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NCHRP Web-Only Document 146: Replacement Processes for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Traffic Signals 33 REFERENCES Andersen, C., "Impact of Using Light Emitting Diodes on Recognition of Colored Light Signals by Color Vision Deficient Drivers." Transportation Research Board 16th Biennial Symposium on Visibility and Simulation, Iowa City, Ia. (2002). Behura, N., "A Survey of Maintenance Practices of Light-Emitting Diode Traffic Signals and Some Recommended Guidelines." ITE Journal, Vol. 77, No. 4 (2007) p. 18. Bullough, J. D., "Onset Times and the Detection of Colored Signal Lights." Transportation Research Record 1918 (2005) pp. 123-127. Bullough, J. D., "Research Recap: Are Yellow Traffic Signals Brighter Than They Need to Be?" Lighting Design and Application, Vol. 32, No. 12 (2002) pp. 18-21. Bullough, J. D., H. Yan, and J. Van Derlofske, "Effects of Sweeping, Color and Luminance Distribution on Response to Automotive Stop Lamps." Society of Automotive Engineers 2002 Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, Vol. 111, No. 6 (2003) pp. 1294- 1298. Bullough, J. D., Lighting Answers: Light Emitting Diode Lighting Systems. National Lighting Product Information Program, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y. (2003). Bullough, J. D., P. R. Boyce, A. Bierman, C. M. Hunter, K. M. Conway, A. Nakata, and M. G. Figueiro, "Traffic Signal Luminance and Visual Discomfort at Night." Transportation Research Record 1754 (2001) pp. 42-47. Bullough, J. D., P. R. Boyce, A. Bierman, K. M. Conway, K. Huang, C. P. O'Rourke, C. M. Hunter, and A. Nakata, "Response to Simulated Traffic Signals Using Light-Emitting Diode and Incandescent Sources." Transportation Research Record 1724 (2000) pp. 39-46. Bullough, J. D., Z. Yuan, and M. S. Rea, "Perceived Brightness of Incandescent and LED Aviation Signal Lights." Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 78, No. 9 (2007) pp. 893-900. City of Little Rock, Conventional Versus LED Traffic Signals: Operational Characteristics and Economic Feasibility. Arkansas Department of Economic Development, Little Rock, Ark. (2003). Cohn, T. E., D. Greenhouse, and R. Knowles, Alternative Traffic Signal Illumination, California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways, Sacramento, Calif. (1998). Cole, B. L., "The Handicap of Abnormal Colour Vision." Clinical and Experimental Optometry, Vol. 87, No. 4-5 (2004) pp. 258-275. ENERGY STAR, ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Traffic Signals, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (2003).
NCHRP Web-Only Document 146: Replacement Processes for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Traffic Signals 34 Fisher, A. J., and B. L. Cole, "The Photometric Requirements of Vehicular Traffic Signal Lanterns." Proceedings of the Australian Road Research Board, Victoria, Australia (1975) pp. 246-265. Freedman, M., "Traffic Signal Brightness Requirements for the Nighttime Driving Environment." Transportation Research Circular 297 (1985) pp. 22â23. Freedman, M., Visibility Performance Requirements for Vehicular Traffic Signals, NCHRP Project 5-15 Report, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C. (2001). Huang, M. K., J. D. Bullough, P. R. Boyce, and A. Bierman, "Detection and Identification of Light-Emitting Diode Traffic Signals by Protan Observers." Transportation Research Record 1844 (2003) pp. 52-58. Institute of Transportation Engineers, "Vehicle Traffic Control Signal Heads: Light Emitting Diode (LED) Circular Signal Supplement," Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C. (2005). Institute of Transportation Engineers, "Vehicle Traffic Control Signal Heads Part 2, Light Emitting Diode (LED) Vehicle Signal Module (Interim)," Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C. (1998). Iwasaki, R. H., "LED Traffic Signal Modules as an Incandescent Lamp Alternative." ITE Journal, Vo. 73, No. 4 (2003) pp. 42-45. Kurniawan, B. A., Y. Nakashima, and M. Takamatsu, "Analysis of Visual Perception of Light Emitting Diode Brightness in Dense Fog with Various Droplet Sizes." Optical Review, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2008) pp. 166-172. Miller, K. A., and N. J. Zaidi, "Measuring LED Intensity to Track LED Degradation." International Municipal Signal Association 107th Annual Conference, Arlington, Va. (2002). Rea, M. S. (editor), IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 9th ed. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, N.Y. (2000). Starr, R. A., W. H. Sandberg, and Y. Guan, "Does Color Blindness Affect the Perception of Green LED Signal Indications?" ITE Journal, Vol. 74, No. 8 (2004) pp. 32-42. Susquehanna Economic Development Association-Council of Governments, LED Traffic Signal Conversion Project. Susquehanna Economic Development Association-Council of Governments, Lewisburg, Penna. (2008). Urbanik, T., LED Traffic Signal Monitoring, Maintenance, and Replacement Issues, NCHRP Synthesis 337, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (2008). Whillans, M. G., "Colour-Blind Drivers' Perception of Traffic Signals." Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 128, No. 10 (1983) pp. 1187-1189.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 146: Replacement Processes for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Traffic Signals 35 Wilkins, D. J., "The Bathtub Curve and Product Failure Behavior, Part One: The Bathtub Curve, Infant Mortality and Burn-In." Reliability HotWire, No. 21 (2002). Wyszecki, G., and W. S. Stiles, Color Science, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, N.Y. (1982).
