Design Guidance for High-Speed to Low-Speed Transitions Zones for Rural Highways (2012)

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86 Alley, B. D., Confusing People into Slowing Down: Perceptual Countermeasures at Rural/Urban Thresholds, Master’s Thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand, 2000. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, D.C., 2011. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Safety Manual, Washington, D.C., 2010. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Roadside Design Guide, Washington, D.C., 2011. Andersson, P. K., B. la Cour Lund, P. V. Greibe, and L. Herrstedt, “Byporte: de trafiksikkerhedsmaessige efffeckter,” Trafitec Scion-DTU, 116 pp. http://www.trafitec.dk/pub/byporte%20notat.pdf, 2008. Arnold, E. D., and K. E. Lantz, Evaluation of Best Practices in Traffic Operations and Safety: Phase I: Flashing LED Stop Sign and Optical Speed Bars, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Virginia, Final Report, 2007. AVV Transport Research Center and the Ministry of Transport, Sustainable Safety—A Preventative Road Safety Strategy for the Future (2nd Edition), Public Works and Water Management, The Netherlands, 2001. Barker, J., and R. D. Helliar-Symons, Countdown Signs and Roundel Markings Trails, Transport Research Labo- ratory, TRL Report 201, Crowthorne, United Kingdom, 1997. Berger, W. J., and M. Linauer, Raised Traffic Islands at City Limits—Their Effect on Speed, Proceedings of 1998 Meeting of the International Cooperation on Theories and Concepts in Traffic Safety, Budapest, 1998. Charlton, S. S. and P. H. Baas, Speed Change Management for New Zealand Roads, Land Transport New Zealand Research, Report 300, Wellington, New Zealand, 144 pp, 2006. Corkle, J., J. L. Giese, and M. M. Marti, Investigating the Effectiveness of Traffic Calming Strategies on Driver Behav- ior, Traffic Flow, and Speed, Minnesota Local Road Research Board, Minnesota Department of Transportation, October 2001. Corkle, J., M. Marti, and D. Montebello, Synthesis on the Effectiveness of Rumble Strips, MN/RC-2002-07, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2001A. County Surveyors’ Society, Village Speed Control Working Group—Final Report, produced in association with the Department of Transport Scottish and Welsh Office and the Transport Research Laboratory, 1994. Crowley, F., and A. MacDermott, Evaluation of Traffic Calming Schemes Constructed On National Roads 1993–1996, Road Safety Engineering, R460, Ireland, 2001. Department for Transport, Rumblewave Surfacing, Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/05, Department for Transport, London, United Kingdom, 6 pp, January 2005. Devon County Council Engineering and Planning Department, Traffic Calming Guidelines, 1992. Dixon, K. H., Zhu, J., Olge, J. O., Brooks, C. Hein, P. Aklluir, and M. C. Crisler, Determining Effective Roadway Design Treatments for Transitioning From Rural Areas to Urban Areas on State Highways, Oregon State Uni- versity, Oregon Department of Transportation, 2008. Donnell, E. T., and I. Cruzado, Effectiveness of Speed Minders in Reducing Driving Speeds on Rural Highways in Pennsylvania, Final Report, The Thomas D. Larson Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, Pennsylvania State University, June 2008. Donnell, E. T., S. C. Himes, K. M. Mahoney, R. J. Porter, and H. McGee, Speed Concepts: Informational Guide, FHWA-SA-10-001, Washington, DC, 2009. Elvik, R., and T. Vaa, Handbook of Road Safety Measures, Oxford, United Kingdom, Elsevier, 2004. European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT), Speed Management, Germany, 2006. European Transport Safety Council (ETSC), Reducing Traffic Injuries Resulting from Excess and Inappropriate Speed, 1995. S e c t i o n 6 References

References 87 Ewing, R., Impacts of Traffic Calming, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 55, pp. 33–45, 2001. Ewing, R. Traffic Calming: State of the Practice. Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1999. Ewing, R. H., and S. Brown, U.S. Traffic Calming Manual, American Planning Association and American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, D.C., 2009. Farmer, S. A., J. K. Barker, and N. Mayhew, A Trial in Norfolk of Interactive Speed Limit Signs, Traffic Engineering & Control, 39(5), pp. 287–293, 1998. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Washington, D.C., 2009. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), TechBrief: Traffic Calming on Main Roads Through Rural Communities, FHWA-HRT-08-067, Washington, D.C., 2009A. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Proven Safety Countermeasures: Road Diet (Roadway Configuration), FHWA-SA-12-013, Washington, D.C., 2012. Fitch, J., and N. 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G., Calming Arterials in Toronto, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Transpor- tation Engineers, 1998. National Roads Authority (NRA), Guidelines on Traffic Calming for Towns and Villages on National Routes (REV B), Dublin, Ireland, 2005. Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), Main Street . . . When a Highway Runs Through It: A Handbook for Oregon Communities, 1999. Pyne, H. C., M. S. Dougherty, O. M. J. Carsten, and M. R. Tight, A Simulator Based Evaluation of Speed Reduction Measures for Rural Arterial Roads, University of Leeds, Working Paper 434, April, 1995. Ray, B., W. Kittelson, J. Knudsen, B. Nevers, P. Ryus, K. Sylvester, I. B. Potts, D. W. Harwood, D. K. Gilmore, D. J. Torbic, F. Hanscom, J. McGill, and D. Stewart, NCHRP Report 613: Guidelines for Selection of Speed Reduc- tion Treatments at High-Speed Intersections, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2008. Rodegerdts, L., J. Bansen, C. Tiesler, J. 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88 Design Guidance for High-Speed to Low-Speed transition Zones for Rural Highways Rodegerdts, L., M. Blogg, E. Wemple, E. Meyers, M. Kyte, M. Dixon, G. List, A. Flannery, R. Troutbeck, W. Brilon, N. Wu, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, D. Harkey, and D. Carter, NCHRP Report 572: Roundabouts in the United States, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007. Russell, E. R., and R. P. Godavarthy, Mitigating Crashes at High-Risk Rural Intersections with Two-Way Stop Control, Report No. K-TRAN: KSU-06-4, Kansas Department of Transportation, Bureau of Materials and Research, Topeka, Kansas, January, 2010. Sandberg, W., T. Schoenecker, K. Sebastian, and D. Soler, Long-Term Effectiveness of Dynamic Speed Monitor- ing Displays (DSMD) for Speed Management at Speed Limit Transitions, Annual Meeting and Exhibit Compendium of Technical Papers, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2006. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT® 9.3 User’s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 2011. Schnull and Lange, Road Traffic Safety Research Council [RTSRC], Rural/Urban Threshold Treatment Devices. A Literature Review, Works Consultancy Services, 1994. Transit New Zealand, Guidelines for Highway Landscaping, 2006. Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), Canadian Guide to Neighborhood Traffic Calming, Ottawa, Canada, 1998. Transportation Research Board (TRB), Access Management Manual, Washington, D.C., 2003. Transportation Research Board (TRB), Highway Capacity Manual 2010. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010. Turner, B., Engineering Based Approaches to Reducing Rural Speed, ARRB Group Ltd., 2008. Veneziano, D., Z. Ye, J. Fletcher, J. Ebeling, and F. Shockley, Evaluation of the Gateway Monument Demonstra- tion Program: Safety, Economic and Social Impact Analysis, Western Transportation Institute, College of Engineering, Montana State University, 2009. Wheeler, A. H., and M. C. Taylor, Changes in Accident Frequency Following the Introduction of Traffic Calming in Villages, TRL Report 452, TRL Limited, Crowthorne, United Kingdom, 2000. Winnett, M. A., and A. H. Wheeler, Vehicle-Activated Signs; A Large Scale Evaluation, TRL Report 549, Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, United Kingdom, 2002. World Bank and the Dutch Ministry of Transport (WBDMT), Safe Road Design—A Practical Manual, Public Works and Water Management, the Netherlands, September, 2005.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation