Tunnel. The temperature range is in centigrade (1,200–1,800 ft).