Resources for Legal Issues Associated with Bus Maintenance (2008)

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4 The report identifies requirements and briefly sum- marizes some of the most significant federal require- ments. State requirements cited illustrate the likely topics of state regulation and should be taken as the starting point for determining the requirements in a specific jurisdiction rather than a definitive statement of all state requirements. To the extent feasible, the report provides links to online sources so that transit agencies can locate online versions of the cited requirements, although only the printed versions are completely authoritative. The online version of this report, available at , contains ac- tive links, verified as of November 19, 2007. The report covers the recent authorization legislation’s substantive effects on maintenance. Changes in funding levels, al- though they may potentially affect maintenance prac- tices, are not discussed. Although specific local re- quirements are beyond the scope of this report, the report does provide some examples. The report does not cover requirements for over-the-road bus operations. B. Operations/Features Affected by Legal Requirements Considering the operations or facility features that are affected by various legal requirements may help maintenance professionals keep track of those require- ments and allocate responsibility for meeting them. Operations/features to consider include: • Air conditioning repair. • Alternative fuel vehicles. • Bus washing. • Bus painting. • Equipment/component disposal (e.g., batteries, tires). • Drains. • Facility renovation. • Fluid storage. • Indoor bus storage. • Machine shop. • Outside parking area. • Painting (other than buses). • Procurement. • [Petroleum products]. • Refrigerant. • Tires. • Repair bays. • Servicing areas. • Supply disposal (antifreeze, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, oil). II. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS Background research identified a number of legal is- sues that affect transit bus maintenance operations. The scope of these issues was validated through the questionnaires submitted to state DOTs and transit agencies. Accordingly, Part II reviews federal, state, MAINTENANCE FACILITIES (TCRP Synthesis 7, 1994), http:// onlinepubs.trb.org/ onlinepubs/tcrp/tsyn07.pdf. and local requirements related to the following subject areas: • Accessibility for disabled passengers. • Alternative fuels. • Clean air (not including storage tanks). • Clean water (not including storage tanks). • Hazardous waste disposal (not including storage tanks). • Storage tanks. • General operational requirements. • Safety. • Licensing/Certification. Building and fire code information reported by re- spondents is also included. The report covers only those portions of statutes and regulations related to the above subject areas that are relevant to bus maintenance. Unless otherwise specified, requirements are limited to issues related to fixed-route bus maintenance. These subject areas were included in questionnaires sent to state DOTs and selected transit authorities. These questionnaires are included as Appendices A and C. Twenty-three state DOTs and 22 transit agencies responded to the questionnaire. Lists of state and tran- sit authority respondents are included as Appendices B and D, respectively. Responses to the questionnaires provide the primary basis for the discussion of state and local requirements. Therefore, for the most part, state and local require- ments are referenced because a questionnaire respon- dent cited them. Some additional requirements are cited based on the consultant’s ancillary research. Where a requirement was sourced from a state DOT or transit authority, the respondent is noted parentheti- cally, and where more than one respondent provided varying citations for a requirement the sources are in- dicated in the footnotes. Where a requirement was in- dependently sourced, the requirement is bracketed, whether in the text or a footnote. The degree to which state DOTs are involved in set- ting and/or administering the types of requirements included in Part II varies considerably, as does the transportation departments’ familiarity with such re- quirements. Therefore, while the questionnaire re- sponses were instrumental in identifying existing re- quirements, they cannot be taken as ruling out the existence of other requirements. Thus the discussion of state and local requirements should be taken as a start- ing point for conducting research in a particular juris- diction, not as a definitive statement of all relevant re- quirements. In addition to state DOTs, sources of state and local information for bus maintenance facility managers in- clude state environmental departments, state fire mar- shals,5 local fire marshals, and labor departments. Some agencies use consultants to set up certain programs 5 One source that lists state fire marshals is the Safety Library, www.thesafetylibrary.com/sites/uslawfirem.php.

5 that are subject to regulation and rely on those consult- ants to determine applicable requirements. Suppliers may also be useful sources of information about legal requirements related to products such as alternative fuels and bus components. Manufacturers and suppliers may also impose requirements of their own. For exam- ple, freon suppliers may require fire suppression servic- ing.6 Utility companies may also impose fire and other safety-related requirements. State and local building and fire codes are generally based on standard codes such as those promulgated by the International Code Council (ICC) (www.iccsafe.org) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (www.nfpa.org/index.asp) (see Part III). Many jurisdic- tions adopt NFPA 1 (the Uniform Fire Code, which ref- erences all the other NFPA codes) and NFPA 70 (the National Electric Code, NEC). State and local govern- ments may adopt the standard codes with modifications and may choose to adopt different versions of the codes, not necessarily the most recent version. These codes are not freely accessible online, but this report provides references to descriptions of the codes. The report references sources for guidance on com- pliance to various requirements. As a general matter, managers may find it useful to also review the U.S. En- vironmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) consolidated screen checklist for waste management, wastewater and stormwater management, air pollution controls, storage tanks, and recordkeeping7 concerning federal environmental requirements. A. Accessibility for Disabled Passengers8 New transit buses operated on fixed-route systems must be readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities, including those in wheelchairs.9 These accessible buses have special maintenance require- ments: the lifts and ramps must be maintained, and their maintenance may be subject to additional record- keeping requirements. The accessibility of the mainte- nance facilities themselves affects maintenance person- nel, not passengers. However, because accessibility in general was covered in the state and transit agency questionnaires, facility accessibility is also addressed in this section. 6 Questionnaire response from Delaware. 7 Consolidated Screening Checklist for Automotive Repair Facilities Guidebook, Oct. 2003, www.ccar- greenlink.org/vshops/FinalAutoGuide_092503.pdf . 8 See generally, National Council on Disability, The Current State of Transportation for People with Disabilities in the United States, June 13, 2005, www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2005/pdf/current_state.pd f. 9 42 U.S.C. § 12142(a). Transit agencies that purchase or lease used buses must make a good faith effort to purchase or lease accessible buses. 42 U.S.C. § 12142(b). Generally, remanufactured buses with a new useful life of 5 years or more must also be accessible. 42 U.S.C. § 12142(c). 1. Federal Requirements The primary public transportation accessibility re- quirements are contained in Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA),10 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (Section 504),11 and their implementing regulations. The Federal Tran- sit Administration of the U.S. DOT (FTA) and the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) share responsibility for enforcing the public transporta- tion requirements of the ADA and Section 504.12 In ad- dition, both agencies are sources of guidance on accessi- bility requirements. The U.S. Access Board (Access Board; www.access-board.gov) is an independent fed- eral agency that develops and maintains design guide- lines for the built environment and transportation vehi- cles (the ADA Accessibility Guidelines, or ADAAG). These guidelines are the baseline for the DOJ and U.S. DOT standards.13 The Access Board is another impor- tant source of information. DOJ: DOJ is responsible for litigating actions enforc- ing the ADA and Section 504. Recipients of federal as- sistance must comply with DOJ’s requirements concerning nondiscrimination on the basis of disability in state and local government services, public accommodations, and commercial facilities.14 However, the regulation specifically excludes public transportation from 28 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 35.15 DOJ also issues guidance on these requirements.16 U.S. DOT: U.S. DOT has three regulations that af- fect vehicle accessibility: nondiscrimination on the basis of disability in programs or activities receiving federal 10 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq. 11 29 U.S.C. § 794. 12 Memorandum of Understanding Between the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice & the Federal Transit Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation Concerning Implementation and Enforcement of the Public Transportation Provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/DOJ_FTA_ADA_MOU.pdf. 13 Where does ADAAG apply? www.access- board.gov/adaag/about/using%20adaag.htm. 14 28 C.F.R. pt. 35, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/28cfr35_06.html; 28 C.F.R. pt. 36, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/28cfr36_06.html. These requirements are specifically referenced by the DOT in its implementing regulation. 49 C.F.R. § 27.19, Compliance with Americans with Disabilities Act Requirements and FTA Policy. 15 28 C.F.R. § 35.102(b). 16 Department of Justice: e.g., A GUIDE TO DISABILITY RIGHTS LAWS [ADA] (www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/cguide.htm); www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/cguide.pdf; DOJ Guidance on ADA, www.ada.gov/q%26aeng02.htm.

6 financial assistance,17 transportation services for indi- viduals with disabilities (ADA),18 and ADA accessibility specifications for transportation vehicles.19 Part 27 re- quires compliance with 49 C.F.R. Parts 37 and 38 as a condition of receiving federal assistance from U.S. DOT.20 Part 37: • Requires that new buses purchased or leased by pub- lic entities operating fixed-route systems be accessible unless the FTA Administrator grants a waiver.21 Simi- lar requirements apply to purchase and lease of used buses22 and remanufacture of buses and purchase or lease of remanufactured buses.23 • Imposes requirements for accessibility of buses or other nonrail vehicles used for demand-responsive ser- vice.24 • Imposes accessibility requirements on private entities that provide transportation service.25 • Requires that accessibility features, including lifts and other means of vehicle access, securement devices, and signage and systems to facilitate communications with persons with impaired vision or hearing, be main- tained in operative condition and repaired promptly.26 • Requires that public entities establish systems of regular and frequent maintenance checks to determine if lifts are operative and that, subject to operational exceptions, vehicles with inoperative lifts must be taken out of service.27 17 49 C.F.R. pt. 27, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/49cfr27_06.html. 18 49 C.F.R. pt. 37, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/49cfr37_06.html. USDOT has adopted the new ADAAG as its accessibility standards. Transportation for Individuals with Disabilities; Adoption of New Accessibility Standards: Final Rule Amending 49 C.F.R. pt. 37. 71 Fed. Req. 63263 (Oct. 30, 2006), www.fta.dot.gov/documents/ADAAG_Final_Rule.pdf. 19 49 C.F.R. pt. 38, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr?waisidx_06/49cfr38_06.html. 20 49 C.F.R. § 27.19, Compliance with Americans with Disabilities Act Requirements and FTA Policy. 21 Sect. 37.71 Purchase or lease of new nonrail vehicles by public entities operating fixed route systems. 22 Sect. 37.73 Purchase or lease of used nonrail vehicles by public entities operating fixed route systems. 23 Sect. 37.75 Remanufacture of nonrail vehicles and purchase or lease of remanufactured nonrail vehicles by public entities operating fixed route systems. 24 Sect. 37.77 Purchase or lease of new nonrail vehicles by public entities operating a demand responsive system for the general public. 25 Sect. 37.103 Purchase or lease of new nonrail vehicles by private entities primarily engaged in the business of transporting people. 26 Sect. 37.161 Maintenance of accessible features: General. 27 Sect. 37.163 Keeping vehicle lifts in operative condition: Public entities. Part 38 specifies requirements for: • Providing boarding and securement devices, including design and load controls.28 • Lighting.29 • Public address systems.30 • Signage.31 FTA: The FTA has primary responsibility for administer- ing the mass transportation provisions of U.S. DOT’s regulations implementing the ADA and Section 504 as those regulations apply to state and local agencies pro- viding public transportation (www.fta.dot.gov/civil rights/civil_rights_2360.html). As part of its admini- stration of the ADA regulation, FTA conducts compli- ance reviews, which cover maintenance issues.32 The FTA’s Master Agreement also requires compliance with these regulations.33 Access Board: The Access Board issues the ADAAG for Buildings and Facilities (www.access-board.gov/ada-aba/final. htm) and for Transportation Vehicles (www.access- board.gov/transit/html/vguide.htm), 36 C.F.R. Part 1192. The ADAAG serves as the basis for the DOJ and U.S. DOT facility and vehicle requirements (www. access-board.gov/adaag/html/intro.htm). Case law: Courts’ interpretations of efforts required to comply with DOT regulations provide additional insight. For example, in Dilworth v. City of Detroit,34 the court’s set- tlement order requires the City to: • Conduct daily operational checks of wheelchair lifts on all buses, including cycling the lifts. • Record the results on the daily maintenance service card, indicating • bus number. • date of the cycling. • whether the lift functioned or did not function. • Record the results in the agency’s computer system. 28 Sect. 38.23 Mobility aid accessibility. 29 Sect. 38.31 Lighting. 30 Sect. 38.35 Public information system. 31 Sect. 38.39 Destination and route signs. 32 Triennial Reviews: Americans with Disabilities Act, www.fta.dot.gov/FY2007TriReview/15ada.htm. See ADA Compliance Review Final Reports: Gary Public Transportation. Audit showed need for repair of vehicles used for ADA Complementary Paratransit Services to provide better access, Nov. 21, 2005. Final report and transmittal letter may be accessed at www.fta.dot.gov/civilrights/ada/civil_rights_3899.html. 33 FTA Master Agreement (MA) (14), Oct. 10, 2007, § 12. Civil Rights, Access for Individuals with Disabilities, at 31, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/14-Master.pdf. 34 No. 2:04- cv-73152 (E.D. Mich.), posted at www.ada.gov/ detroittransit05.htm.

7 • Make a yard mechanic available to make minor re- pairs. • Conduct preventive maintenance at least to manufac- turer’s recommendations, but in no case at intervals exceeding 5,600–6,500 mi. • Conduct comprehensive training for all mechanics responsible for wheelchair lift maintenance and repair, including • training for new hires; refresher training for em- ployees who demonstrate lack of knowledge. • testing of employees on training. • Maintain records showing dates and hours of train- ing, names of instructors and students, job titles of stu- dents, and the subject matter covered. • Maintain in its database detailed records of mainte- nance/repair, preventive maintenance, and training, and sample copies of daily maintenance service cards. In Martin v. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Au- thority,35 the court granted a preliminary injunction against the transit authority, ordering in part that the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA):36 • Require maintenance inspectors (in addition to cy- cling wheelchair lifts, checking securement equipment, and reporting malfunctions before the start of revenue service) to cycle lifts, check securement equipment, and report malfunctions at the end of revenue service. • Maintain records showing date of test and identity of testing employee. • Maintain records of reports of malfunctioning lifts or securement equipment and repairs made: • Dates. • Bus number. •Identity of employee certifying repair was ade- quately performed. • If cycling or inspection reveals that lift or securement equipment is inoperable, perform repair “before the bus is placed in revenue service in accordance with ADA regulations.” In Midgett v. Tri-County Metropolitan Transporta- tion,37 the court found the following practices to be suffi- cient to meet ADA maintenance requirements: • Basic inspections every 1,500 to 3,000 mi (every 2 to 3 weeks). • Comprehensive inspections at 6,000-mi intervals. • Monitoring lift service on a regular basis per manu- facturer’s specifications. • Cycling lifts in pre-trip inspections or at night. 35 225 F. Supp. 2d 1362 (N.D. Ga. 2002). 36 Pages 5, 6 of Dec. 24, 2002, order granting preliminary injunction (unpublished order, Civil Action File No. 1:01-CV- 3255-TWT). 37 74 F. Supp. 2d 1008 (D. Or. 1999). 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning vehicle and other accessibility issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. California: California imposes requirements on new buildings38 (State DOT). [State requirements must meet or exceed those of the ADA.39] Delaware: Delaware follows FTA requirements and ADAAG guidelines for vehicle accessibility, but has wider coverage of service than under those federal re- quirements. For areas other than facility and vehicle accessibility, the state uses both American National Standards Institute (ANSI) guidelines and ADAAG, but has some specifications that goes beyond both, for ex- ample handicapped toilets (State DOT). Florida: Florida imposes requirements for facility ac- cessibility40 (Miami–Dade Transit) and vehicle accessi- bility41 (State DOT). Illinois: Illinois imposes facility and other accessibil- ity requirements42 (Chicago Transit Authority (CTA)). Michigan: All line-haul buses must be lift-equipped. All agencies that provide demand response service must have a Local Advisory Council approve the number of lift-equipped buses (State DOT). Minnesota: Minnesota imposes accessibility re- quirements43 (Metro Transit). Missouri: Missouri has additional requirements cov- ering handicapped parking,44 handicapped access,45 and 38 Government Code § 4459(c), www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=04001-05000&file=4450- 4461. 39 ADA Certification of State Accessibility Requirements, www.dsa.dgs.ca.gov/Access/adacert.htm. 40 Florida Building Code 2004, ch. 11, Florida Accessibility Code for Building Construction. See Jeffery Gross, Florida Accessibility Code (FACBC) vs. Federal Accessibility Regulations, http://schmokel.com/Florida-Accessibility-Code-vs- ADAAG-vs-FAC.htm. 41 FLA. ADMIN. CODE 14-90. 42 Environmental Barriers Act, 410 ILL. COMP. STAT. 25 et seq., www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1519&ChapAct= 410%20ILCS%2025/&ChapterID=35&ChapterName=PUBLIC +HEALTH&ActName=Environmental+Barriers+Act%2E; ILL. ACCESS. CODE, 71 ILL. COMP. STAT. 400 et seq., www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/071/07100400section s.html. 43 MINN. R., ch. 1341, Department of Administration Accessibility for Buildings and Facilities, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/1341/. 44 MO. REV. STAT.: ch. 301, Registration and Licensing of Motor Vehicles, www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C301.HTM. 45 MO. REV. STAT.: ch. 8, State Buildings and Lands, 8.620. Renovations by political subdivisions, specifications to make accessible and usable by physically disabled, standards to be met, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000-099/0080000620.HTM; 8.622, Renovation and new construction by state or new construction by political subdivision to be accessible and usable by the disabled, standards, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000-

8 wheelchair access46 at facilities, as well as elevator re- quirements47 (State DOT). Nevada: Nevada imposes requirements related to vehicle accessibility48 (Regional Transportation Com- mission, Washoe County, Nevada (RTC Washoe)). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements re- lated to building accessibility,49 vehicle accessibility,50 and discrimination based on disability51 (New Jersey Transit Corporation (NJTransit)). New York: New York imposes requirements related to facility, vehicle, and other accessibility issues52 (New York City Transit (NYCT)). Ohio: Ohio DOT Office of Transit policy requires that at least 50 percent of all 5311 and 5310 vehicles (small vehicles) be accessible (State DOT). State law mandates special parking locations and privileges for walking- impaired persons at all publicly-owned facilities53 (Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (GCRTA)). 099/0080000622.HTM; 8.623, Repair, maintenance or new construction by state using federal funds, standards, Missouri to hold United States harmless from damages, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000-099/0080000623.HTM. 46 MO. REV. STAT.: 8.655, Wheelchair accessibility sign, display required, when, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000- 099/0080000655.HTM. 47 11 MO. CODE REGS. 40-5. 48 NEV. REV. STAT. 706.171, General powers of authority, Department of Motor Vehicles and Department of Public Safety: Regulations; reports and records; examinations and subpoenas; temporary waivers; www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS- 706.html#NRS706Sec171; NRS 706.361, Persons with disabilities entitled to full and equal enjoyment of facilities of public transportation; unlawful denial of services and facilities, www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-706.html#NRS706Sec361; NAC 706.248, Adoption of and compliance with federal regulations for transportation of passengers with disabilities, http://leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-706.html#NAC706Sec248. 49 N.J. Uniform Construction Code: N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, http://www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=ma in-h.htm&cp= [select through tit. 5, ch. 23] [See in particular subch. 7. BARRIER FREE SUBCODE.] 50 N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 16. Department of Transportation, ch. 53, Autobuses, subch. 2, Special Equipment for Vehicles Used to Transport Passengers in Wheelchairs, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select through tit. 16, ch. 53, subch. 2]. 51 N.J. Law Against Discrimination, www.state.nj.us/lps/dcr/downloads/Law_Against_Discriminatio n_Text.pdf. 52 Ch. 11, New York State Building Code, http://www2.iccsafe.org/states/new_york/NY_Building/building _frameset.htm. 53 OHIO REV. CODE, tit. XLV, ch. 4511, § 4511.69. Parking near curb, facing direction of travel; locations and privileges for walking-impaired persons, http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4511. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes requirements for accessibility of buildings, which appear to be appli- cable to maintenance facilities.54 Texas: Texas imposes requirements concerning facil- ity accessibility55 and prohibiting discrimination in ac- cess to transit facilities based on disability.56 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning vehicle and other accessibility issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing facility accessibility, vehicle ac- cessibility, and other accessibility issues (State DOT). California: Los Angeles Metro requires low-floor buses. (Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Au- thority (LACMTA)). Florida: Dade County Code requires that accessible parking spaces be provided with designated signage (Miami–Dade Transit). Georgia: MARTA is required to conduct wheelchair inspections and keep records pursuant to a court or- der.57 Minnesota: Minneapolis and St. Paul impose accessi- bility requirements (Metro Transit). Missouri: There are county or municipal require- ments related to facility accessibility (State DOT). New York City: New York City imposes requirements related to facility, vehicle, and other accessibility is- sues58 (NYCT). 4. FAQs The Access Board has posted answers to the follow- ing general FAQs about ADAAG, as well as more than 20 other specific questions, on its Web site:59 • What's the difference between the ADA, ADA regula- tions, and ADAAG? • What does the ADA cover? • How is the ADA implemented? • How does ADAAG fit into the ADA regulations? 54 Universal Accessibility Act, www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/lib/landi/laws- regulations/bois/universalaccessibilityact.pdf. 55 Texas Accessibility Standards (TAS) of the Architectural Barriers Act art. 9102, Texas Civil Statutes, http://www.license.state.tx.us/ab/abtas.htm. 56 TEX. STAT., Human Resources Code, tit. 8, http://tlo2.tlc. state.tx.us/statutes/hr.toc.htm. 57 See Martin v. Metro. Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth., 225 F. Supp. 2d. 1362 (N.D. Ga. 2002). 58 Ch. 11, New York City Building Code. Can be accessed at http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dob/html/reference/code_internet.shtml Section-by-section analysis: www.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/pdf/cc_chapter11_sbs.pdf. 59 Frequently Asked Questions About ADAAG, www.access- board.gov/adaag/about/FAQ.htm.

9 • How are the regulations organized? • How is ADAAG organized? • How was ADAAG developed? • Have there been any changes in ADAAG? • How can I tell if I have a current edition of ADAAG? • What's next for ADAAG? • How will ADAAG be updated? • What if there are no provisions in ADAAG for a facil- ity type, element, or feature? • What about ADA requirements for existing facilities? • How does program accessibility apply to existing fa- cilities? • How does barrier removal affect existing facilities? • What about obligations to employees? • Who enforces ADAAG provisions? • What about other accessibility regulations? • Where can I get more information? B. Alternative Fuels While the number of alternative-fuel transit vehicles can be expected to increase60 due to federal,61 state,62 and local63 requirements, as well as numerous other consid- erations,64 alternative fuel use is still new to many tran- sit agencies.65 Accordingly, this is an area where transit 60 See, e.g., The Transit Bus Niche Market for Alternative Fuels: Module 1: Introduction and Characterization of the Transit Bus Business, Dec. 2003, at 25, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/mod01_transit_intro.pdf. 61 See II.B.1, Federal Requirements, infra. Sect. 3016(c) of SAFETEA-LU directed the Secretary of Transportation to study the actions needed to facilitate the purchase of increased volumes of alternative fuels for use in public transit vehicles, including the type of support necessary to encourage additional use of alternative fuels in transit operations. 62 For example, California has stringent air quality mandates, see § II.C, Clean Air, infra this report, that require significant use of alternative fuel vehicles. Kathleen Mead, California Air Resources Board: Key Information for 2007, TRANSIT CALIFORNIA, Mar./Apr. 2007, at 10. 63 For example, as of June 26, 2007, the following Texas municipalities have enacted Clean Fleet Vehicle Ordinances/Resolutions: Collin County, Dallas County, Denton County, Tarrant County, City of Allen, City of Hurst, City of Arlington, City of Irving, City of Bedford, City of Lake Dallas, City of Benbrook, City of Lake Worth, City of Carrollton, City of Lancaster. Public Activity Fleets Initiative, www.nctcog.org/trans/clean/vehicles/fleet/policy/index.asp. 64 FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION, ALTERNATIVE FUELS STUDY: A REPORT TO CONGRESS ON POLICY OPTIONS FOR INCREASING THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN TRANSIT VEHICLES (2006). This report discusses why the use of alternative fuels is growing, the barriers facing alternative fuels, including operational issues, and the policy options, including mandating the use of alternative fuels, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Alternative_Fuels_Study_Report_t o_Congress.pdf. 65 As of June 2006, the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) reported that diesel fuel was used in about 90 percent of transit buses. Transit Resource Guide, Transit Bus Fuels and Air Quality, No. 5–Rev., June 2006, www.apta.com/research/info/briefings/briefing_5.cfm. Another agencies may find it particularly useful to review the requirements of other jurisdictions to determine the types of state and local agencies that are likely to im- pose regulatory requirements that affect alternative fuel usage, particularly given that alternative-fuel vehi- cles and their supplies may be subject to a significant level of state and local regulation. For example, fire safety codes and electric codes are likely to come into play. Regardless of whether a specific jurisdiction imposes safety requirements, alternative fuel vehicles will re- quire that personnel be trained to maintain the vehicles and handle the alternative fuels. For example, person- nel who will handle batteries for hybrid-electric buses will need to be trained to properly handle the batteries so as not to void the battery warranty and, of course, to protect the workers from high voltages.66 1. Federal Requirements/Guidance Federal clean air requirements, such as the Clean Fuel Fleet Program,67 do not mandate the use of alter- native fuels per se, but do make it likely that at least some transit agencies will deploy increasing numbers of nondiesel vehicles to meet emissions requirements. Al- though the 2007 emissions requirements may equalize the diesel baseline emissions with those of alternative fuels such as ethanol and compressed natural gas (CNG), alternative fuels still by and large present less of a pollution hazard to soil and water in the event of a leak or spill. Moreover, alternative-fuel buses have rela- source reports that about 5 percent of public transportation vehicles are alternatively fueled. Paul Griffith, Plain Talk about Alternative Fuels and Transit, ATTI West 1-2006, www.atti-info.org/altfuelplaintalk.pdf. In either event, alternatively fueled vehicles still make up a relatively small portion of the U.S. transit bus fleet. A 2006 study by FTA stated that alternative fuel usage had grown from about 1.2 percent in 1992 to 11.4 percent in 2003. FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION NON-RAIL VEHICLE MARKET VIABILITY STUDY, FINAL REPORT 19 (FTA Project No.: MI-26-7008-05.1, 2006). www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Nonrail_Vehicle_Viability_Final_R eport_Cover_Contents.pdf; www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Non- Rail_Vehicle_Market_Study_FINAL_REPORT.pdf. 66 Hybrid-Electric Transit Buses: Challenges and Implications for Full Implementation, www.utrc2.org/publications/assets/13/hybridbus1.pdf. 67 40 C.F.R. pt. 88, Clean-Fuel Vehicles, implementing 42 U.S.C. § 7410. State implementation plans for national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards; § 7418. Control of pollution from federal facilities; § 7582. Requirements applicable to clean-fuel vehicles; § 7583. Standards for light-duty clean-fuel vehicles; § 7586. Centrally fueled fleets; §§ 7589, 7601(a). See www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/cff/cffp-imp.pdf; www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/tar.pdf; U.S. General Services Administration, Interagency Fleet Management System, EPA’s Clean Fuel Fleet Program, Fact Sheet, Aug. 1998, www.fss.gsa.gov/vehicles/leasing/pdf/epa-factsheet.pdf.

10 tively simpler exhaust treatment than diesel buses and the potential for even greater emissions reductions.68 Other federal programs, such as the Clean Fuels Formula Grant Program,69 the National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program,70 and the tax incen- tives in the Energy Policy Act of 2005,71 provide incen- tives for increased use of alternative-fuel vehicles. In addition, the Renewable Fuel Program72 will support an increase in production of biodiesel.73 The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transpor- tation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) made changes that may indirectly affect bus mainte- nance: The legislation amended the Congestion Mitiga- tion and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program to place greater emphasis on cost-effective emission reduc- tions, requiring that priority be given to cost-effective strategies, such as diesel retrofit projects. It also amended the Clean Fuels Grant Program to reduce the amount allowed for clean diesel buses from 35 percent to 25 percent.74 In addition, the conference report ac- companying the fiscal year (FY) 2006 U.S. DOT Appro- priations Act directed the FTA to develop a hybrid bus initiative.75 U.S. DOT does impose a safety inspection standard on CNG cylinders used on motor vehicles.76 In addition, 68 FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION, supra note 64, at 11, 15, 21, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Alternative_Fuels_Study_Report_t o_Congress.pdf. 69 49 U.S.C. 5308. SAFETEA-LU changed the funding from formula-based to discretionary. See Clean Fuels Grant Program Provisions of SAFETEA-LU, www.fta.dot.gov/index_6539.html. 70 P.L. No. 109-59, National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program. See FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: Environmental Provisions of SAFETEA-LU, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FAQ_Environmental_Provisions.do c. 71 Pub. L. No. 109-58, § 1341, Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit; § 1342, Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit; § 1344, Biodiesel Excise Tax. 72 Sect. 211 of the CAA, as amended by Pub. L. No. 109-58, § 1501, Renewable content of gasoline. 73 Supra note 64, at 29, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Alternative_Fuels_Study_Report_t o_Congress.pdf . 74 Frequently Asked Questions: SAFETEA-LU: Environmental Provisions of SAFETEA-LU, www.fta.dot.gov/index_6539.html. 75 CONFERENCE REPORT [To accompany H.R. 3058], at 196, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi- bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_reports&docid=f:hr307.109.p df. 76 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 304, 49 C.F.R. 571.304. See U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURE FOR FMVSS 304, COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) FUEL CONTAINER INTEGRITY (TP-304-03, 2003), www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/Vehicle%20Safety/ Test%20Procedures/Associated%20Files/TP304-03.pdf. the FTA has published guidelines on the safe use of alcohol, propane, liquefied natural gas (LNG), CNG, hydrogen, and electric and hybrid-electric buses.77 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has published a tool- kit to help transit agencies evaluate various alternative fuel options.78 Federal clean air, clean water, hazardous waste, storage tank, and worker safety requirements that ap- ply to the use of alternative fuels vehicles are discussed in separate sections of this report. 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning fuel handling (usage/storage), vapor venting, explosion-proof fixtures, special sensing devices to warn of leaks, main- tenance of batteries for electric and/or hybrid electric vehicles, meeting industry standards such as those of the NFPA or SAE International (SAE), and other alter- native fuel issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. Arizona: Arizona requires that NFPA 52[79] and 57[80] be met (Phoenix). California: California imposes requirements concern- ing fuel handling,81 vapor venting (LACMTA),82 explo- 77 Alternative Fuels Safety Standards and Guidelines, www.fta.dot.gov/assistance/technology/research_4586.html. WILLIAM P. CHERNICOFF, THOMAS BALON, & PHANI RAJ, DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUS TRANSIT SYSTEMS USING ELECTRIC AND HYBRID ELECTRIC PROPULSION AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL (2003), http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Publications/cleanair/DesignGuidelines/HT ML/DesignGuidelines.htm; Cylinder Issues Associated with Alternative Fuels, 1999; DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUS TRANSIT SYSTEMS USING HYDROGEN AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL (DOT- FTA-MA-26-7021-98-1, 1998) http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Publications/CleanAir/BTS/BTSDesignGui delines.htm; DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUS TRANSIT SYSTEMS USING LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL, (DOT-FTA-MA-26-7021-97-1); DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUS TRANSIT SYSTEMS USING ALCOHOL FUEL (METHANOL AND ETHANOL) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL (DOT-FTA-MA-26-7021- 96-3, 1996); DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUS TRANSIT SYSTEMS USING COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL (DOT-FTA-MA-26-7021-96-1, 1996); DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUS TRANSIT SYSTEMS USING LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL (DOT-FTA-MA-26-7021-96-4, 1996). 78 Transit Bus Niche Market Toolkit, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fleets/transit_toolkit.html. 79 NFPA 52: Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2006 edition, www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?category%5Fname=&pid=52 06&target%5Fpid=5206&src%5Fpid=&link%5Ftype=search. The 2006 version covers hydrogen as well as CNG and LNG. The 1998 and 2002 versions of NFPA 52 are limited to CNG, www.nfpa.org/catalog/search.asp?action=search&query=NFPA +52. 80 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?pid=5702&erc=nfpa&cookie %5Ftest=1. 81 [Propane Storage and Handling Safety Act,] Health and Safety Code § 13240-13243.6, www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-

11 sion-proof fixtures,83 leak detection devices,84 electric battery maintenance;85 meeting industry standards bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=13001-14000&file=13240- 13243.6 (State DOT); Business and Professions Code § 13460- 13462, www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=bpc&group=13001-14000&file=13460- 13462 (State DOT); tit. 8, art. 7 of the Admin. Div. of Industrial Safety, General Safety Orders, www.dir.ca.gov/title8/sub7.html (LACMTA); Building Code § 311 [California Code of Regulations, tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 2, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24 _2001tried.html#part2] (LACMTA); Fire Code § 2903 [California Code of Regulations, tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 9, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part9] (LACMTA); Mechanical Code chs. 4 & 5 (LACMTA) [California Code of Regulations, tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 4, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part4]; NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70 &cookie%5Ftest=1 (LACMTA). 82 Tit. 8, art. 7 of the Admin. Div. of Industrial Safety, General Safety Orders, www.dir.ca.gov/title8/sub7.html; NFPA 91: Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=91; NFPA 90A: Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=90 A; Plumbing Code ch. 9 [CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt .5] www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part5. 83 Tit. 8, art. 7, Admin. Div. of Industrial Safety, General Safety Orders, www.dir.ca.gov/title8/sub7.html (LACMTA); NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70 &cookie%5Ftest=1 (LACMTA); California amendments to NFPA and NEC (ACTransit). 84 Hydrogen leak detections systems, alarms, and exhaust systems as required by the local Fire Marshal (AC Transit); Tit. 8, Art. 7, Admin. Div. of Industrial Safety, General Safety Orders; NFPA 70: National Electrical Code® (LACMTA). 85 Tit. 19 25215-25215.5, tit. 22 div. 4.5, 66266.80, 66266.81, 66273.2. subch. 7. General Industry Safety Orders Group 16. Control of Hazardous Substances Art. 109. Hazardous Substances and Processes, http://law.justia.com/california/codes/hsc/25215-25215.5.html (State DOT); CAL.CODE REGS. tit. 13, Motor Vehicles, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 13] (LACMTA); NFPA 52: Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=52 (LACMTA); 13 CAL. CODE REGS. § 1239. Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance North American Standard Out-of-Service Criteria, www.jurisearch.com/NLLXML/getcode.asp?datatype=D&statec d=CA&sessionyr=2006&TOCId=821728&userid=PRODSG&no header=1&Interface=NLL [available at http://cvsa.stores.yahoo.net/noname4.html] (LACMTA); NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70 &cookie%5Ftest=1 (LACMTA); Building Code ch. 12 [CAL. CODE REGS., tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 2 www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part2] (LACMTA); (LACMTA),86 gas composition (LACMTA),87 and hydro- gen production, storage, and dispensing (Alameda– Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit)). Industry standards mandated by California are as follows (LACMTA):88 • California Fire Code (CFC), Volume 1, Article 52 (Mo- tor Vehicle Fuel–Dispensing Stations), Section 5201 (General) and Section 5204 (Compressed Natural Gas). CFC, Volume 1, Article 74 (Compressed Gases) (ad- dresses signage and physical protection requirements for cylinders and equipment). • CFC, Volume 1, Article 79 (Flammable and Combus- tible Liquids) (theoretically applies to compressor oil and natural condensates within the equipment). • CFC, Volume 1, Article 80 (Hazardous Materials) (primarily regarding reporting and signage require- ments for natural gas beyond a threshold quantity; technically applies to hazardous wastes generated at NGV refueling stations, such as filters, spent desiccant, condensate, oil). • CFC, Volume 2, Standard 10-1 (Fire Extinguishers). • CFC, Volume 2, Standard 52-1 (NFPA 52). • CFC, Volume 2, Standard 79-3 (Identification of Fire Hazards). • CFC, Volume 1, Article 90 (Standards). • California Electrical Code, Article 500 (Hazardous Locations). • Compressed Gas Association (CGA) C-7: signage re- quirements for natural gas cylinders, referenced by CFC Article 90. • California Code of Regulations, Title 13, Division 3, Chapter 5, Article 3, Section 2295.5 (Specifications for Compressed Natural Gas: “CARB spec”). • California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Subchapter 1. Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders, Article 7. Com- pressed and Liquefied Natural Gas System, Section 541. Safety Relief Devices. NFPA 88B: Standard for Repair Garages, 1997 Edition, www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?category%5Fname=Codes+a nd+Standards&pid=88B97&target%5Fpid=88B97&src%5Fpid =&link%5Ftype=category&src=catalog (LACMTA); NFPA, Building Code, Electrical Codes (ACTransit). 86 Tit. 8, art. 7, Admin. Div. of Industrial Safety, General Safety Orders, www.dir.ca.gov/title8/sub7.html; Compressed Gas Association [see www.cganet.com]. 87 Gas composition: 13 CAL. CODE REGS. § 2292.5. Specifications for Compressed Natural Gas, www.jurisearch.com/NLLXML/getcode.asp?datatype=D&statec d=CA&sessionyr=2006&TOCId=822101&userid=PRODSG&no header=1&Interface=NLL; 13 CAL. CODE REGS. § 2292.6. Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/search/default.asp?t empinfo=find&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 13; CAL. CODE REGS. § 2292.7. Specifications for Hydrogen, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/search/default.asp?t empinfo=find&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000. 88 www.dir.ca.gov/title8/541.html.

12 Connecticut: Connecticut imposes requirements con- cerning vapor venting (exhaust fans over maintenance bays) and leak detection devices (gas detectors; alarms, horns and strobes). Connecticut also requires lock- out/tagout of the hydrogen bus fuel system when brought into the garage for any repairs (State DOT). Delaware: The Delaware Department of Natural Re- sources and Environmental Control imposes require- ments for fuel handling (usage/storage), vapor venting, explosion-proof fixtures, special sensing devices to warn of leaks, maintenance of batteries for electric and hy- brid-electric vehicles, meeting industry standards, and other alternative fuel issues (State DOT). Florida: Florida imposes requirements concerning fuel handling (usage/storage),89 vapor venting,90 explo- sion-proof fixtures,91 and meeting industry standards92 (Miami-Dade Metro). Georgia: Georgia imposes requirements related to fuel handling,93 vapor venting,94 explosion-proof fix- tures,95 leak detection devices,96 and meeting industry standards97 (MARTA). Iowa: Iowa imposes requirements concerning fuel handling, vapor venting, explosion-proof fixtures, leak detection devices, maintenance of batteries for electric and/or hybrid electric vehicles, meeting industry stan- dards, and other alternative fuel issues (State Fire Marshal). Maryland: Maryland imposes requirements related to fuel handling, vapor venting, explosion-proof fix- tures, leak detection devices, battery maintenance for electric/hybrid electric vehicles, meeting industry stan- dards, and other alternative fuel issues.98 Maryland requires that the standards of the NFPA and Integrated 89 Florida Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 62. 90 Florida Building Code, Mechanical, ch. 3: General Regulations, 304.4 Installation: Hydrogen generating and refueling operations. (Hydrogen appliances/refueling), www.dca.state.fl.us/fbc/commission/FBC_1205/Education_POC /2004_adv_core_Mech_engy/MATERIALS- Technical%20Core%20Summary%20-%201%20hr.pdf. 91 Florida Building Code, ch. 27, adopts NEC (NFPA 70). 92 2004 Florida Building Code, Fuel Gas, adopts substantial portions of the 2003 International Fuel Gas Code; Florida Building Code 2004, Plumbing, adopts substantial portions of the 2003 International Plumbing Code; Florida Building Code 2004, Mechanical, adopts substantial portions of the 2003 International Mechanical Code; Florida Building Code 2004, Building, adopts substantial portions of the 2003 International Building Code. 93 NFPA 52; Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Standard P-1. 94 NFPA 52. 95 National Electrical Code. 96 NFPA 52. 97 International Fire Code (ICC). 98 Fire Prevention Code, MD. CODE REGS. 29.06.01, www.firemarshal.state.md.us/pdf/Fire%20Prevention%20Code %202007.pdf; www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/Titles.htm [select tit. 29, subtit. 06]. Building Code (IBC) be met (Maryland Transit Admini- stration (MTA)). Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements concerning fuel handling,99 leak detection devices,100 and maintenance of batteries for electric and hybrid electric vehicles101 (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Author- ity (MBTA)). Michigan: Air permit may be required if storage tank is not exempt under R 336.1284 of the Michigan Air Pollution Control Rules. Michigan CNG vehicular fuel systems rules contain several amendments pertain- ing to pressure relief devices and deflagration (explo- sion) venting, see R 29.4642 4-4.3.2, provisions in NFPA 52 of 1992, which is adopted by reference.102 Michigan has also adopted NFPA 59A of 1994. Hydrogen rules are under development (Department of Environmental Quality). Minnesota: Minnesota imposes requirements related to fuel handling,103 vapor venting,104 and leak sensing devices.105 In addition, the State mandates 2 percent biodiesel (B-2) use106 (Metro Transit). Missouri: Missouri imposes requirements concerning fuel handling of liquefied petroleum (LP) gases,107 un- derground storage tanks,108 fuel regulations,109 vapor 99 310 MASS. CODE REGS. 7.00: Air Pollution Control, § 7.24: U Organic Material Storage and Distribution, www.mass.gov/dep/service/regulations/310cmr07.pdf; Proposed Amendments to 310 MASS. CODE REGS. 7.00, www.mass.gov/dep/air/laws/ opctyrls.pdf. 100 527 MASS. CODE REGS. 9.00: Tanks and Containers, § 9.05: Underground Storage Tanks, www.mass.gov/Eeops/docs/dfs/osfm/cmr/527009.pdf; MASS. GEN. LAWS, ch. 148. Fire Prevention. www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-148-toc.htm; MASS. GEN. LAWS, ch. 146. Inspection of Boilers, Air Tanks, Etc. Licenses of Engineers, Firemen, and Operators of Hoisting Machinery, www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-146-toc.htm. 101 MASS. GEN. LAWS, ch. 21C. Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Management Act, www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-21c- toc.htm. 102 www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-std-cng.doc. 103 State Fire Marshal, www.dps.state.mn.us/fmarshal/fmarshal.html, and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency inventory requirements. 104 State Underground Storage Tank venting requirements. 105 MPCA inventory requirements; MPCA leak testing requirements. See Aboveground Storage Tank (AST) Program, Major AST Facility Permit Application, www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/t-a3-25.pdf; Aboveground Storage Tank Major Facility Permits Changes to Require- ments for Re-Issued Permits, www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/t-a3-27.pdf. 106 www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?type=s&year=curr ent&num=239.77. 107 MO. REV. STAT. 323.010–323.210, www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C323.HTM. 108 MO. REV. STAT. 319.100–319.139, www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C319.HTM. 109 MO. REV. STAt. ch. 414, www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C414.HTM.

13 venting (control of petroleum liquid storage110), leak- detection systems,111 maintenance of batteries for elec- tric and/or hybrid-electric vehicles,112 meeting industry standards for petroleum inspection,113 and LP gases114 (State DOT). Nevada: Nevada imposes requirements related to explosion-proof fixtures115 (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements re- lated to ventilation,116 fuel handling,117 vapor venting,118 explosion-proof fixtures,119 leak-sensing devices,120 and 110 10 MO. CODE REGS. ann. 10-2.260, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c10-2.pdf. 111 MO. REV. STAT. 319.107, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C300-399/3190000107.HTM. 112 10 MO. CODE REGS. 10-2–10-6, Air Quality Stds, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10csr.asp#10- 10.10csr.asp#10-10. 113 2 MO. CODE REGS. 90-30, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/2csr/2c90-30.pdf. 114 2 MO. CODE REGS. 90-10, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/2csr/2c90-10.pdf. 115 Per NFPA code. 116 N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts 2003 ICC International Mechanical Code, including §§ 403, 404, & 502.1. 117 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts the 2003 International Fuel Gas Code, N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code subch. 3. Subcodes, § 5:23-3.22 Fuel gas subcode. www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp. The Fuel gas subcode includes provisions for LNG vehicle fuel dispensing (§ 412); CNG vehicle fuel dispensing (§ 413); and hydrogen dispensing (ch. 7, specifically § 703). This code also references the 2003 Int’l Fire Code, which while not adopted in New Jersey, serves as a referenced standard whose requirements can also be applied. Requirements for LNG, CNG, and hydrogen fuel dispensing are found in § § 2207, 2208, and various sections of chs. 27, 30, 35, and 41 of that code respectively. 118 Id. 119 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts the 2006 [sic] National Electrical Code (NFPA 70), N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Constructions Code, subch 3. Subcodes, § 5:23-3.16 Electrical subcode, www.mitchie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [Note that version of § 5:23-3.16 available on Internet as of Apr. 23, 2007, states that New Jersey has adopted the 2005 NEC.] NFPA 70 includes provisions for repair garages (art. 511) and motor fuel dispensing facilities (art. 514), which each contain requirements for explosion-proof electrical work for liquid and gaseous fuel vehicle facilities. This document also references NFPA 30A, the standard for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages, and NFPA 58, the Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code. 120 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts the 2000 Int’l Building Code, N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, subch. 3. Subcodes § 5:23-3.14 Building subcode, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp. The Building Code contains requirements for gas detection in art. 406 (Motor Vehicle Related Occupancies) in maintenance of batteries for electric and/or hybrid- electric vehicles.121 In addition, utility companies have requirements for compressor station installation and configuration that vary depending upon the utility company supplying gas (NJ Transit). New York: New York imposes requirements concern- ing fuel handling,122 vapor venting,123 explosion-proof fixtures,124 leak-detection devices,125 and battery main- tenance for electric and/or hybrid-electric vehicles.126 These requirements include meeting industry stan- dards of the NFPA and the National Electric Code (NEC) [NFPA 70] (NYCT). Ohio: Ohio requires that transit agencies meet NFPA standards for alternative fuels (GCRTA). Pennsylvania:[127] Pennsylvania imposes inspection requirements for alternative fuel vehicles128 (State DOT). Pennsylvania also imposes requirements related to fuel handling, vapor venting, explosion-proof fix- tures, leak-detection devices, and maintenance of bat- garages where gaseous fuel vehicles are used (see 406.6.6). There are similar requirements in the 2003 ICC International Mechanical Code (§ 502.16), which references more specific requirements in the 2003 International Fire Code (see above). 121 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts the 2006 [sic] National Electrical Code (NFPA 70), N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, subch 3. Subcodes, § 5:23-3.16 Electrical subcode, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [Note that version of § 5:23-3.16 available on Internet as of Apr. 23, 2007, states that New Jersey has adopted the 2005 NEC.] NFPA 70 includes provisions for electric vehicle charging stations in art. 625, and in § 511.10(B). 122 Chs. 3, 6, 7, 9, N.Y.S. Building Code; chs. 7, 9, 22, 25, 27, 34, N.Y.S. Fire Code. 123 Department of Environmental Conservation: 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 612, Registration of Petroleum Storage Facilities, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4434.html; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 613, Handling and Storage of Petroleum, http://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4433.html; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 614, Standards for New and Substantially Modified Petroleum Storage Facilities, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4432.html. 124 National Electrical Code; chs. 27, 34, 35 N.Y.S. Fire Code. 125 Chs. 9, 27, 30, 34, 35, N.Y.S. PIRG Code; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pts. 612, 613, 614. 126 NFPA, NYCT Design Standard for Bus Depots. 127 Storage and dispensing of CNG in fleet operations: Combustible and Flammable Liquids Act, Act No. 1998-15, www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/lib/landi/laws-regulations/bois/a- 15.pdf; 37 PA. CODE ch. 11. Flammable and Combustible Liquids; Preliminary Provisions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter11/chap11toc.html. 128 67 PA. CODE ch. 175, subch. M, Alternate Fuel Systems and Controls, www.pacode.com/secure/data/067/chapter175/subchapMtoc.ht ml.

14 teries for electric and/or hybrid vehicles129 (Port Author- ity of Allegheny County). Pennsylvania requires the following industry stan- dards (Port Authority of Allegheny County): • ASTM International (www.astm.org). • Fuel Gas Code (www.techstreet.com/cgi- bin/detail?product_id=1227667) (www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=124&URL =Codes%20and%20Standards). • CGA (www.cganet.com/Publication.asp?mode=pb). Texas: Texas imposes requirements concerning fuel handling (usage/storage), vapor venting, explosion-proof fixtures, special sensing devices to warn of leaks, and meeting industry standards130 (Dallas Area Rapid Tran- sit (DART)). 3. Overview of Local Requirements Fire codes are often implemented at the local level and may be more stringent than state codes. State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning fuel handling (usage/storage), vapor venting, explosion-proof fixtures, special sensing devices to warn of leaks, main- tenance of batteries for electric and/or hybrid electric vehicles, meeting industry standards such as those of the NFPA or SAE, and other alternative fuel issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing fuel handling (usage/storage), vapor venting, explosion-proof fixtures, and special sensing devices to warn of leaks (Arizona DOT). [Phoe- nix has an alternative fuels program.131] California: LACMTA has a policy of only purchasing alternative-fuel vehicles.132 The local gas company has its own requirements for gas equipment (LACMTA). County and municipal government codes that mandate industry standards include (LACMTA): 129 Id. and 34 PA. CODE, www.pacode.com. Battery maintenance also regulated under 28 PA. CODE, www.pacode.com. 130 TEX. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 16, Economic Regulation, pt. 1 Railroad Commission of Texas, ch. 14, Regulations for Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=4&ti=16&pt=1&ch=14; TEX. ADMIN. CODE tit. 16, Economic Regulation pt. 1 Railroad Commission of Texas ch. 13, Regulations for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=4&ti=16&pt=1&ch=13. 131 Phoenix implemented an alternative fuels program to meet clean air requirements. Ray Dovalina, Jr., P.E., and Glenn Kelly, City of Phoenix Public Transit Department, Alternative Fuels Program, www.apta.com/research/info/briefings/documents/dovalina.pdf. 132 Alternative Fuel Initiative, www.metro.net/about_us/library/Alternative%20Fuel%20Initia tive.pdf. • County of Los Angeles Fire Code (Title 32 of the Los Angeles County Code). • City of Los Angeles Fire Code (more restrictive than California Fire Code). • NFPA 30A (Code for Motor Fuel Vehicle Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages). • NFPA 52 (Compressed Natural Gas Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, latest version). (LACMTA uses latest version regardless of version in California Fire Code; some cities use older versions than those in the Califor- nia Fire Code.) In addition, municipal plan checkers may require compliance with codes that cover explosion-proof fix- tures, and hydrogen-leak-detection systems, alarms, and exhaust systems may be required by the local fire marshal (AC Transit). Florida: Under certain circumstances, and subject to procedural requirements, local governments may adopt stricter requirements than those in the Florida Building Code. Such amendments are posted on the Florida Building Commission Web site.133 Minnesota: The county requires a hazardous waste annual inspection (Metro Transit). Missouri: There are county or municipal require- ments related to fuel handling (State DOT). Nevada: There are county or municipal requirements related to explosion-proof fixtures134 (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: There are utility company requirements for compressor station installation and configuration; these requirements vary depending upon the utility company supplying gas (NJ Transit). New York: The Fire Department of New York im- poses requirements concerning fuel handling and leak detection sensors (NYCT). The Fire Department im- poses requirements for natural gas storage135 and LP gases136 (NYCT). Pennsylvania: The City of Pittsburgh has adopted the NEC, which imposes requirements on fuel handling, explosion-proof fixtures, explosion-sensing devices, and maintenance of electric and/or hybrid-electric vehicle batteries.137 Both the Allegheny County Health Depart- ment138 and the City of Pittsburgh139 impose require- ments related to vapor venting (Port Authority of Alle- gheny County). 133 Preface, Florida Building Code 2004. 134 Per NFPA code. 135 3 RCNY § 23-12, Storage and Use of Compressed Natural Gas, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm. 136 3 RCNY ch. 25, Liquefied Petroleum Gases, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm. 137 www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/BBI/html/important_codes.html. 138 County of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Ordinance No. 16782, and Allegheny County Health Department Rules and Regulations, art. XXI Air Pollution Control, www.achd.net/airqual/pubs/pdf/polctrl.pdf. 139 www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/BBI/html/important_codes.html.

15 Texas: Local fire departments impose requirements concerning fuel handling (usage/storage), vapor vent- ing, explosion-proof fixtures, special sensing devices to warn of leaks, and meeting industry standards. In addi- tion, the Regional Transportation Council (RTC), the policy body for the North Central Texas Council of Gov- ernments, has adopted a resolution supporting a Clean Fleet Vehicle Policy (www.nctcog.org/trans/clean/ vehicles/fleet/policy/index.asp) that reserves all future RTC vehicle funding for government entities that adopt the Clean Fleet Vehicle Model Ordinance (DART). 4. Industry Codes The following list is illustrative of industry codes that may form the basis for state and local regulation of alternative fuels. State and local governments may adopt these codes by reference or may adopt portions of the codes or with amendments. Also, the versions of the codes that are adopted are not necessarily the most re- cent versions; some state and local governments may mandate compliance with earlier versions of the codes. Three primary organizations that promulgate industry codes are the ICC, NFPA, and SAE. • NFPA 1: Uniform Fire Code™ (includes storage, use, processing, handling, and on-site transportation of flammable and combustible gases, liquids, and solids; storage, use, processing, handling, and on-site transpor- tation of hazardous materials) (www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?Doc Num=1). • NFPA 2: Hydrogen Technologies Code: proposed stan- dard, 2009 (www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?Doc Num=2). • NFPA 30A: Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages (www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?Doc Num=30A). • NFPA 52, Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2006 edition; Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel Sys- tems Code, 2002 edition (www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?Doc Num=52). • NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code (www.nfpa.org/ aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=54). • NFPA 57, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2002 edition. • NFPA 59A: Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) (www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?Doc Num=59A&cookie%5Ftest=1). • NFPA 70: National Electric Code (www.nfpa.org/ aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70). • SAE Recommended Practice J1673: High Voltage Automotive Wiring Assembly Design (www.sae.org/ technical/standards/J1673_199607). • SAE Recommended Practice J1718: Measurement of Hydrogen Gas Emission From Battery-Powered Pas- senger Cars and Light Trucks During Battery Charging (www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1718_199704). • SAE Recommended Practice J1742: Connections for High Voltage On-Board Road Vehicle Electrical Wir- ing Harnesses (www.sae.org/technical/standards/ J1742_200512). • SAE Recommended Practice J1798: Performance Rat- ing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules (www.sae.org/ technical/standards/J1798_199701). • SAE Recommended Practice J2293: Energy Transfer System for Electric Vehicles (www.sae.org/technical/ standards/J2293/2_199706). • ANSI NGV1—CNG Vehicle Fueling Connection De- vices.140 • ANSI NGV2—Basic Requirements for CNG Vehicle Fuel Containers. • ANSI NGV3.1—Fuel System Components for Natural Gas Powered Vehicles. • ANSI NGV4.1—NGV Dispensing Systems. • ANSI NGV4.2—Hoses for NGVs and Dispensing Sys- tems Hoses Systems. • ANSI NGV4.4—Breakaway Devices for Natural Gas Dispensing Hoses and Systems. • ANSI NGV4.6—Manually Operated Valves for Natu- ral Gas Dispensing Systems. • ANSI NGV4.8—NGV Fueling Station Reciprocating Compressor Guidelines. • ANSI PRD1—Basic Requirements for Pressure Relief Devices for NGV Fuel Containers. • American Gas Association Standards (www.techstreet.com/cgi- bin/browsePublisher?publisher_id=12&subgroup_id=17 886). • CGA (www.cganet.com/Publication.asp?mode=pb). 5. Operational Concerns/Features • Ventilation/leak detection in maintenance bays, other enclosed areas where CNG, etc. are used. • Increased safety concerns for most alternative fuels, particularly concerning fire.141 • Availability of alternative fuels: limited number of suppliers for some fuels may lead to increased costs.142 • Hybrid-electric buses: special insulated tools, antista- tic clothing, safe labeling of work place.143 • Natural gas: inspection of CNG cylinders by qualified inspectors.144 140 ANSI/CSA Automotive Technical Committee Published ANSI Standards, http://205.168.79.26/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf/pdfs/hank_seiff.pdf 141 ALTERNATIVE FUELS STUDY: A REPORT TO CONGRESS ON POLICY OPTIONS FOR INCREASING THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN TRANSIT VEHICLES, Dec. 2006, at 36–37. www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Alternative_Fuels_Study_Report_t o_Congress.pdf. 142 Id. at 38–39. 143 HYBRID-ELECTRIC TRANSIT BUSES: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FULL IMPLEMENTATION, at 3, www.utrc2.org/publications/assets/13/hybridbus1.pdf.

16 • Training must be provided on vehicle maintenance and fuel handling. For example, while CNG vehicles do not require significantly different engine maintenance than diesel engines, more training is required for han- dling CNG tanks and supply lines. • Training resources include the National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium (NAFTC), Alternative Fuel Vehicle Institute (AFVI), Natural Gas Vehicle Institute (NGVI), DOE’s Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehi- cles Data Center (www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/), National Clean Cities Conference, FedFleet Conference, Clean Heavy Duty Vehicle Conference, and vehicle manufac- turers.145 • Because of newness of technology, engine models may change, complicating maintenance, both in terms of training and parts supply.146 • Use of CNG vehicles may require coordination with emergency response teams.147 • Exhaust aftertreatment requirements. 6. FAQs What other agencies have experience with alterna- tive fuels? [Cited agencies are illustrative, not an ex- haustive list of all agencies using alternative fuels.] • The following agencies have deployed biodiesel: • Metro (St. Louis, Missouri) (www.metrostlouis.org). • Cincinnati Metro (Ohio) (www.sorta.com). • Central Ohio Transit Authority148 (www.cota.com). • The following agencies have deployed CNG:149 • Los Angeles MTA (www.metro.net). • Pierce Transit (California) (www.piercetransit.org/cng.htm). • Foothill Transit (California) (www.foothilltransit.org). • SunLine Transit Agency (California) (www.sunline.org). • Santa Fe Trails150 (New Mexico) (http://santafetrails.santafenm.gov/default.asp?DomNa me=santafetrails.santafenm.gov). 144 News Briefs from the Clean Vehicle Education Foundation, Transit California, July/Aug. 2006, at 29; Natural Gas Vehicle Cylinder Safety, Training and Inspection Program, www.cleanvehicle.org/technology/cylinder.shtml. 145 William D. Siuru, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Maintenance Matters: Alternative Fuels and AFVs: Is Your Staff Ready, MASSTRANSIT, July/Aug. 2005, at 48–52. See also Leslie Eudy, Natural Gas in Transit Fleets: A Review of the Transit Experience, NREL/TP-540-31479, Feb. 2002, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/ng_transit.pdf. 146 Gina Hayden, GET Goes CNG, California Transit Association, Sept./Oct. 2006, at 10. 147 Id., at 11. 148 Adrian Burns, Soy Fuel Turning into Tiger for COTA's Tank, Wallet, BUSINESS FIRST OF COLUMBUS, July 7, 2006, http://columbus.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2006/07/10/st ory3.html. 149 See Eudy, supra note 145, www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/ng_transit.pdf. • Ride On (Montgomery County, Maryland) (www.montgomerycountymd.gov/tsvtmpl.asp?url=/co ntent/dpwt/transit/index.asp). • Centre Area Transportation Authority (State Col- lege, Pennsylvania) (www.catabus.com/accngprog.htm). Sun Metro (El Paso, Texas) (www.elpasotexas.gov/sunmetro/default.asp). • SunTran (Tucson, Arizona) (www.suntran.com). • The following agencies have deployed LNG: • Phoenix Public Transit Department151 (Arizona) (http://phoenix.gov/PUBLICTRANSIT/; http://www.afvi.org/PhoenixCongress2006/presentations /may08/1545- 1715_Prescott_8_U.S._LNG_Market/PTD_LNG_Clean_ Air_PresentationFinal.PPT). • Santa Monica's Big Blue Bus (California) (www.bigbluebus.com/home/index.asp?noticeid=8). •DART152 (Texas) (www.dart.org). • The following agencies have deployed hybrid-electric buses:153 • NYCT154 (New York) (www.mta.info/nyct/index.html). • Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (Colorado) (www.rfta.com). • Oahu Transit (Hawaii) (www.thebus.org). • King County Metro (Washington) (http://transit.metrokc.gov). • Metro Transit (Minneapolis, Minnesota) (www.metrotransit.org). • The Rapid (Grand Rapids, Michigan) (www.ridetherapid.org). • IndyGo (Indianapolis, Indiana) (www.indygo.net). • The following agencies have deployed fuel cell buses: 150 Julie Ann Grimm, Bucking the Gasoline Habit, THE NEW MEXICAN, Aug. 2, 2007. [Abstract available at http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sfnewmexican/access/1320923671. html?dids=1320923671:1320923671&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS: FT&date=Aug+3%2C+2007&author=JULIE+ANN+GRIMM%2 C+PHOTOS+BY+LUIS+SNCHEZ+SATURNO&pub=The+Sant a+Fe+New+Mexican&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=BUCKIN G+THE+GASOLINE+HABIT]. 151 Dovalina, supra note 131, www.apta.com/research/info/briefings/documents/dovalina.pdf. 152 Alternative Fuel Transit Buses: DART’s LNG Bus Fleet Final Results, www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/28739.pdf. 153 APTA published a study on transit experience with hybrid-electric buses: Nigel N. Clark, W. Scott Wayne, Feng Zhen, Siddiqur Rahman Khan, John J. Schiavone, Clifford A. Chambers, & Kevin L. Chandler, A Review of the Performance of Hybrid-Electric Bus Technology on Fuel Economy and Emissions (APTA 2006 Bus & Paratransit Conference proceedings paper), www.apta.com/research/info/briefings/documents/clark_hybrid. pdf. 154 Kevin Chandler, Kevin Walkowicz, & Leslie Eudy, Hybrid-Electric Transit Buses: NYCT (New York City Transit) Diesel Hybrid-Electric Buses: Final Results, July 2002, www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32427.pdf.

17 • AC Transit and SunLine Transit Agency155 (Cali- fornia) (www.actransit.org; www.sunline.org/home/index.asp). • Lynx156 (Florida) (www.golynx.com). • Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA)157 (California) (www.vta.org). Where can I get clarification about the requirements for on-site storage of CNG and liquid hydrogen? • Fuel storage is likely to trigger fire safety require- ments. Check with your state fire marshal158 (if none, county or municipal fire departments) to verify re- quirements in your jurisdiction. • Fuel storage will trigger environmental requirements. See Sections II.C., Clean Water, and II.F., Storage Tanks, in this report. Your state environmental office and EPA regional office (Appendix E) should be able to assist with specific questions about storage require- ments. • Fuel storage may trigger labor/safety requirements.159 C. Clean Air (Not Including Storage Tanks) A number of clean air requirements affect bus main- tenance facility operations. For example, air quality standards affect the operation of equipment in the maintenance facility. Buses must be maintained to re- main in compliance with emissions requirements. Dis- posal of supplies such as refrigerants must comply with clean air standards. Work performed on the facility it- self must be in compliance with asbestos regulations. 1. Federal Requirements EPA: EPA implements the relevant federal clean air requirements. Major subject areas include asbestos and other hazardous air pollutants, mobile source emis- sions, and ozone protection. The Clean Air Act (CAA)160 and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990161 are the primary sources of requirements governing these sub- 155 AC Transit, SunLine Adding Fuel Cell Buses to Fleets, www.apta.com/research/info/briefings/fuel_cell_pt_6_02.cfm. 156 Kurt D. Schultheis, Lynx Taking Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles for a Test Spin, ORLANDO BUSINESS JOURNAL, Mar. 24, 2006, www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2006/03/27/story7.html?fr om_rss=1. 157 Zero-Emission Bus Demonstration Program, www.vta.org/projects/ZEBs.html. 158 One source that lists state fire marshals is The Safety Library, www.thesafetylibrary.com/sites/uslawfirem.php. 159 E.g., Combustible and Flammable Liquids Act, Act No. 1998-15. Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry, www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/CWP/view.asp?A=185&Q=63486. 160 42 U.S.C. §§ 7401 et seq. (1970), www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm. 161 P.L. No. 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990. ject areas. The EPA provides explanation/guidance on the CAA and transportation.162 Asbestos/hazardous air pollutants requirements in- clude: • The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Asbestos.163 The purpose of the Asbestos National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Program is to protect public health from exposure to regulated asbestos- containing material (RACM) during NESHAP facility renovation/demolition activities, asbestos removal, trans- port and disposal, closely monitoring those activities for proper notification and asbestos emissions control.164 • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)165 and EPA166 rules governing repair, cleaning, or replacement of asbestos-containing clutch plates and brake pads, shoes, and linings, or removal of asbestos- containing residue from brake drums or clutch hous- ings. EPA publishes best practices information for brake and clutch repair workers.167 • The Asbestos Model Accreditation Plan (Asbestos MAP),168 issued under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act (ASHARA), requires accreditation of personnel working on asbestos activi- ties in schools, public and commercial buildings.169 The 162 E.g., The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act: Cars, Trucks, Buses, and "Nonroad" Equipment, www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/carstrucks.html; Transportation and Air Quality Key Topics, www.epa.gov/otaq/. 163 Sect. 112, Clean Air Act: 42 U.S.C. 7401, 7412, 7414, 7416, 7601; 40 C.F.R. pt. 61, subpt. M—National Emission Standard for Asbestos, §§ 61.140–161-157. 164 www.azdeq.gov/environ/air/asbestos/index.html. 165 29 C.F.R. 1910.1001(f)(3), Specific compliance methods for brake and clutch repair, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=S TANDARDS&p_id=9995; 29 C.F.R. 1910.1001 app. F: Work practices and engineering controls for automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly— Mandatory, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=S TANDARDS&p_id=10001. 166 Subpt. G of 40 C.F.R. pt. 763, http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/03jul20071500/edocke t.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2007/julqtr/pdf/40cfr763.120.pdf. This EPA Asbestos Worker Protection Rule applies OSHA’s rule (29 C.F.R. 1910.1001(f)(3) and app. F) to state and local government workers in states without OSHA-approved state plans. 167 Brake Repair Current Best Practices for Preventing Asbestos Exposure Among Brake and Clutch Repair Workers, EPA, Aug. 23, 2006, www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/goldbooktext.html. 168 40 C.F.R. pt. 763, app. C to subpt. E, pp. 817–832, http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/03jul20071500/edocke t.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2007/julqtr/pdf/40cfr763.99.pdf. 169 www.epa.gov/region1/enforcement/asbestos/index.html#ASHA RA.

18 Asbestos MAP is used as a minimum training standard in some states.170 • The standards for halogenated solvent cleaning, which includes batch cold cleaning machine stan- dards.171 The EPA has published a summary of the re- quirements for implementing the Halogenated Solvent Cleaning NESHAP.172 Title II of the CAA contains provisions relating to mobile sources. Regulations include: • Control of air pollution from mobile sources.173 • Control of emissions from new and in-use highway vehicles and engines.174 • Clean-fuel vehicles.175 • The Urban Bus Retrofit Rule.176 Requires that pre- 1994 buses in metropolitan areas with populations over 750,000 be retrofitted with catalytic converters to re- duce particulate emissions. EPA evaluates equipment for emission-reduction capability.177 Failure to comply may result in fines of up to $27,500 per urban bus.178 For example, the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority paid a $75,000 penalty in part because of its failure to make required retrofits when it rebuilt the engines of pre-1994 buses.179 The EPA encourages voluntary diesel retrofits for heavy-duty vehicles not subject to the Ur- ban Bus Retrofit Rule.180 • The Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements (the 170 www.dli.state.pa.us/mrc/cwp/view.asp?a=263&Q=184152. 171 40 C.F.R. § 63.462. 172 National Emission Standards for Halogenated Solvent Cleaning: Summary of Requirements for Implementing the NESHAP, Sept. 1997 (Revised Mar. 2004), www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/degrea/solv-cln4-30-04.pdf. See also Questions and Answers on the Halogenated Solvent Cleaner NESHAP, www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-ead-caap- degrease-deg-qa.pdf. 173 40 C.F.R. pt. 85, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/40cfr85_06.html. 174 40 C.F.R. pt. 86, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr86_07.html; www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr86a_07.html. 175 40 C.F.R. pt. 88, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr88_07.html. 176 Sect. 219(d) of the CAA: Urban Bus Rebuild Requirements, 40 C.F.R. pt. 85, subpt. O, http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/22jul20061500/edocke t.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2006/julqtr/pdf/40cfr85.1401.pdf. 177 See Urban Bus Retrofit/Rebuild Notices, http://epa.gov/otaq/hd-hwy.htm#rtrb; Diesel Retrofit Technology Verification, http://epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/index.htm. 178 Urban Bus Retrofit Enforcement, www.epa.gov/compliance/civil/caa/caaenfprog.html#Ubus. 179 RIPTA Agrees to Reduce Bus Pollution by 90 Percent in Enforcement Case Settlement, Oct. 10, 2002, www.epa.gov/ne/pr/2002/oct/021018.html. 180 Heavy-Duty Diesel Emission Reduction Project Retrofit/Rebuild Component, EPA 420-R-99-014, June 1999,http://epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/documents/epafinalrep.pdf. “2007 Heavy-Duty Highway Rule”).181 Promulgated in 2001 under Section 211(c)(1) of the CAA182 and amended in 2006,183 the Rule sets standards for significantly re- duced particulate matter and diesel sulfur levels.184 EPA provides guidance on this regulation.185 Title III of the CAA contains two overlapping186 sec- tions relevant to air conditioning maintenance in bus facilities: Sections 608 and 609. Both sections are aimed at regulating ozone-depleting refrigerants: • Section 608187 authorizes regulations governing sta- tionary refrigeration, air conditioning, and halon han- dling,188 covering issues such as venting of refrigerant substitutes189 (venting hydrofluorocarbon and perfluoro- carbon refrigerants being illegal) and refrigerant recy- cling.190 • Section 609 authorizes regulations governing motor vehicle air conditioning,191 including requirements that refrigerant handling equipment meet published stan- dards.192 EPA provides guidance concerning acceptable alternative refrigerants for motor vehicles.193 • EPA requires certification of technicians who perform maintenance and other services covered by Sections 181 Amending 40 C.F.R. pt. 86, www.epa.gov/otaq/highway- diesel/regs/2007-heavy-duty-highway.htm. 182 App. A: Legal Authority for Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control, www.epa.gov/otaq/highway-diesel/regs/ria-a.pdf. 183 Amendments to Regulations for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines: Direct Final Rule, 71 Fed. Reg. 51481 (Aug. 30, 2006), www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2006/August/Day- 30/a14429.pdf. 184 EPA Press Release, Dec. 21, 2000: EPA Dramatically Reduces Pollution from Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses; Cuts Sulfur Levels in Diesel Fuel, http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ac27bf9339f1c2852 5701c005e2edf/405d2f1b56c262e9852569bc00558db3!OpenDoc ument; Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements, www.epa.gov/otaq/highway-diesel/regs/2007-heavy-duty- highway.htm. 185 Heavy-Duty Highway Diesel Program,www.epa.gov/otaq/highway-diesel/index.htm. 186 www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/overlap.html. 187 www.epa.gov/oar/caa/caa608.txt. 188 See EPA’s Stationary Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for detailed information on these issues, www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/index.html. 189 40 C.F.R. pt. 82, Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Refrigerant Recycling; Substitute Refrigerants; Final Rule, www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/regulations/69fr11946.pdf. 190 Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Supplemental Rule Regarding a Recycling Standard Under § 608 of the Clean AirAct, www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2003/July/Day- 24/a18150.htm. 191 www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/609/regulations/62fr68026.pdf; www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/609/justfax.html. 192 www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/609/technicians/appequip.html. 193 Choosing and Using Alternative Refrigerants for Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning, www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/refrigerants/macssubs.html.

19 608194 and 609.195 The type of certification required (608 versus 609) depends on “the type of compressor, type of refrigerant, and the function of the cooling.”196 • Failure to use properly approved refrigerant recycling equipment or properly trained and certified technicians and failure to certify to the EPA proper use of approved refrigerant recycling equipment are deemed violations of Section 609 and its implementing regulations.197 • FTA does not impose clean air requirements, but the FTA’s Master Agreement requires that grant recipients comply with the CAA, as well as with other federal en- vironmental laws.198 FTA does provide technical assis- tance.199 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning asbes- tos, refrigerants/air conditioning/halon, vehicle emis- sions (either within the maintenance facility or on the road), and other clean air requirements. Reported re- quirements are set forth below. Based on the question- naire responses, state requirements appear to be com- mon for all of these areas. [Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia have formed the Mid-Atlantic Regional Environmental Consortium (MAREC), which developed a reciprocal agreement on asbestos removal training.200] Arizona: Arizona imposes requirements related to asbestos,201 vehicle emissions,202 and other clean air re- quirements203 (Phoenix). 194 Sect. 608 Technician Certification Programs, www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/technicians/608certs.html. 195 Technician Training and Certification: § 609 Technician Certification Programs, www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/609/technicians/609certs.html. The Mobile Air Conditioning Society is one organization that offers information on § 609 training and certification. U.S. Clean Air Act § 609 Certification Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling, www.macsw.org/certification.php. 196 www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/faq.html#q6. 197 See, e.g., EPA SETTLES CLEAN AIR ACT STRATOSPHERIC OZONE PROTECTION CASE FOR $45,601, www.epa.gov/ozone/enforce/TMSI_Region_8.pdf. 198 FTA Master Agreement MA(14), Oct. 1, 2007, § 25. Environmental Protections, p. 49, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/14-Master.pdf. 199 E.g., Federal Transit Administration Environmental Management Systems Training & Assistance, www.fta.dot.gov/library/FTA_EMS/EMS_Final_Report.pdf. 200 MAREC Asbestos Reciprocity Agreement, www.dli.state.pa.us/mrc/cwp/view.asp?a=263&Q=184152. 201 ARIZ. REV. STAT., art. 2: State Air Pollution Control, § 49- 421 et seq.; ARIZ. REV. STAT., art. 3: County Air Pollution Control § 49-471 et seq., www.azleg.state.az.us/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp?Title=49; ARIZ. ADMIN. CODE R18-2-1101 (A)(8), http://159.87.34.10/public_services/Title_18/18- 02.htm#Article_11. California: [California requirements are of particular interest because other states may look to them as benchmarks for their own requirements. For example, any commercial buses and publicly-owned on-road vehi- cles certified by the California Air Resources Board as meeting emissions standards for PM2.5 for model year 2007 and later engines are exempt from the require- ments of New Jersey Administrative Code 7:27-14.7 through 14.10, and 7:27-32 adopted under New Jersey’s new Diesel Retrofit Law.204] California imposes re- quirements related to ventilation controls,205 asbestos,206 refrigerants/air conditioning/halon, 207 vehicle emis- 202 ARIZ. REV. STAT., art. 7, Emissions Control, § 49-571, Clean burning or alternative fuel requirements for new buses; definitions, www.azleg.state.az.us/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp?Title=49. 203 www.azdeq.gov/environ/air/index.html. 204 Diesel Retrofit Program, rule adoption. http://njintouch.state.nj.us/dep/rules/adoptions/2007_0806diese l_retrofit.pdf. 205 Subch. 7, General Industry Safety Orders, Group 16, Control of Hazardous Substances, art. 107. Dusts, Fumes, Mists, Vapors and Gases, www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/sb7g16a107.html (State DOT); Building Code, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/default.htm, chs. 3, 12; Building Code, ch. 12 [CAL. CODE OF REGS., tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 2, Mechanical Code, chs. 4, 5 [CAL. CODE OF REGS., tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 4] (LACMTA). 206 Subch. 4, Construction Safety Orders, art. 4. Dusts, Fumes, Mists, Vapors, and Gases, www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/1529.html (State DOT); AQMD Rule 1403, Asbestos Emissions from Demolition/Renovation Activities, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg/reg14/r1403.pdf (LACMTA). 207 Health and Safety Code §§ 44470–44474, www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=44001-45000&file=44470- 44474 (State DOT); AQMD Rule 1415. Reduction of Refrigerant Emissions from Stationary Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg14/r1415.pdf (LACMTA), AQMD RULE 1411—Recovery or Recycling of Refrigerants from Motor Vehicle Air Conditioners, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg14/r1411.pdf (State DOT).

20 sions,208 fuel dispensing209 (LACMTA), engines210 (LACMTA), and solvents211 (LACMTA). [The Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies (“Fleet Rule”) requires that: • Transit agencies choose an alternative fuels path or a diesel path. • All transit agencies in the South Coast Air Quality Management District switch to the alternative fuels path. • 85 percent of new urban bus purchases of agencies that have chosen the alternative fuel path be alterna- tive fuel buses. The rule sets emissions standards for those vehicles. • Increased nitrogen oxide emissions standards for transit agencies on the diesel path with more than 30 buses in their fleets. These standards must be met 2 years earlier than those for fleets on the alternative fuels path. • All transit agencies meet reporting requirements about urban buses.212 • Transit agencies meet particulate matter reduction, NOx, and reporting requirements on smaller nongaso- line vehicles owned or operated by them.213 The Zero-Emission Bus Regulation would require that transit agencies on the diesel and alternative fuel paths purchase specified numbers of zero-emission 208 Subch. 7, General Industry Safety Orders, Group 16, Control of Hazardous Substances, art. 107. Dusts, Fumes, Mists, Vapors, and Gases, www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/sb7g16a107.html (State DOT); Air Quality Management District, California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board (CARB/ARB) (LACMTA). 209 AQMD Rule 461, Gasoline Transfer and Dispensing, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg04/r461.pdf . 210 AQMD Rule 1470, Requirements for Stationary Diesel- Fueled Internal Combustion and Other Compression Ignition Engines, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg14/r1470.pdf; AQMD Rule 1151, Motor Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Non- Assembly Line Coating Operations, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11/r1151.pdf. 211 AQMD Rule 1171, Solvent Cleaning Operations, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11_tofc.html. 212 Fact Sheet: Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, Urban Bus Requirements, tit. 13 CAL. CODE REGS., §§ 1956.1, 2020, 2023, 2023.1, 2023.4, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/bus/ub/ubfactsheet.pdf; § 2023.1. Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies—Urban Bus Requirements, www.arb.ca.gov/regact/sctransit/frorev.pdf. See generally California Air Resources Board: Public Transit Agencies, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/bus/bus.htm. See also State of California Air Resources Board Resolution 05-53, Oct. 20, 2005, www.arb.ca.gov/regact/sctransit/res0553.pdf. 213 Fact Sheet: Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, Transit Fleet Vehicle Requirements, tit. 13 CAL. CODE REGS., §§ 2020, 2023, 2023.2, 2023.4, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/bus/tfv/tfvfactsheet.pdf. buses. However, that regulation is under review due to feasibility concerns.214] Delaware: Delaware has licensing/certification re- quirements for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technicians working with freon (State DOT). District of Columbia: [All references from Washing- ton Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Environmental Policy Manual] General and Non- Attainment Area Permits, District of Columbia Munici- pal Regulations (DCMR) Title 20, Subtitle A, Chapter 2; Particulates, DCMR Title 20, Subtitle A, Chapter 6; Volatile Organic Compounds and Hazardous Air Pollut- ants, DCMR Title 20, Subtitle A, Chapter 7; Asbestos, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Dioxides and Lead, DCMR Title 20, Subtitle A, Chapter 8; Motor Vehicular Pollutants, Lead, Odors, and Nuisance Pollutants, DCMR Title 20, Subtitle A, Chapter 9. Florida: Florida imposes requirements related to ventilation,215 asbestos,216 refrigerants,217 and vehicle emissions218 (Miami-Dade Transit). Georgia: Georgia imposes requirements related to asbestos219 (MARTA). Illinois: Illinois imposes requirements related to as- bestos220 (CTA). 214 California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board Status Report on the California Air Resources Board’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program, Apr. 20, 2007, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/zev_review_staffrep ort.pdf; Rulemaking To Consider Proposed Amendments To The Zero Emission Bus Regulation (Oct. 19, 2006), www.arb.ca.gov/regact/zbus06/zbus06.htm. 215 Florida Building Code 2004, Mechanical § 403, Mechanical Ventilation. 216 FLA. STAT. ch. 376, Pollutant Discharge Prevention and Removal, § 376.60, Asbestos removal program inspection and notification fee, www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Sta tute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0376/SEC60.HTM&Title=- %3E2000-%3ECh0376-%3ESection%2060. 217 2006 FLA. STAT., tit. XXIII Motor Vehicles, ch. 325 Motor Vehicle Refrigerants and Emissions § 325.223 Training and certification requirements; sale of refrigerants; penalties; fees, www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Sta tute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0325/SEC223. HTM&Title=- %3E2006-%3ECh0325-%3ESection%20223#0325.223. 218 2006 FLA. STAT., tit. XXIII Motor Vehicles, ch. 316 State Uniform Traffic Control § 316.2935 Air pollution control equipment; tampering prohibited; penalty, www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Sta tute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0316/SEC2935.HTM&Title=- %3E2006-%3ECh0316-%3ESection%202935#0316.2935. 219 Rule 391-3-14, [Asbestos Removal and Encapsulation, http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/cgi- bin/page.cgi?g=GEORGIA_DEPARTMENT_OF_NATURAL_R ESOURCES%2FENVIRONMENTAL_PROTECTION%2FASB ESTOS_REMOVAL_AND_ENCAPSULATION%2Findex.html &d=1]. 220 Schools, 105 ILL. COMP. STAT. 105, Asbestos Abatement Act, www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1014&ChapAct= 105%20ILCS%20105/&ChapterID=17&ChapterName=SCHOO

21 Indiana: Indiana imposes requirements related to ventilation,221 asbestos,222 refrigerants/air condition- ing/halon,223 and other clean air requirements224 (IndyGo). Louisiana: Louisiana imposes requirements related to ventilation225 and asbestos226 (State DOT). Maryland: Maryland imposes requirements related to ventilation,227 asbestos,228 refrigerants/air condition- ing/halon,229 vehicle emissions,230 and other clean air requirements231 (MTA). LS&ActName=Asbestos+Abatement+Act.; Commercial and Public Building Asbestos Abatement Act, 225 ILL. COMP. STAT. 207, www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1331&ChapAct= 225%26nbsp%3BILCS%26nbsp%3B207%2F&ChapterID=24& ChapterName=PROFESSIONS+AND+OCCUPATIONS&ActN ame=Commercial+and+Public+Building+Asbestos+Abatement +Act%2E; tit. 77: Public Health, ch. I: Department of Public Health, subch. P: Hazardous and Poisonous Substance, pt. 855 Asbestos Abatement for Public and Private Schools and Commercial and Public Buildings in Illinois, www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/07700855section s.html; tit. 35: Environmental Protection, subtit. B: Air Pollution, ch I: Pollution Control Board, subch. C: Emission Standards and Limitations for Stationary Sources, pt. 228 Asbestos, www.sos.state.il.us/departments/index/code/title35.pdf. 221 Indiana Fire Code, 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 22-2.3, www.state.in.us/legislative/iac/T06750/A00220.PDF [p. 108]. 222 326 IND. ADMIN. CODE 18, www.in.gov/legislative/iac/pdf- iac/iac2006oldfmt/T03260/A00180.PDF?IACT=326. 223 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 28, www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T06750/A00280.PDF?&iacv=iac2007 . 224 See Indiana Fire Code. See also 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 22-2.3-82, www.state.in.us/legislative/iac/T06750/A00220.PDF. 225 Codes referenced include NFPA 30–Flammable Liquids; NFPA 30A–Automotive and Marine Service Stations; NFPA 33–Paint Spray Rooms and Booths; NFPA 54–Natural Fuel Gas; NFPA 70–National Electrical Code; NFPA 88B–Repair Garages. Codes, Rules & Laws Enforced by The Louisiana State Fire Marshal, www.dps.state.la.us/sfm/index.html [click on plan review]. 226 [Asbestos and Lead Web Page, www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/tabid/2251/Default.aspx]. 227 Fire Prevention Code, MD. CODE REGS. 29.06.01, www.firemarshal.state.md.us/pdf/Fire%20Prevention%20Code %202007.pdf; www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/Titles.htm [select tit. 29, subtit. 06]. 228 MD. CODE ANN., tit. 2. Ambient Air Quality Control, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/Annot_Code_Idx/EnvirIndex.htm; tit. 6. Toxic, Carcinogenic, and Flammable Substances, subtit. 4. Asbestos Removal, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/Annot_Code_Idx/EnvirIndex.htm; tit. 26, Department of Environment, subtit. 11 Air Quality, MD. CODE REGS. 26.11.21 Control of Asbestos, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle11. 229 MD. CODE ANN., tit. 2. Ambient Air Quality Control; MD. CODE REGS. 26.11.19 Volatile Organic Compounds from Specific Processes. Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements related to ventilation,232 asbestos,233 refrigerants/air con- ditioning/halon,234 and vehicle emissions235 (MBTA). Michigan: Cold cleaners/degreasing units are subject to operational requirements under the Michigan Air Pollution Control Rules.236 An air permit may be re- quired if a storage tank is not exempt under the Michi- gan Air Pollution Control Rules.237 Stage I vapor recov- ery is required at gasoline dispensing facilities located in seven counties in Southeast Michigan (Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne) and the metropolitan areas of Flint, Lansing, and Grand Rapids.238 Complaints from neighbors about nuisance dust or odors from a facility may allege a vio- lation of the air pollution control rule prohibiting an emission activity that causes injurious effects to human health or safety, animal life, plant life of significant economic value, or property, or unreasonable interfer- ence with the comfortable enjoyment of life and prop- erty239 (Department of Environmental Quality). Minnesota: Minnesota imposes requirements related to ventilation,240 asbestos,241 vehicle emissions,242 and other clean air requirements243 (Metro Transit). 230 MD. CODE ANN., tit. 2. Ambient Air Quality Control. subtit. 7. Motor Vehicle Emissions Certification Program; MD. CODE REGS. 26.11.22 Vehicle Emissions Inspection. 231 MD. CODE REGS. 26.11.1–33. 232 Massachusetts State Building Code, www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=4&L0=Home&L1=C onsumer+Protection+%26+Business+Licensing&L2=License+T ype+by+Business+Area&L3=Home+Improvement+Contractor &sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=dps_bbrs_building_code_7t hedition&csid=Eeops. 233 105 MD. CODE REGS.: Department of Public Health, 410.000: Minimum Standards of Fitness for Human Habitation (State Sanitary Code, ch. II), § 410.353: Asbestos Material, www.mass.gov/Eeohhs2/docs/ dph/regs/105cmr410.pdf. 234 310 MD. CODE REGS. 7.00: Air Pollution Control, § 7.18: U Volatile and Halogenated Organic Compounds, www.mass.gov/dep/service/regulations/310cmr07.pdf. 235 310 MD. CODE REGS. 7.00: Air Pollution Control, § 7.11: U Transportation Media, www.mass.gov/dep/service/regulations/310cmr07.pdf. 236 www.deq.state.mi.us/apcrats/deq-aqd-air-rules-apc- PART6.htm#r611. 237 www.deq.state.mi.us/apcrats/deq-aqd-air-rules-apc- PART2.htm#R284. 238 Requirements, maps of areas subject to Stage I Vapor Recovery: http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135- 3310_4148-144496--,00.html. 239 www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-aqd-air-rules-apc- PART9.htm#r1901. 240 Air quality: State OSHA, www.doli.state.mn.us/mnosha.html, and MPCA, www.pca.state.mn.us [e.g. www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/sbeg-c- airquality.pdf]. 241 Asbestos Abatement Act, §§ 326.70–326.81, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=STAT_C HAP&year=current&chapter=326; MINN. R., ch. 4620,

22 Missouri: Missouri imposes requirements concerning asbestos,244 refrigerants/air conditioning/halon,245 vehicle emissions,246 and ventilation247 (State DOT). Nevada: Nevada imposes requirements related to asbestos,248 refrigerants/air conditioning/halon, and ve- hicle emissions and other clean air requirements249 (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements re- lated to ventilation,250 asbestos,251 vehicle emissions,252 Department of Health, Clean Indoor Air, pts. 4620.3000– 4620.3724, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/data/revisor/arule/2006/4620/. 242 Emissions within facilities: MINN. R., ch. 5205, 5205.0200 Garage Ventilation, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/5205/0200.html; limits on visible emissions from diesel engines and prohibits tampering with vehicle pollution control devices: MINN. R., ch. 7023, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Mobile and Indirect Sources, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/7023/. 243 Clean Indoor Air Act pts. 144.411–144.417, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=STAT_C HAP&year=2006&section=144; MINN. R., ch. 4620, Department of Health, Clean Indoor Air pts. 4620.0050– 4620.1450, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/4620/. 244 Ch. 643, Air Conservation, MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C643.HTM. 245 Heat Pump Construction Code, 10 MO. CODE. REGS. 23-5, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c23-5.pdf. 246 Motor vehicle air pollution control devices, 307.360– 307.365 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C307.HTM. 247 Air Quality Standards, 10 MO. CODE. REGS. 10-2–10 MO. CODE. REGS. 10-6, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10csr.asp#10-10. 248 Ch. 618–Occupational Safety and Health, www.leg.state.nv.us/Nrs/NRS-618.html; Ch. 444–Sanitation, www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-444.html. 249 Ch. 445B–Air Controls, www.leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC- 445B.html. 250 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts the 2003 ICC International Mechanical Code. N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, subch 3. Subcodes, § 5:23-3.20 Mechanical subcode, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp=. The Mechanical Code includes ventilation requirements (§ 403) for repair garages and enclosed parking garages, including 1.5 cfm/ft2 outdoor air with no recirculation; and allowances for use of contaminant monitoring systems to reduce ventilation rates in parking areas only (§ 404). It also contains requirements for facilities using gaseous fuel (LNG, CNG, hydrogen) vehicles mandating ventilation rates of five air changes per hour (§ 502.16). 251 N.J. ADMIN. CODE, 7:26-1, N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 26. Solid Waste. subch. 1, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates &fn=main-h.htm&cp [select tit. 7, ch. 26, subch. 1]; N. J. ADMIN. CODE, 8:60, N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 8. Department of Health and Senior Services, ch. 60. Asbestos Licenses and Permits, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 8, ch. 60]; N. J. ADMIN. CODE 5:23, N. J. and other clean air requirements253 (NJ Transit). [New Jersey has recently implemented a new Diesel Risk Reduction Act, which requires diesel retrofits and com- pliance plans for both public and private transit fleets.254] New York: New York imposes requirements related to ventilation,255 asbestos,256 and vehicle emissions257 (NYCT). [There are additional emissions requirements related to maintenance of equipment and recordkeep- ing.258] Ohio: Ohio imposes requirements concerning asbes- tos259 and refrigerants/air conditioning/halon (GCRTA). ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 5, ch. 23] 252 N.J. ADMIN. CODE, 7:27-14 Emissions Testing, N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 27. Air Pollution Control, subch. 14. Control and Prohibition of Air Pollution from Diesel-Powered Motor Vehicles, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit, 7, ch. 27, subch. 14]; N. J. ADMIN. CODE, 7:27-14.3 Idling, N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 27. Air Pollution Control, subch. 14, Control and Prohibition of Air Pollution from Diesel- Powered Motor Vehicles, § 7:27-14.3 General prohibitions [idling], www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 7, ch. 27, subch. 14]. 253 See generally N. J. ADMIN. CODE, 7:27, N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 27, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 7, ch. 27]. 254 Summary of Diesel Risk Reduction Law, P.L. No. 2005, c. 219, Enacted Sept. 7, 2005, http://dnr.wi.gov/org/aw/air/reg/njlawsummary050907.pdf; Diesel Law Fact Sheet, Updated July 2007, www.state.nj.us/dep/stopthesoot/factsheet-diesellawmuni.pdf. See generally www.state.nj.us/dep/ stopthesoot/. 255 N.Y.S. Mechanical Code [19 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. ch. XXXIII, State Fire Prevention and Building Code Council, subch. A, Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code, pt. 1223, Mechanical Code, www.dos.state.ny.us/CODE/part1223.htm]; N.Y. Fuel Gas Code [19 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. ch. XXXIII, State Fire Prevention and Building Code Council, subch. A, Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code, pt. 1224, Fuel Gas Code, www.dos.state.ny.us/CODE/part1224.htm]. 256 New York Department of Labor Regulations, tit. 12, pt. 56, www.labor.state.ny.us/formsdocs/wp/CR56.pdf. 257 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 217: Motor Vehicle Emissions, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4258.html; pt. 218: Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Engines, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2492.html. 258 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 200.7: Maintenance of Equipment, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/13427.html#13432; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 201, Permits and Certificates, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2492.html. 259 OHIO REV. CODE, tit. I, ch. 153, § 153.15. Evaluation of asbestos hazard and appropriate response,

23 [The state also regulates carbon monoxide emitted from auto refinishing.260] Oregon: Oregon imposes requirements concerning vehicle emissions and other clean air requirements261 (State DOT). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes requirements related to asbestos, including NESHAP,262 and dis- posal,263 storage/containment,264 and transportation of friable asbestos-containing wastes265 (Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA)). In addition, Pennsylvania imposes requirements concern- ing ventilation266 (Port Authority of Allegheny County), refrigerants267 (SEPTA), vehicle emissions268 (State DOT; SEPTA; Port Authority of Allegheny County), and other clean air requirements269 (Port Authority of Allegheny http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/153.15; OHIO REV. CODE, tit. XXXVII, ch. 3710, Asbestos Abatement, http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/3710; OHIO ADMIN. CODE 3745-20, Asbestos Waste, www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/regs/3745-20/3745_20.html. 260 OHIO ADMIN. CODE 3745-21, Carbon Monoxide, Photochemically Reactive Materials, Hydrocarbons, and Related Materials Standards (www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/regs/3745-21/3745_21.html) 3745– 21-18 Commercial Motor Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Refinishing Operations, www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/regs/3745- 21/21_18.pdf. 261 OR. REV. STAT.: DEQ, http://www.oregon.gov/DEQ/index.shtml (bar on left: “Laws and Regulations”). 262 Sect. 124.3. Adoption of standards, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter124/s124.3.html. 263 Sect. 288.192. Plan for the disposal of friable asbestos- containing waste, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter288/s288.192.html; [§ 288.302. Disposal of friable asbestos-containing waste, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter288/s288.302.html]. 264 Sect. 299.152. Storage and containment of friable asbestos-containing waste, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter299/s299.152.html. 265 Sect. 299.232. Transportation of friable asbestos- containing waste, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter299/s299.232.html. 266 Department of Environmental Protection, Air Quality, www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/aq/default.htm; 34 PA. CODE, www.pacode.com [§ 23.33. Ventilation, www.pacode.com/secure/data/034/chapter23/s23.33.html]. 267 Hazardous Waste Management, PA. BULL. 237, www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol27/27-2/72.html. 268 PA. CODE tit. 25, ch. 126 Motor Vehicle and Fuels Program, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter126/chap126toc.html; subch. E. Pennsylvania Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Control Program, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter126/subchapEtoc.htm l. 269 See generally 25 PA. CODE art. III. Air Resources, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/025toc.html. County), such as operating permits (SEPTA)270 and gen- eral plan approvals (SEPTA).271 Texas: The state imposes requirements regarding asbestos,272 smoking vehicles,273 and air checks274 (DART). Virginia [all references from WMATA Environ- mental Policy Manual]: Emission Standards for Visible Emissions and Fugitive/Dust Emissions, 9 VAC 5-40, Part II, Article 1 (Rule 4-1); Emissions Standards for Mobile Sources, 9 VAC 5-40-5670; Standards of Per- formance for Toxic Pollutants, 9 VAC 5-50 Part II, Arti- cle 3 (Rule 5-3); EPA National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, 9 VAC 5-60-60. Washington:[275] The state imposes requirements re- lated to asbestos and vehicle emissions (King County Metro Transit). 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning asbes- tos, refrigerants/air conditioning/halon, vehicle emis- sions (either within the maintenance facility or on the 270 25 PA. CODE ch. 127. Construction, Modification, Reactivation and Operation of Sources, subch. F. Operating Permit Requirements, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter127/subchapFtoc.htm l. 271 25 PA. CODE ch. 127. Construction, Modification, Reactivation and Operation of Sources, subch. H. General Plan Approvals and Operating Permits, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter127/subchapHtoc.htm l. 272 Tit. 25, Health Services pt. 1, Department of State Health Services, ch. 295, Occupational Health, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=4&ti=25&pt=1&ch=295. 273 The smoking vehicle program encourages members of the public to report smoking vehicles and allows for citations/fines for smoking vehicles, www.toeq.state.tx.us/implementation/air/mobilesource/vetech/s mokingvehicles.html. 274 Gasoline powered vehicles in Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston, Harris, Montgomery, Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, Travis, Williamson, and El Paso counties must undergo annual emissions testing, www.txdps.state.tx.us/vi/; www.txdps.state.tx.us/vi/inspection/item_insp.asp. 275 Asbestos, see Air Toxics, https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/aqp/Toxics/AirToxicsHome.shtml; Asbestos Wastes Menu, www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/demodebris/pages2/asbmenu.h tml; ch. 173-460 WASH. ADMIN. CODE, Controls for New Sources of Toxic Air Pollutants, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/wac173460.pdf. Emissions, see ch. 173– 422, WASH. ADMIN. CODE, Motor Vehicle Emission Inspection, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/wac173422.pdf; Fleet Emission Check Information, www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/cars/Fleetemissionpage.htm; Focus on Motor Vehicle Emission Check Program: Diesel, Heavy Duty and Fleet Vehicles, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/9331a.pdf.

24 road), and other clean air requirements. Reported re- quirements are set forth below. Based on the question- naire responses, asbestos and vehicle emissions are two areas likely to be subject to local regulations. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements concerning refrigerants/air condition- ing/halon, vehicle emissions, and other clean air re- quirements (State DOT). Maricopa County imposes requirements related to asbestos.276 (Phoenix) California: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements related to smog, roadside diesel smoke, die- sel opacity, and Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) (State DOT). LACMTA’s Alternative Fuel Initiative has re- quirements relating to vehicle emissions (LACMTA). [The SCAQMD requires that public transit fleet opera- tors with 15 or more public transit vehicles or urban buses, including private entities under contract to pub- lic government agencies that provide passenger trans- portation services, acquire alternative-fuel heavy-duty vehicles.277 The SCAQMD also requires that public fleet operators acquire alternative-fuel heavy-duty vehicles when procuring or leasing heavy-duty vehicles.278 In addition, SCAQMD imposes requirements concerning asbestos removal and demolition.279] Florida: The Code of Miami–Dade County imposes requirements related to ventilation280 and to asbestos and refrigerants/air conditioning/halon.281 276 Maricopa County air pollution control regulations: Regulation III; Rule 370, § 301.8–subpt. M, www.maricopa.gov/aq/divisions/compliance/air/asbestos_nesha p/Default.aspx [Pima and Pinal Counties also have asbestos requirements above and beyond the Federal NESHAP standard, www.azdeq.gov/environ/air/asbestos/index.html]. 277 Rule 1192. Clean On-Road Transit Buses, www.aqmd.gov/tao/FleetRules/1192Bus/index.htm. This rule was not affected by the Engine Manufacturers lawsuit challenging the broader fleet rule. See Implementation of the Fleet Rules Following May 6, 2005 Order of the U.S. District Court in Engine Manufacturers Association et al. v. South Coast Air Quality Management District (Date: July 20, 2005), www.aqmd.gov/tao/FleetRules/FleetRuleAdvisory- July202005.pdf. Engine Manufacturers Association v. South Coast Air Quality Management District, 158 F. Supp. 2d 1107 (C.D. Cal. 2001). 278 Rule 1196. Clean On-Road Heavy-Duty Public Fleet Vehicles, www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11/r1196.pdf. 279 See Asbestos Frequently Asked Questions, www.aqmd.gov/comply/asbestos/asbestosfaqs.html. 280 www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=10620&sid=9. 281 Code of Miami-Dade County, ch. 24 [Environmental Protection, Biscayne Bay and Environs Designated Aquatic Park and Conservation Area, the Biscayne Bay Environmental Enhancement Trust Fund, and the Environmentally Endangered Lands Program, Miami-Dade County Code of Ordinances, www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=10620&sid=9. See ch. 24, Miami-Dade County Environmental Protection Ordinance, www.co.miami- dade.fl.us/derm/library/compliance/ordinance_ch_24.pdf]. Illinois: The City of Chicago imposes requirements related to asbestos handling during facility renovation and maintenance (CTA).282 Cook County also imposes requirements related to asbestos (CTA).283 Minnesota: The City of Minneapolis requires that re- frigerant recovery equipment be registered (Metro Transit). Missouri: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing asbestos, refrigerants/air condi- tioning/halon, and vehicle emissions (State DOT). County/municipal building and fire codes also impose ventilation requirements (State DOT). New York: New York City imposes requirements concerning ventilation,284 asbestos,285 and vehicle emis- sions286 (NYCT). [All areas of asbestos regulatory issues conducted in New York City are regulated by local regu- lations.287 New York City’s Asbestos Control Program288 requires special training and certification requirements for asbestos handlers and reporting and permitting pro- cedures for demolition, plumbing, or other work that may disturb asbestos-containing materials.] Pennsylvania: Philadelphia imposes requirements related to ventilation,289 asbestos,290 vehicles emis- sions,291 and other clean air issues,292 such as air pollu- tion nuisances including dust and odors (SEPTA).293 282 Ch. 11-4 Environmental Protection And Control, art. XVIII. Asbestos, Sandblasting, and Grinding Standards. 11-4- 2150 Environmental standards related to the demolition, renovation, asbestos abatement and maintenance, sandblasting, chemical washing, and grinding of buildings, facilities, or other structures, http://www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Illinois/chicago_il/mun icipalcodeofchicagoill- nois?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:chicago_il. 283 Cook County Environmental Control Ordinance, art. X Asbestos and Demolition Ordinance, www.co.cook.il.us/Agencies/cc_envcont_ord.pdf. 284 NYC Building Code. 285 NYC Ordinance 76. 286 RCNY ch. 24. 287 www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8791.html. 288 Tit. 15, ch. 1, Rules of the City of New York, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm [click on Rules of City of New York, select tit. 15, select ch. 1]. 289 Philadelphia Building Code, Air Management Regulation V, Control of Emissions of Organic Substances from Stationary Sources Section, www.phila.gov/health/units/ams/pdf/REG5.pdf (SEPTA); 406 Motor-Related Occupancies, B-406.4.2 Ventilation, www.phila.gov/li/codes/BuildingCode.pdf. 290 Tit. 6, Health Code, Philadelphia Code, ch. 6-600 Asbestos Projects, www.phila.gov/philacode/html/_data/title06/CHAPTER_6_600_ ASBESTOS_PROJECT/index.html. 291 Philadelphia Code, tit. 3, Air Management Code, Air Management Regulation IX, Control of Emissions from Mobile Sources, www.phila.gov/health/AMS_Regulations/REG9.pdf. 292 See generally Philadelphia Code, tit. 3, Air Management, www.phila.gov/philacode/html/_DATA/TITLE03/index.html. 293 Philadelphia Code, tit. 3, Air Management, ch. 3-200– Prohibited Conduct, § 3-201 General Provisions,

25 Allegheny County imposes requirements related to ven- tilation,294 asbestos,295 and vehicle emissions (Port Au- thority of Allegheny County).296 The City of Pittsburgh imposes requirements related to ventilation (Port Au- thority of Allegheny County).297 [The Allegheny County Health Department and the City of Philadelphia, De- partment of Public Health, are members of MAREC and subject to the reciprocal agreement on asbestos removal training.298] Texas: The Regional Transportation Council (RTC), the policy body for the North Central Texas Council of Governments, has adopted a resolution supporting a Clean Fleet Vehicle Policy,299 which reserves all future RTC vehicle funding for government entities that adopt the Clean Fleet Vehicle Model Ordinance. These re- quirements relate to vehicle emissions and other clean air requirements (DART). [Washington: Federal law requires emissions testing in the urban areas of Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish, and Spokane counties.300 Local air authorities, in con- junction with the State Department of Labor and In- dustries, regulate asbestos removal projects.301] 4. Operational Concerns Operations affected by clean air requirements in- clude: • Idling buses, painting,302 body repairs, fuel handling, and venting of hazardous vapors from maintenance www.phila.gov/philacode/html/_data/title03/chapter_3_200_prohi bited_condu/3_201_general_provisions_.html. 294 Allegheny Health Department, Air Quality, www.achd.net/airqual/airstart.html; County of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Ordinance No. 16782, and Allegheny County Health Department Rules and Regulations, art. XXI Air Pollution Control, www.achd.net/airqual/pubs/pdf/polctrl.pdf. 295 County of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Ordinance No. 16782, and Allegheny County Health Department Rules and Regulations, art. XXI Air Pollution Control, subpt. 6–Asbestos Sources, § 2105.60[-§ 2105.63], www.achd.net/airqual/pubs/pdf/polctrl.pdf. 296 County of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Ordinance No. 16782, and Allegheny County Health Department Rules and Regulations, art. XXI Air Pollution Control, www.achd.net/airqual/pubs/pdf/polctrl.pdf. 297 Pittsburgh Bureau of Building Inspection, www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/BBI/. 298 See note 200 supra. 299 www.nctcog.org/trans/clean/vehicles/fleet/policy/index.asp. 300 www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/cars/automotive_pages.htm. 301 Local asbestos regulations and guidance, http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/demodebris/pages2/asbr egslocal.html#Local%20Regulations. See, e.g., Southwest Clean Air Agency, FOCUS: Regulated Activities, www.swcleanair.org/regulate.html. 302 Maintenance Design Group, The New Transit Maintenance Facilities [The Impact of Regulations], Summer 1999, equipment,303 cold cleaner/degreasing units (adequate ventilation of maintenance facility to protect against toxic air emissions, limitations on emissions). • Disposal of antifreeze304 (hazardous air pollutants). • Disposal of CFC refrigerants305 as well as appropriate recordkeeping. • Fueling facilities (clean air requirements for hazard- ous air pollutants). • Auxiliary generators (exhaust may be subject to emis- sions requirements). • Renovations, including pipe repair (asbestos require- ments). In addition to operations that must comply with clean air standards, new emissions standards will re- quire: • Making a decision between installing new engines and retrofitting existing engines.306 Standards will re- sult in increased particulate cleaning service inter- vals.307 • More technically sophisticated equipment and infra- structure than that it will replace. Training is needed: equipment manufacturers may supply training.308 • Diesel buses to use ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), which may affect components, e.g., injector o-rings, fil- ters, turbochargers.309 Changing to alternative fuel may require changing fuel suppliers.310 5. FAQs How do I resolve conflicts between state and local requirements? www.maintenancedesigngroup.com/publications/summer_1999/ article1.asp. 303 Ray A. Mundy, Research and Training of Private Transportation Providers for the Efficient and Effective Provision of Public Transportation Services, Final Report— June 2004, app. I, at 20, www.ctre.iastate.edu/mtc/reports/tmi.pdf. 304 Abrams, supra note 4, at 6, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tsyn07.pdf. 305 Id. Zero-ozone depletion replacement refrigerants may have energy consumption and other operational implications. Maintenance Matters: Refrigerant Use in Mass Transit, MASSTRANSIT, Aug. 8, 2007, www.masstransitmag.com/publication/article.jsp?pubId=1&id= 3962. 306 See Bill Siuru, Ph.D., PE, Why “Crate” Engines Might Be Cheaper in the Long Run, MASSTRANSIT, July/August 2006, at 22; Macy Neshati, Rehabbing for 2007, MASSTRANSIT, July/Aug. 2006, at 26. 307 Craig Allen, Special Report: 2007 Emission Preparation, MASSTRANSIT, Sept./Oct. 2006, at 24. 308 OnBoard With…Bruce Noble, California Transit Association, Jan./Feb. 2007, at 18–19. (Vice President and General Manager of Valley Power Systems, Inc.) 309 Allen, supra note 307, at 20–24. 310 Id. at 20. (Only one fuel supplier available).

26 • The answer will depend on state law. Contact your state environmental agency. Where can I find information about diesel retrofits? • The EPA has a Diesel Retrofit Technology Verifica- tion Program, including a list of diesel retrofit technolo- gies that EPA has evaluated and verified for use in en- gine retrofit programs (www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/ index.htm). • The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has a list of currently verified diesel emission control strategies (www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/vt/cvt.htm). • Capital Area Transportation Authority (Lansing, Michigan) has described its retrofit efforts.311 Where can I find information about ULSD compli- ance? • EPA: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements (www.epa.gov/otaq/highway-diesel/regs/f00057.pdf). • FTA: Alternative Fuels—Diesel Fuel (www.fta.dot.gov/assistance/technology/research_4586.h tml). • Richard J. George, Special Report: Clean Air Regula- tions, Clean Diesel–ULSD Fuel (www.masstransit. mag.com/print/Mass-Transit/SPECIAL-REPORT-Clean- Air-Regulations--Clean-Diesel-ULSD-Fuel/1$340); Emission Standards: Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus En- gines (www.dieselnet.com/standards/ us/hd.html#y2007). Where can I find information about ULSD opera- tional issues? • FTA: Transit Bus Life Cycle Cost and Year 2007 Emissions Estimation, FTA-WV-26-7004.2007.1 (www.fta.dot.gov/documents/WVU_FTA_LCC_Final_Re port_07-23-2007.pdf). • These transit agencies began using ULSD before the 2007 emissions regulation went into effect: • NYCT (New York) (www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/ddcgreen/documents/low sulfur.pdf). • Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (Ohio) (www.gcrta.org/). • CTA312 (Illinois) (www.transitchicago.com/). • MBTA (Massachusetts) (www.mbta.com). • Capital Area Transportation Authority (CATA) (Lansing, Michigan)313 (http://cata.org/). 311 Id. at 20–24. 312 www.transitchicago.com/news/ctaandpress.wu?action=displaya rticledetail&articleid=114275. 313 Allen, supra note 307. D. Clean Water (Not Including Storage Tanks) Clean water is an area that is regulated by federal, state, and local authorities, with state and local au- thorities possibly having more stringent requirements than the federal government. 1. Federal Requirements The EPA is responsible for administering federal clean water requirements. The Clean Water Act (CWA),314 as amended, is the primary authority for the EPA’s implementing regulations. The EPA also admin- isters the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Re- source Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which add hazardous waste requirements to those of the CWA. Regulations that may apply to transit bus main- tenance activities include: • Federal Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation: 315 • Authorized under the CWA and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.316 • Includes requirements for Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plans and Facility Re- sponse Plans (FRPs). Failure to have an adequate oil spill prevention plan is a violation of the CWA.317 • Applies to facilities that could be reasonably expected to discharge oil into or upon U.S. navigable waters or adjacent shorelines, provided that such facilities meet storage thresholds: underground storage of 42,000 gal or aboveground storage of more than 1,320 gal or over 660 gal in a single container. • EPA revised the rule in December 2006 to, among other things, provide for optional self-certification for owners and operators of facilities that store 10,000 gal of oil or less and meet other qualifying criteria; provide an alternative to the general secondary containment requirement; and define and exempt particular vehicle fuel tanks and other onboard bulk oil storage containers used for motive power.318 • Designation of Hazardous Substances:319 Lists sub- stances deemed hazardous under Section 311 of the CWA. Many of the fluids handled in bus maintenance facilities are so designated.320 314 33 U.S.C. ss/1251 et seq. (1977) 315 40 C.F.R. pt. 112, Final rule posted at www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr122_07.html. 316 33 U.S.C. 2702 et seq. 317 RIPTA Agrees to Reduce Bus Pollution, supra note 179, www.epa.gov/ne/pr/2002/oct/021018.html. 318 Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plan Requirements—Amendments, 71 Fed. Reg. 77266 (Dec. 26, 2006), http://a257. g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/01jan20061800/edocket.access.gp o.gov/2006/pdf/06-55532.pdf. 319 40 C.F.R. pt. 116. 320 Abrams, supra note 4, at 7. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tsyn07.pdf.

27 • Determination of Reportable Quantities for Hazardous Substances:321 Sets forth amounts of substances identi- fied under Part 116 that must be reported when dis- charged. Reporting requirements do not apply to dis- charges in compliance with permit issued under Section 402 of CWA.322 • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).323 • Basic requirement: Section 402 of the CWA re- quires that stormwater discharges associated with in- dustrial activity from a point source to waters of the United States be authorized by an NPDES permit. Permits require a site stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP), as well as monitoring and recordkeeping requirements. • State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) programs: States may issue permits under a SPDES if EPA has approved the state program,324 which is the case for most states. Excluding Indian country and federal facilities, the EPA is the sole permitting authority only in Alaska, the District of Columbia, Idaho, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Mexico, and territories such as Guam.325 • Phase I: Addresses stormwater runoff from bus maintenance facilities.326 • Phase II: Addresses stormwater runoff from “regu- lated small municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s),” 327 which can include bus maintenance facili- ties.328 The regulation requires Storm Water Manage- ment Programs. • Procedures for Decisionmaking:329 EPA permitting procedures. 321 40 C.F.R. pt. 117. 322 40 C.F.R. § 117.12, Applicability to discharges from facilities with NPDES permits. 323 40 C.F.R. pt. 122. www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_05/40cfr122_05.html. 324 E.g., New York: SPDES Multi-Sector General Permit Fact Sheet, www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/9009.html. 325 Authorization Status for EPA's Stormwater Construction and Industrial Programs: States, Indian Country and Territories Where EPA’s Construction General Permit (CGP) and Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP) Apply, http://cfpub1.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/authorizationstatus.cf m; State Program Status, http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/statestats.cfm. 326 Stormwater Phase II Final Rule, An Overview, www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact1-0.pdf; Who Is Subject to Phase I the NPDES Storm Water Program and Needs a Permit?, www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/list.pdf. 327 Stormwater Phase II Final Rule, Who’s Covered? Designation and Waivers of Regulated Small MS4s, www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/fact2-1.pdf; http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/munic.cfm. 328 See, e.g. Storm Water Info Phase II Storm Water, www.mta.info/busco/stormwater.htm. 329 40 C.F.R. pt. 124, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr124_07.html. • Criteria and Standards for the NPDES:330 Includes best management practices; requirement that facility owners prepare and continually upgrade Pollution Pre- vention Plans (PPPs). • Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards:331 Technical re- quirements. • General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution.332 • Guidance includes: • EPA’s SPCC Requirements and Pollution Preven- tion Practices for Vehicle Service Facilities:333 Explains requirements of 40 C.F.R. 112. Topics covered include the requirement that the facility complete a Certifica- tion of the Applicability of the Substantial Harm Crite- ria Checklist;334 preparation and certification; contain- ment and diversionary structures appropriate for vehicle repair, service, and fueling facilities; facility drainage; and oil storage. • Review of other agencies’ SPCC plans.335 • NPDES (http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/index.cfm). • EPA’s NPDES Compliance Inspection Manual (in- cludes table of NPDES-related statutes and regula- tions). (www.epa.gov/Compliance/resources/publications monitoring/cwa/inspections/npdesinspect/npdesinspect noapps.pdf). • Storm Water Phase II Compliance Assistance Guide (www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/comguide.pdf). In addition, the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990336 requires that owners and operators of businesses that are required to file a toxic chemical release form include a toxic reduction and recycling report.337 The FTA has no regulatory authority in this area but has provided technical assistance.338 330 40 C.F.R. 125, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr125_07.html. 331 40 C.F.R. pt. 129, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr129_07.html. 332 40 C.F.R. pt. 403, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/40cfr403_06.html. 333 SPCC Requirements and Pollution Prevention Practices for Vehicle Service Facilities, www.epa.gov/Region6/6sf/sfsites/oil/vehicle.htm. 334 www.epa.gov/Region6/6sf/sfsites/oil/samppln.htm#APPENDIX %205. 335 E.g., Spill Prevention Control & Countermeasure Plan, Town of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Public Works Complex and Transit Facility, Nov. 2003, www.townofchapelhill.org/common/modules/documentcenter2/d ocumentview.asp?DID=494. 336 42 U.S.C. 13101 et seq., particularly § 13106. Source reduction and recycling data collection. 337 Current Pollution Prevention Mandates in Federal Statutes, www.epa.gov/p2/pubs/p2policy/provisions.htm. 338 Federal Transit Administration Environmental Management Systems Training & Assistance, www.fta.dot.gov/library/FTA_EMS/EMS_Final_Report.pdf.

28 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning storm- water discharge, process water discharge, hazardous fluid designation, and other clean water requirements. Reported requirements are set forth below. Based on questionnaire responses, states are likely to regulate in all these areas. Arizona: [Arizona has designated certain waters as impaired and others as unique. In addition, Arizona has added requirements to EPA’s multi-sector general per- mit.339] Arizona has other clean water requirements340 (Phoenix). California: California imposes requirements related to drainage,341 stormwater (LACMTA),342 process water discharge (LACMTA),343 hazardous fluid designation (LACMTA),344 and other clean water issues 339 Permits: Stormwater, www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/permits/stormwater.html. 340 www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/index.html. 341 Subch. 15, Petroleum Safety Orders—Refining, Transportation and Handling: art. 13, Drainage, www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/6828.html (State DOT); Building Code ch. 15 [CAL. CODE REGS., tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 2, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part2], Plumbing Code chs. 7, 9 [CAL. CODE REGS., tit. 24 (California Building Standards Code), pt. 5, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part5] (LACMTA). 342 23 CAL. CODE REGS. div. 3. State Water Resources Control Board and Regional Water Quality Control Boards, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 23, then div. 3], Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act, including art. 4. Waste Discharge Requirements §§ 13260–13274, www.ceres.ca.gov/wetlands/permitting/tbl_cntnts_porter.html; www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=wat&group=13001-14000&file=13260- 13274. California Plumbing Code chs. 7, 11. www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part5. 343 Hazardous Waste Control Law: Health & Safety Code, div. 20, ch. 6.5, http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=25001- 26000&file=25167.1-25169.3, 22 CAL. CODE REGS. div. 4.5. Environmental Health Standards for the Management of Hazardous Waste, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 22, then div. 4.5], California Plumbing Code chs. 6, 7, 8. www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part5. 344 Hazardous Waste Control Law: Health & Safety Code, div. 20, ch. 6.5, http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=25001- 26000&file=25167.1-25169.3, 22 CAL. CODE REGS. div. 4.5. Environmental Health Standards for the Management of Hazardous Waste, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 22, then div. 4.5], California Fire Code, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part9. (LACMTA).345 [The California Stormwater Quality Asso- ciation produces Best Management Practices (BMP) Handbooks for commercial and industrial facilities that summarize federal, state, and local NPDES require- ments; provide guidance on stormwater pollution pre- vention planning; and include BMPs for vehicle and equipment repair, waste handling and disposal, park- ing/storage area maintenance, and drainage system maintenance.346] Connecticut: Connecticut requires monitoring proc- ess water discharge for Pb, Zn, Cu, total suspended sol- ids, oil/gas flow rate, and pH (State DOT). Delaware: Delaware has regulations on stormwater discharge,347 hazardous fluid designation, and erosion and sediment control (State DOT). District of Columbia: [All references from WMATA Environmental Policy Manual] DCMR Title 21, Chapter 5; Discharges to Wastewater System, DCMR Title 21, Chapter 15; Solid Waste Management and Multi- material Recycling, DCMR Title 21, Chapter 20. Florida: Florida imposes stormwater discharge re- quirements[348] (Miami–Dade Transit). Georgia: Georgia imposes requirements related to stormwater and process water discharge349 (MARTA). Indiana: 350 Indiana imposes requirements related to drainage,351 stormwater discharge,352 process water dis- charge,353 hazardous fluid designation,354 and other clean water requirements355 (IndyGo). 345 Proposition 65, the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (prohibits knowingly discharging or releasing listed cancer-causing chemicals into water or land where the chemical will probably pass into drinking water), www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/law/P65law72003.html; General Storm Water Permit for Industrial Activities, www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/docs/induspmt.pdf. 346 www.cabmphandbooks.com/Industrial.asp. 347 Regulations Governing Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities, issued pursuant to 7 DEL. CODE, ch. 60. Delaware Register of Regulations, Vol. 9, Issue 8, Wednesday, Feb. 1, 2006, at 1250, http://regulations.delaware.gov/documents/February2006.pdf. 348 Florida's NPDES Stormwater Program, www.dep.state.fl.us/water/stormwater/npdes/; Florida’s stormwater/environmental resource permitting programs, www.dep.state.fl.us/water/stormwater/npdes/docs/ch373.pdf, ch. 62-25 Regulations of Stormwater Discharge, www.dep.state.fl.us/legal/rules/surfacewater/62-25.pdf. 349 Rule 391-3-6, [Water Quality Control http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/cgi- bin/page.cgi?g=GEORGIA_DEPARTMENT_OF_NATURAL_R ESOURCES%2FENVIRONMENTAL_PROTECTION%2FWAT ER_QUALITY_CONTROL%2Findex.html&d=1]. 350 Indiana Environment Title, www.in.gov/legislative/ ic/code/title13/ar18/. 351 Indiana Building Code, 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 13, § 909. See www.state.in.us/legislative/iac/T06750/A00130.PDF. 352 IND. CODE 8-1-22.5. 353 IND. CODE 8-1-22.5. 354 650 IND. ADMIN. CODE 11; IC 8-1-22. 355 IND. CODE 8-1-22.

29 Louisiana: Louisiana imposes stormwater discharge requirements356 (State DOT). Maryland: Maryland administers the NPDES pro- gram in Maryland for EPA.[ 357] In addition, the State imposes requirements related to drainage,358 stormwa- ter management359 (including sediment control360 and stormwater discharge permits361), and process water discharge (direct362 and to publicly-owned treatment works363) (MTA). Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements related to drainage,364 stormwater discharge,365 process 356 www.deq.louisiana.gov. 357 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for Discharges from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems, www.mde.state.md.us/Programs/WaterPrograms/Sedimentand Stormwater/storm_gen_permit.asp. 358 Fire Prevention Code, MD. CODE REGS. 29.06.01, www.firemarshal.state.md.us/pdf/Fire%20Prevention%20Code %202007.pdf; www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/Titles.htm [select tit. 29, subtit. 06]. 359 MD. CODE ANN., Environment Article, tit. 4, Water Management. subtit. 2, Stormwater Management 4-205; tit. 26 Department of Environment, subtit. 17 Water Management 26.17.02, Stormwater Management 05, When Stormwater Management Is Required. MD. CODE REGS. 26.17.02.05A, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/26/26.17.02.05.htm. 360 MD. CODE ANN., Environment Article, tit. 4. Water Management. subtit. 1, Sediment Control. 4-106; tit. 26 Department of Environment, subtit. 17, Water Management, ch. 01, Erosion and Sediment .05, Activities for Which Approved Erosion and Sediment Control Plans Are Required, 26.17.01.05B, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/26/26.17.01.05.htm. 361 MD. CODE ANN., Environment Article, tit. 9, Water, Ice, and Sanitary Facilities. Subtit. 2, Stormwater Management § 9-323; tit. 26, Department of Environment, subtit. 08, Water Pollution 26.08.04 Permits, .01 Discharge Permits Required, B. Activities for Which Discharge Permits Are Required. MD. CODE REGS. 26.08.04.01B, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/26/26.08.04.01.htm. 362 Id. 363 MD. CODE ANN., Environment Article, § 9-332; 26.08.08, Pretreatment Requirements to Control Industrial Users of Publicly Owned Treatment Works, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle17. 364 Massachusetts State Building Code, www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=4&L0=Home&L1=C onsumer+Protection+%26+Business+Licensing&L2=License+T ype+by+Business+Area&L3=Home+Improvement+Contractor &sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=dps_bbrs_building_code_7t hedition&csid=Eeops. 365 314 MASS. CODE REGS.: Division of Water Pollution Control, 314 MASS. CODE REGS. 3.00: Surface Water Discharge Permit Program: §§ 3.03: Discharges Requiring a Permit, 3.04: Other Activities Requiring a Permit, 3.10: Application for a Permit, www.mass.gov/dep/service/regulations/314cmr03.pdf. water discharge,366 and hazardous fluid designation367 (MBTA). Michigan: The Water Bureau within the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality has responsibil- ity for processing NPDES permits under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and state law.368 The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Waste and Hazardous Materials Division, has additional state-regulated waste requirements, includ- ing management requirements for used oil369 (Depart- ment of Environmental Quality). Minnesota:370 Minnesota imposes requirements re- lated to sewer discharge, process water discharge, and hazardous fluid designation (Metro Transit). Missouri: Missouri imposes drainage,371 stormwater discharge,372 process water discharge,373 hazardous fluid designation,374 and other clean water requirements375 (State DOT). Montana: Montana imposes requirements concern- ing stormwater discharge376 and process water dis- charge377 (State DOT). 366 360 MASS. CODE REGS.: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, 360 MASS. CODE REGS. 10.000: Sewer Use (MWRA discharge permit), www.mwra.state.ma.us/regulations/360CMR1000.pdf. 367 MASS. GEN. LAWS, ch. 21c. Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Management Act, www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-21c- toc.htm. 368 MICH. COMP. LAWS 324.3112. 369 Pt. 111, Hazardous Waste Management Administrative Rules and Non Hazardous Liquid Wastes under pt. 121, Liquid Industrial Waste, of Act 451 of 1994, as amended, http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3312_4118_4240- 9167--,00.htm. 370 MPCA administers the NPDES program in Minnesota, www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/swm-ch7.pdf. 371 General Sanitation. 19 MO. CODE REGS. 20-3, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/19csr/19c20-3.pdf. 372 Sewer Districts in Certain Counties, ch. 249 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C249.HTM; 10 MO. CODE REGS. 20-6 Storm Water Discharge Permits, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c20-6a.pdf. 373 Effluent control regulations, 644.016 – 644.041 MO. REV. STAT., ch. 644, Water Pollution, www.moga.mo.gov /STATUTES/C644.HTM. 374 Definition of “pollution”, 644.016 (15) MO. REV. STAT., ch. 644, Water Pollution, www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/ C644.HTM; Hazardous waste, defined, 260.360 MO. REV. STAT., ch. 260, Environmental Control, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C200-299/2600000360.HTM. 375 Sewage, on-site disposal systems, 701.029 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C700-799/7010000029.HTM; Clean Water Commission, rules, procedures, 644.026 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C600-699/6440000026.HTM; 10 MO. CODE REGS. 20-7, Water Quality Regulations, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c20-7a.pdf. 376 MTR 000397, ARM 17.30.1101-1117, www.deq.state.mt.us/dir/legal/Chapters/CH30-11.pdf. 377 Montana Water Quality Act, http://data.opi.state.mt.us/bills/mca_toc/75_5_3.htm.

30 Nevada: Nevada imposes requirements related to stormwater discharge,378 process water discharge, and hazardous fluid designation (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements con- cerning drainage,379 stormwater discharge,380 process water discharge,381 and other clean water require- ments382 (NJTransit). New York: New York imposes requirements concern- ing drainage, stormwater and process water dis- charge,383 and hazardous fluid designation384 (NYCT). [New York State DOT’s environmental handbook dis- cusses requirements for vehicle washing and fuel stor- age and handling.385] 378 Ch. 445A–Water Controls, www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-445A.html. 379 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts the 2006 PHCC National Standard Plumbing Code. N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, subch. 3. Subcodes, § 5:23-3.15 Plumbing subcode, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 5, ch. 23]. The Plumbing Code includes requirements for sand interceptor and oil/water separator use in service and repair garages and some parking garages (§ 6.3). 380 N.J. STAT. ANN. 58:10; N. J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 14. Water Pollution Control Act, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 7, ch. 14]. 381 N.J. STAT. ANN. 58:11. 382 N J. STAT. ANN. 58:10; N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 14. Water Pollution Control Act, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 7, ch. 14]. 383 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pts. 750–758 (subpt. 750-01: Obtaining a SPDES Permit, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4585.html; subpt. 750-02: Operating in Accordance with a SPDES Permit), www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4584.html; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 617 State Environmental Quality Review, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4490.html. See also SPDES Multi-Sector General Permit Fact Sheet, www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/9009.html; Notice of Intent or Termination (NOIT) Form for Stormwater Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity under the SPDES Multi- Sector General Permit GP-0-06-002, www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/gpnoit.pdf; Stormwater Information, www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8468.html; Overview of the Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (Ms4) Phase II Stormwater Permit Program, www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/ms4_overview.pdf. 384 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 364, Waste Transporter Permits, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4394.html; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 484, Waste Transporter Program Fees, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4310.html. 385 New York State Department of Transportation, Environmental Handbook for Transportation Operations, A Summary of the Environmental Requirements and Best Practices for Maintaining and Constructing Highways and Transportation Systems, Apr. 2006 (Draft), at 37–40, North Carolina: Stormwater Discharge Permitting Requirements for Municipally-Owned Industrial Activi- ties Jan. 28, 2003 ver. 1 (http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ su/PDF_Files/PhaseII_Docs/IA_FAQ.pdf). Oregon: Oregon imposes requirements concerning hazardous fluid designation (www.deq.state.or.us/lq/hw /index.htm) and other clean water requirements (www.oregon.gov/OWRD/index.shtml; www.oregon.gov/OWEB/index.shtml) (State DOT). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes requirements for drainage386 (Port Authority of Allegheny County), stormwater discharge,387 process water discharge,388 hazardous fluid designation,389 and other clean water requirements.390 www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/portal/programs/envi- init/files/oprhbook.pdf. 386 Department of Environmental Protection, www.depweb.state.pa.us/dep/site/default.asp. 387 25 PA. CODE, art. II Water Resources, http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleICII_toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); e.g., The Stormwater Management Act (32 P.S. §§ 680.1–680.17), implemented through 25 PA. CODE ch. 111. Stormwater Management— Grants And Reimbursement, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter111/chap111toc.html, Clean Streams Law, PA. STAT. tit. 35 Health and Safety, ch. 5 Water and Sewage Protection of Public Water Supply, § 691.901 et seq., 25 PA. CODE ch. 92. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitting, Monitoring and Compliance, §§ 92.1–92.4, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter92/chap92toc.html, 25 PA. CODE ch. 93. Water Quality Standards, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/chap93toc.html, 25 PA. CODE ch. 102. Erosion and Sediment Control, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter102/chap102toc.html (SEPTA) [Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply and Wastewater Management, Instructions for NOI, NPDES General Permit (PAG-13) for Stormwater Discharges, from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s), www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/subject/Proposed_regulations/3800- PM-WSWM0100.pdf; Pennsylvania DEP, Bureau of Watershed Management has published a best practices manual to be followed by persons required to have postconstruction stormwater management plans. Final PA Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Manual (363-0300-002), www.depweb.state.pa.us/watershedmgmt/cwp/view.asp?a=143 7&Q=518682&PM=1]. 388 25 PA. CODE, ch. 95. Wastewater Treatment Requirements, § 95.2. Quality standards and oil-bearing wastewaters, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter95/s95.2.html (State DOT); 25 PA. CODE, art. II Water Resources, http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleICII_toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County). 389 25 PA. CODE, art. II, Water Resources, http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleICII_toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); E.g., The Stormwater Management Act (32 P.S. §§ 680.1–680.17), implemented through 25 PA. CODE ch. 111, Stormwater Management— Grants and Reimbursement, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter111/chap111toc.html, Clean Streams Law, PA. STAT. tit. 35 Health and Safety, ch. 5

31 Texas: Texas imposes requirements concerning stormwater discharge391 and spill prevention and con- trol392 (DART). [Virginia: Virginia imposes requirements concerning stormwater discharge.393] Washington:394 Washington imposes requirements re- lated to drainage, storm water discharge, process water discharge, and hazardous fluid designation (King County Metro Transit). Water and Sewage Protection of Public Water Supply, § 691.901 et seq., 25 PA. CODE ch. 92. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitting, Monitoring and Compliance, §§ 92.1-92.4, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter92/chap92toc.html, 25 PA. CODE ch. 93. Water Quality Standards, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/chap93toc.html, 25 PA. CODE ch. 102. Erosion And Sediment Control, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter102/chap102toc.html (SEPTA) [Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply and Wastewater Management Instructions for NOI, NPDES General Permit (PAG-13) for Stormwater Discharges, from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s), www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/subject/Proposed_regulations/3800- PM-WSWM0100.pdf; Pennsylvania DEP, Bureau of Watershed Management has published a best practices manual to be followed by persons required to have postconstruction stormwater management plans. Final PA Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Manual (363-0300-002), www.depweb.state.pa.us/watershedmgmt/cwp/view.asp?a=143 7&Q=518682&PM=1]. 390 25 PA. CODE, art. II Water Resources, http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleICII_toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); E.g., Clean Streams Law, PA. STAT. tit. 35, Health and Safety, ch. 5, Water and Sewage Protection of Public Water Supply, § 691.1, 35 § 6021 ch. 9 Spill Prevention Response Plan; 25 PA. CODE ch. 105, Dam Safety and Waterway Management, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter105/chap105toc.html, 25 PA. CODE ch. 106, Floodplain Management, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter106/chap106toc.html, 25 PA. CODE § 16.61. Special provisions for the Great Lakes System, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter16/ s16.61.html (SEPTA). 391 TPDES Industrial General Permit–TXR050000, www.tceq.state.tx.us/assets/public/permitting/waterquality/att achments/stormwater/txr050000.pdf; [Storm Water and Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s), www.tceq.state.tx.us/permitting/water_quality/stormwater/stor m-water-navigation/ms4.html]. 392 30 TEX. ADM. CODE ch. 327 Spill Prevention and Control, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=4&ti=30&pt=1&ch=327&rl=Y. 393 Permit Regulations, 9 VA. ADMIN. CODE 25-30; Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) General Permit Regulations for stormwater discharges associated with industrial activity from passenger transportation facilities, 9 VA. ADMIN. CODE 25-151-230; Stormwater Management Regulations, 4 VA. ADMIN. CODE 3-20. 394 See WASH. ADMIN. CODE 51-56-1100, ch. 11 Storm drainage, http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=51-56- 1100. 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning storm- water discharge, process water discharge, hazardous fluid designation, and other clean water requirements. Reported requirements are set forth below. Many local governments or local water authorities impose require- ments more stringent than those of the CWA.395 The examples of such requirements provided in this section are primarily those flagged by questionnaire respon- dents. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing stormwater discharge, process water discharge, hazardous fluid designation, and other clean water requirements (State DOT). Maricopa County has clean water requirements396 (Phoenix). California: Examples of municipal and county re- quirements397 include: • San Francisco legislation authorizing local en- forcement of the California Hazardous Waste Control Act.398 • County of San Diego stormwater discharge re- quirements,399 in addition to the Municipal Storm Water Permit.400 The County also recommends BMPs for re- ducing discharge from repair facilities.401 • Los Angeles Industrial Waste Control Ordinance (Section 64, Los Angeles Municipal Code)402 related to stormwater, process water, and hazardous fluid desig- nation (LACMTA). • County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County Wastewater Ordinance403 related to stormwater, process water, and hazardous fluid designation (LACMTA). 395 Abrams, supra note 4, at 7, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tsyn07.pdf. 396 http://www.maricopa.gov/EnvSvc/WaterWaste/StormWater/Sto rmwater.aspx. 397 Additional links available at Project Clean Water, Current Laws, Regulations, & Ordinances, www.projectcleanwater.org/html/current-law.html. 398 Art. 22: Hazardous Waste Management, www.municode.com/content/4201/14136/HTML/ch022.html. 399 County of San Diego Watershed Protection, Stormwater Management, and Discharge Control Ordinance, www.projectcleanwater.org/pdf/county-stormwater-ord- 9424.pdf. 400 www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb9/programs/sd_stormwater.html. 401 www.sdcounty.ca.gov/dpw/watersheds/pubs/green_wrench01- 03.pdf; www.sdcounty.ca.gov/dpw/watersheds/pubs/automotive_poster. pdf. 402 www.lacity.org/san/wastewater/pdfs/lamc-iwco.pdf. 403 www.lacsd.org/info/industrial_waste/wastewater_ordinance.asp .

32 Arizona: There are county and/or municipal building code requirements governing ventilation, drainage, and other issues (State DOT). Delaware: The City of Wilmington has stormwater discharge requirements that are more stringent than federal requirements. Other county and municipal zon- ing and permit regulations on stormwater discharge and process water discharge are more stringent than federal clean water requirements (State DOT). Florida: Miami–Dade County imposes stormwater discharge requirements404 (Miami–Dade Transit). Georgia: There are county and municipal building code requirements governing drainage. (Athens Tran- sit). City of Atlanta imposes requirements related to stormwater and process water discharge405 (MARTA). Illinois: The City of Chicago imposes stormwater management requirements.406 The Greater Chicago Metropolitan Water Reclamation District imposes re- quirements related to process water discharge407 (CTA). Maryland: Discharge of pollutants to a publicly owned separate municipal stormwater system from an independent system may be regulated by that munici- pal system, and the permits mandate notification to that system’s administrator.408 Depending on the county, city, town, or municipality, there are different codes regulating process water discharge, including the elimination of locally targeted pollutants and monitor- ing and reporting requirements (MTA). Minnesota: There are county and/or municipal build- ing code requirements governing hazardous fluid desig- nation (Metro Transit). Missouri: There are county and/or municipal build- ing code requirements governing storm water dis- charge, process water discharge, hazardous fluid desig- nation, drainage, and other clean water issues such as on-site sewage disposal systems (State DOT). 404 Code of Miami-Dade County, ch. 24 [Environmental Protection, Biscayne Bay and Environs Designated Aquatic Park and Conservation Area, the Biscayne Bay Environmental Enhancement Trust Fund, and the Environmentally Endangered Lands Program, Miami-Dade County Code of Ordinances, www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=10620&sid=9]. 405 City of Atlanta, Code of Ordinances, ch. 74, art. IX. 406 Stormwater Management, Municipal Code of Chicago, 11-18-020. [ch. 18 will be added to tit. 11, Utilities and Environmental Protection, effective Jan. 2008, http://egov.cityofchicago.org:80/city/webportal/portalContentIte mAction.do?BV_SessionID=@@@@1124349720.1181701977@@ @@&BV_EngineID=cccfaddleikffgjcefecelldffhdfhg.0&contentO ID=536951042&contenTypeName=COC_EDITORIAL&topCha nnelName=HomePage]. 407 Environmental Remediation Wastewater Ordinance as Amended May 9, 1996, www.mwrdgc.dst.il.us/RD/Ordinances/ERWOrdinance.pdf. 408 Permit 02-SW pt. III, G, www.mde.state.md.us/Permits/WaterManagementPermits/wat er_applications/stormwater.asp. Nevada: Washoe County issues process water dis- charge permits and oversees sand/oil separator man- agement and permits (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: Local municipal utilities authorities have requirements for hydrocarbon and other contami- nant discharge limits in the effluent stream that vary from town to town (NJTransit). New York: New York City imposes drainage409 as well as stormwater and process water discharge410 require- ments. [NYCT has a substantial stormwater discharge program.411] Ohio: There are local requirements concerning storm- water and process water discharge (www.neorsd. org [www.neorsd.org/industrial_collection.php]) (GCRTA). Pennsylvania: Philadelphia imposes requirements related to drainage412 and stormwater413 (SEPTA). Alle- gheny County imposes requirements related to drain- age414 and process water415 (Port Authority of Allegheny 409 RCNY, tit. 15, Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 18, § 18-39 Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans and Impervious Surfaces; § 18-81 Local Government Stormwater Protection Plans, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm [select tit. 15, select ch. 18]. 410 RCNY, tit. 15, Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 19, Use of the Public Sewers: § 19-02 Disposal of Wastewater, Stormwater and Groundwater; § 19-05 Permit for Industrial Wastewater Discharge, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm [select tit. 15, select ch. 19]. 411 MTA–New York City Transit Phase II Storm Water Program, (www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/storminfo/storminfo.htm;), www.mta.info/busco/stormwater.htm. 412 Philadelphia Building Code. 413 Philadelphia Code, § 13-603. Storm Water Sewers, www.phila.gov/philacode/html/_data/title13/chapter_13_600_pr ovisions_gove/13_603_storm_water_sewers.html; Philadelphia Water Department Regulations § 501.3 (a)(2)(S) [prohibition against discharging “wastewater, pollutants, chemicals or any other substance or contaminant into street inlets or through sewer manholes without the prior written approval of the POTW”], www.phila.gov/water/pdfs/pwd_regulations3.pdf, p. 78; Philadelphia Water Department Regulations § 501.4 (b), Wastewater Discharge Permits, www.phila.gov/water/pdfs/pwd_regulations3.pdf, p. 85. 414 Allegheny County Health Department, Plumbing, www.achd.net/plumbing/plumbingstart.html, Allegheny County Health Department Rules and Regulations, art. XV, Plumbing, www.achd.net/plumbing/pubs/pdf/plumbingcode15.pdf; Allegheny County Health Department, Solid Waste Section, www.achd.net/waterw/wastestart.html, Allegheny County Health Department Rules and Regulations, art. VIII, Solid Waste and Recycling Management, www.achd.net/waste/pubs/pdf/ART8_solidwaste.pdf; Allegheny County Health Department, Water Pollution Control, www.achd.net/waterw/wastewaterstart.html, ACHD Rules & Regulations art. XIV, “Sewage Management,” as amended, www.achd.net/waterw/pubs/pdf/sewage.pdf. 415 Allegheny County Sanitary Authority Pretreatment Regulations, www.alcosan.org/.

33 County). Pittsburgh imposes requirements related to drainage416 (Port Authority of Allegheny County). Washington: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements related to stormwater discharge in park- and-ride lots and to process water discharge and haz- ardous fluid designation (King County Metro Transit). 4. Operational Concerns/Features Clean water requirements affect bus washing and drainage in all areas where buses travel, are repaired, or are fueled.417 Operations affected: Refueling, fluids check and re- plenishing, interior and exterior cleaning, washing, engine and under-chassis washing, minor repairs, tune- ups, chassis lubrication,418 engine and component over- haul, painting.419 Potential sources of contaminants: Petroleum prod- ucts, grease, battery acid, antifreeze, dirt, and trash.420 Areas affected: Indoor bus storage, machine shop, outside parking area, repair bays, servicing areas. Specific measures to take include: • Recycle wash water.421 • Properly maintain oil/water separators to ensure that oil is captured before being discharged into the sewer system.422 • Emphasize waste minimization practices, such as training employees not to top off vehicles and to keep oil/water separators clean of excess sludge.423 5. FAQs How do I determine whether my facility must comply with clean water permitting requirements? • Assuming your operation is classified under Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code 41, the portion of the facility associated with vehicle maintenance re- 416 Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority, www.pgh2o.com/. 417 The Impact of Regulations, supra note 302, www.maintenancedesigngroup.com/publications/summer_1999/ article1.asp. See, e.g., Environmental Handbook for Transportation Operations, supra note 385, at 37, www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/portal/programs/envi- init/files/oprhbook.pdf. 418 EPA OFFICE OF POLLUTION, POLLUTION PREVENTION SUCCESS STORIES—TRANSPORTATION: CLEANER BUS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 65 (1996), www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25689.pdf. See also The Impact of Regulations, www.maintenancedesigngroup.com/publications/summer_1999/ article1.asp. 419 Phase II SPDES Storm Water Program, www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/storminfo/storminfo.htm. 420 Schiavone, supra note 1, at 21, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_109.pdf. 421 Mundy, supra note 303, at 21, www.ctre.iastate.edu/mtc/reports/tmi.pdf. 422 Id. 423 EPA OFFICE OF POLLUTION, supra note 418, at 65–66. quires a permit. If your facility discharges to an MS4 or to waters of the United States, you must obtain storm- water permit coverage unless you can certify that your operations are not exposed to stormwater.424 • The permitting authority can clarify which require- ments are applicable in your jurisdiction. The states for which EPA is the permitting authority are listed under Part II, D.1., above. EPA regional offices and state envi- ronmental departments are listed in Appendix E. If there is a conflict between federal, state, and local law over definitions, e.g., process water, which do I fol- low? • The CWA does not preempt states from having more stringent requirements. Determining priority between state and local law requires an analysis of the laws in your specific jurisdiction. Where can I find information about stormwater BMPs? • EPA maintains data and guidance on BMP: Storm Water Guidance & Best Management Practices (http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/WATER.NSF/95537302e2c 56cea8825688200708c9a/99535c0504eb034988256ace00 6a00e4!OpenDocument#Database). • The following types of state and local agencies may develop stormwater BMPs. You should determine whether the agencies in your jurisdiction have devel- oped such practices. If not, those developed in other jurisdictions will be of interest. Following are some ex- amples: • State water resources authorities: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (www.mwra.state.ma.us/harbor/html/bmp.htm). • State environmental departments: Best Manage- ment Tips for Automotive & Truck Repair Businesses (www.deq.state.ne.us/Publica.nsf/lddd539d20b2b739862 56870007b30a8/544fda52da4382ac86256a770056c347? OpenDocument); Oregon DEQ Recommended Best Management Practices for Washing Activities (www.deq. state.or.us/wq/pubs/bmps/washactivities.pdf). • State DOTs: Arizona DOT Maintenance and Facili- ties Best Management Practices Manual (www.azdot. gov/ADOT_and/Storm_Water/PDF/maintenance_and_fa cilities_bmp_manual.pdf). • Local governmental groups: San Mateo Countywide Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program (www.ci.daly- city.ca.us/city_services/depts/public_works/pwnet/vgwp_fi nalreport/Chapter5.5.pdf; California Coastal Commission’s 4W BMPs for Vehicle Service Facilities (www.coastal. ca.gov/la/docs/murp/4w.pdf). • Counties and municipalities: Appendix N, Storm- water Best Management Practices (www.sdcounty.ca. 424 Stormwater Frequently Asked Questions, http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/faqs.cfm?program_id=6#5.

34 gov/deh/lwq/sam/pdf_files/manual_2004/appendix/pdf/ appendix_n.pdf); Best Management Practices for In- dustrial Storm Water Pollution Control (www. sactostormwater.org/documents/guides/industrial- BMP-manual.pdf). E. Hazardous Waste Disposal (Not Including Storage Tanks) 425 Many substances used in vehicle maintenance may be classified as hazardous waste for purposes of both federal and state law. It is particularly important to distinguish between the free-flowing oil drained from engine parts, which can be managed as used oil, and the residual oil removed by solvents, parts washing, or rags, which must be treated as hazardous waste.426 1. Federal Requirements EPA: • RCRA:427 authorizes solid and hazardous waste pro- grams. RCRA is also the basis for regulating petroleum underground storage tanks, discussed in Section II. J., Storage Tanks, below. • The relevant RCRA regulations are: • Hazardous waste management system: General.428 • Identification and listing of hazardous waste.429 • Standards applicable to generators of hazardous waste.430 • Standards applicable to transporters of hazardous waste.431 • Standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.432 • Interim status standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.433 425 For a more indepth, albeit dated, discussion of hazardous waste, see DOUGLAS D. LOWELL, WASTE CONTROL PRACTICES AT BUS MAINTENANCE FACILITIES (TCRP Synthesis 9, 1995). 426 See WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY, A CHANGE IN USED OIL GUIDANCE—REMOVING RESIDUAL OIL DOES NOT CREATE “USED OIL,” 12 SHOPTALK, Autumn 2002, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0204004.pdf; WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY, MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS CONTAINING OR CONTAMINATED WITH USED OIL, Dec. 2002, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0204031.pdf. 427 42 U.S.C. §§ 321 et seq. (1976); 40 C.F.R. pts. 260–266. Comprehensive guidance is available from EPA: RCRA Orientation Manual 2006; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, www.epa.gov/epaoswer/general/orientat/. 428 40 C.F.R. pt. 260, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr260_07.html. 429 40 C.F.R. pt. 261, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr261_07.html. 430 40 C.F.R. pt. 262, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr262_07.html. 431 40 C.F.R. pt. 263, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr263_07.html. 432 40 C.F.R. pt. 264, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr264_07.html. • Standards for the management of specific hazard- ous wastes and specific types of hazardous waste management facilities.434 • Requirements for authorization of state hazardous waste programs.435 • Standards for the management of used oil.436 EPA guidance includes the Used Oil Management Program (www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/usedoil/). • Used oil or hazardous waste? • Used oil can become mixed with hazardous waste and therefore no longer be regulated under the used oil management standards. • EPA employs a rebuttable presumption about used oil. (Guidance available: Guidance and Summary of Information Regarding the RCRA Used Oil Rebuttable Presumption, EPA Pub. No. 905-R03-005 (www.epa. gov/reg5rcra/wptdiv/usedoil/905-R-03-005.pdf). • Sample violations of hazardous waste laws:437 • Failure to make hazardous waste assessments on waste streams. • Throwing hazardous waste such as solvent cans and contaminated rags in the trash. • Failure to properly label and date waste contain- ers. • Failure to manage hazardous waste to minimize potential for release. • Failure to ship hazardous waste off site within 90 days. • CERCLA: Spill response and reporting; Hazardous Substances Releases, Liability, Compensation.438 • Relevant regulations include: • National oil and hazardous substances pollution contingency plan.439 • Designation, reportable quantities, and notifica- tion.440 • Worker protection.441 • Emergency planning and notification.442 433 40 C.F.R. pt. 265, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr265_07.html. 434 40 C.F.R. pt. 266, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr266_07.html. 435 40 C.F.R. pt. 271, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr271_07.html. 436 40 C.F.R. pt. 279, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr279_07.html. 437 RIPTA Agrees to Reduce Bus Pollution, supra note 179, www.epa.gov/ne/pr/2002/oct/021018.html. 438 42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq., www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title42/chapter103_subchapteri_.ht ml. 439 40 C.F.R. pt. 300, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr300_07.html. 440 40 C.F.R. pt. 302, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr302_07.html. 441 40 C.F.R. pt. 311, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr311_07.html. 442 40 C.F.R. pt. 355, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr355_07.html.

35 • Hazardous chemical reporting: Community right- to-know.443 • Toxic chemical release reporting: community right- to-know.444 • Reporting hazardous substance activity when sell- ing or transferring federal real property.445 Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admini- stration: The PHMSA regulates the transportation of hazard- ous materials. The primary requirements that may ap- ply to bus maintenance facilities are those for hazard- ous materials shippers,446 including the responsibility to identify hazardous materials. The Federal Motor Car- rier Safety Administration (FMCSA) offers an overview of these requirements.447 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning hazard- ous waste disposal in general, used oil disposal, and other hazardous waste disposal issues. Reported re- quirements are set forth below. Based on the question- naire responses, this topic appears to be an active area of state interest. Although not strictly hazardous waste, scrap tires must be disposed of according to any applicable state laws. This issue is not managed at the federal level, but the EPA provides information about scrap tire man- agement, including a reference guide to state scrap tire programs.448 Arizona: Arizona imposes requirements related to hazardous waste disposal, including used oil disposal449 (Phoenix). California: California imposes requirements concern- ing hazardous waste disposal,450 used oil disposal,451 and hazardous waste reduction and generator fees.452 443 40 C.F.R. pt. 370, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr370_07.html. 444 40 C.F.R. pt. 372, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr372_07.html. 445 40 C.F.R. pt. 373, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr373_07.html. 446 49 C.F.R. pt. 173, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/49cfr173_06.html. 447 How to Comply with Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations, www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety- security/hazmat/complyhmregs.htm. 448 Management of Scrap Tires, www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non- hw/muncpl/tires/live.htm. 449 ARIZ. REV. STAT. tit. 49, ch. 5, Hazardous Waste Disposal, www.azleg.state.az.us/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp?Title=49. 450 Guidelines and BMPs published by Caltrans, Dep’t of Toxic Substance Control, and California Integrated Waste Management Board (State DOT); Hazardous Waste Control Law: Health & Safety Code, div. 20, ch. 6.5 http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=25001-26000&file=25167.1- 25169.3, 22 CAL. CODE REGS. div. 4.5: Environmental Health Standards for the Management of Hazardous Waste, Delaware: Delaware guidelines governing hazardous waste disposal are more specific than the federal re- quirements (State DOT). District of Columbia: [Reference from WMATA Envi- ronmental Policy Manual] Hazardous Waste Manage- ment, DCMR Title 20, Subtitle E, Chapters 40–50. Florida:[453] The Florida Department of Environ- mental Protection imposes requirements related to haz- ardous waste disposal, including used oil disposal (Mi- ami–Dade Transit). Indiana:[454] Indiana imposes requirements concern- ing hazardous waste disposal, including used oil dis- posal455 (IndyGo). Iowa: Iowa imposes requirements concerning haz- ardous waste disposal, including used oil disposal456 (State DOT). http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action=TO C&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 22, then div. 4.5], Hazardous Substance Account Act: Health and Safety Code, div. 20, ch. 6.8, www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/calawquery?codesection=hsc&codebody=&hits=20 (LACMTA). 451 Recycling (State DOT); 14 CAL. CODE REGS. div. 7: ch. 8: Used Oil Recycling Program, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 14, then div. 7], Hazardous Waste Control Law: Health & Safety Code, div. 20, ch. 6.5, http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=25001- 26000&file=25167.1-25169.3, California Oil Recycling Enhancement Act: Public Resources Code, div. 30, pt. 7, ch. 4, §§ 48600–48695 (LACMTA). 452 Hazardous Waste Reduction, Hazardous Waste Generator Fee Return. EPA Id. Number & Manifest Fee. See Hazardous Waste Fee Summary, Effective Jan. 1, 2008, http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/upload/08feesummar y.pdf. 453 Florida DEP, Hazardous Waste Regulation, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/hwRegulation/default.ht m. Note distinction between small quantity (220–2,200 lbs of hazardous waste per month) and large quantity (2,200 lbs or more of hazardous waste per month or 2.2 lbs or more of acute hazardous waste per month) generators, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/hazardous/pages/facility.h tm. Used oil: FLA. STAT. ch. 403.75 through 403.769; FLA. ADMIN. CODE, chs. 62-701, Solid Waste Management Facilities, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/rules/documents/62- 701.pdf, and 62-710, Used Oil Management, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/rules/documents/62- 710.pdf. See Florida Fact Sheet on the Management of Used Oil and Used Oil Filters June 2, 1997, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/used_ oil/factsheet/filters.pdf. 454 IND. CODE, tit. 13, art. 22, Hazardous Waste Management, www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title13/ar22/. 455 329 IND. ADMIN. CODE 13, www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T03290/A00130.PDF. 456 Ch. 455A, IOWA CODE, Jurisdiction of Department of Natural Resources, pt. 5, Hazardous Waste and Substance Management, http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/Cool- ICE/default.asp?category=billinfo&service=IowaCode (and enter 455A in search box). [Ch. cited by Iowa DOT appears to have been repealed. See ch. 455B, IOWA CODE, Jurisdiction of

36 Louisiana: Louisiana imposes hazardous waste dis- posal requirements457 (State DOT). Maryland: Maryland imposes requirements related to hazardous waste disposal in general458 and used oil disposal459 (MTA). [Maryland also requires a response plan.460] Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements concerning hazardous waste disposal, including used oil disposal461 (MBTA). Michigan: Michigan has requirements for Condition- ally Exempt Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste.462 These are overseen by the Michigan Depart- ment of Environmental Quality, Waste and Hazardous Materials.463 Michigan also has used oil disposal re- quirements,464 including requirements for burning used Department of Natural Resources, pt. 5, Hazardous Waste and Substance Management, http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/Cool- ICE/default.asp?category=billinfo&service=IowaCode (and enter 455B in search box); www.legis.state.ia.us/Current/tablesandindex/Index_G-I.htm]. 457 www.deq.louisiana.gov. 458 MD. CODE ANN., Environment Article, tit. 7. Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Substances, subtit. 1. Hazardous Materials, subtit. 2. Controlled Hazardous Substances, subtit. 5. Voluntary Cleanup Program, subtit. 6. Community Right-to-Know Fund, subtit. 7. Hazardous Material Security; tit. 26, Department of Environment, subtit. 13, Disposal of Controlled Hazardous Substances, MD. CODE REGS. 26.13.01– 13, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle13. 459 Tit. 26, Department of Environment, subtit. 10, Oil Pollution and Tank Management, 26.10.15, Management of Used Oil, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle10. 460 Tit. 26, Department of Environment, subtit. 14, Hazardous Substances Response Plan, MD. CODE REGS. 26.14.01–02, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle14. 461 310 MD. CODE REGS.: Department of Environmental Protection, 310 MD. CODE REGS. 30.000: Hazardous Waste, www.mass.gov/dep/service/regulations/310cmr30.pdf. 462 Pt. 111, Hazardous Waste Management Administrative Rules, www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-wmd-hwp- Part111Rules00.pdf; pt. 121, Liquid Industrial Waste, Act 451 of 1994, as amended, www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ggcgno2oj1dlpo55mmvg0eer))/mileg. aspx?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-451-1994-ii-3- 121&highlight=. 463 www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3312_4118_4240- 9167--,00.html. 464 Pt. 111, Hazardous Waste Management Administrative Rules, www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-wmd-hwp- Part111Rules00.pdf; pt. 121, Liquid Industrial Waste, of Act 451 of 1994, as amended (management requirements), www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(ggcgno2oj1dlpo55mmvg0eer))/mileg. aspx?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-451-1994-ii-3- 121&highlight=. oil.465 Michigan has additional universal waste require- ments.466 Michigan also permits and registers liquid industrial waste and hazardous waste transporters,467 although there is an exemption from registration for motor vehicles owned and operated by a local, state, or federal government or any other political subdivision.468 Missouri: Missouri has requirements governing haz- ardous waste disposal,469 used oil disposal,470 and gen- erators of hazardous waste471 (State DOT). [Missouri Department of Natural Resources provides guidance on pollution prevention in the vehicle maintenance indus- try.472] Montana: Montana has requirements governing hazardous waste disposal and used oil disposal (main- tenance of disposal records) (State DOT). Nevada: Nevada imposes requirements related to used oil disposal and other hazardous waste disposal requirements (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes solid waste disposal requirements473 (NJTransit). New York: New York has requirements governing hazardous waste disposal474 and used oil disposal475 (NYCT). 465 Limits when used oil is burned for energy recovery, www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3312_4118_4240-9167-- ,00.html; Air Quality Division requirements: pt. 55 of Act 451, www.deq.state.mi.us/aps/downloads/permits/c-p/wasteoil.pdf. 466 R 299.9228, Universal Wastes, pt. 111, Hazardous Waste Management Administrative Rules, www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-wmd-hwp- Part111Rules00.pdf. 467 1998 Public Act 138, www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(05d5fbbzlt3rxt45lru0gqzo))/mileg.as px?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-act-138-of- 1998&queryid=385247&highlight=. 468 Sect. 29.480, www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(u2woiu55l2mnt22lg15dfj55))/mileg. aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-29-480. 469 Ch. 260, Environmental Control, MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C260.HTM. 470 10 MO. CODE REGS. 25-11, Used Oil, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c25-11.pdf . 471 10 MO. CODE REGS. 25-5.262, Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c25-5.pdf. 472 Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Preventing Pollution in the Vehicle Maintenance Industry, www.dnr.mo.gov/pubs/pub799.pdf. 473 N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 7. Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 26. Solid Waste, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 7, ch. 26]. 474 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pts. 370–374, 376, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2491.html. 475 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 360: Solid Waste Management Facilities, subpt. 360-14, Used Oil, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4402.html; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. + REGS. subpt. 374-2, Standards for the Management of Used Oil, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4379.html.

37 Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes requirements concerning hazardous waste disposal,476 used oil dis- posal,477 and waste storage (State DOT).478 Texas: Texas has requirements governing hazardous waste disposal,479 used oil disposal,480 and waste proc- esses and remediation481 (DART). Virginia: Hazardous Waste Management Regula- tions, 9 VAC 20-60 [Reference from WMATA Environ- mental Policy Manual]. Washington:482 Washington imposes requirements re- lated to hazardous waste disposal in general, including used oil disposal (King County Metro Transit). 476 25 PA. CODE, art. VII Hazardous Waste Management, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleIDVII_toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); e.g., 25 PA. CODE ch. 260a. Hazardous Waste Management System: General § 260a.10, Definitions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter260a/subchapBtoc.ht ml, 25 PA. CODE ch. 264a. Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter264a/chap264atoc.ht ml, 25 PA. CODE ch. 265a. Interim Status Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter265a/chap265atoc.ht ml, 25 PA. CODE ch. 268a, Land Disposal Restrictions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter268a/chap268atoc.ht ml (SEPTA). 477 25 PA. CODE 25 art. IX Residual Waste Management, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/articleIDIX_toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); PA. CODE ch. 287. Residual Waste Management—General Provisions, § 287.1, Definitions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter287/subchapAtoc.htm l (SEPTA); 25 PA. CODE ch. 298, Management of Waste Oil, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter298/chap298toc.html (State DOT; SEPTA). 478 25 PA. CODE ch. 299, Storage and Transportation of Residual Waste, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter299/chap299toc.html 479 30 TEX. ADMIN. CODE 335, Industrial Solid Waste and Municipal Hazardous Waste, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=4&ti=30&pt=1&ch=335. 480 30 TEX. ADMIN. CODE 324, Used Oil Standards, subch. A, Used Oil Recycling, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=5&ti=30&pt=1&ch=324&sch=A&rl=Y; 30 TEX. ADM. CODE 328, Waste Minimization and Recycling, subch. D, Used Oil Filter Management and Recycling, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=5&ti=30&pt=1&ch=328&sch=D&rl=Y. 481 30 TEX. ADMIN. CODE 106, Permits by Rule, subch. X, Waste Processes and Remediation, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=5&ti=30&pt=1&ch=106&sch=X&rl=Y. 482 Hazardous waste: See ch. 173-303 WASH. ADMIN. CODE, Dangerous Waste Regulations, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/wac173303.pdf; Hazardous Waste Management Requirements, www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/reg_comp_guide/pages/regs_ha zwaste.html; Hazardous Waste Generator Checklist, www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/9112b.html. Used oil: See Used Oil: 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning hazard- ous waste disposal in general, used oil disposal, and other hazardous waste disposal issues. Reported re- quirements are set forth below. Arizona: There are county and municipal require- ments governing hazardous waste disposal in general, used oil disposal, and other hazardous waste disposal issues (State DOT). California: There are county and municipal re- quirements related to hazardous waste management plans (LACMTA). Florida: Miami–Dade County imposes requirements related to hazardous waste disposal, including used oil disposal483 (Miami-Dade Transit). [Broward County im- poses requirements related to hazardous waste.484] Missouri: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing hazardous waste disposal in gen- eral, used oil disposal, and other hazardous waste dis- posal issues (State DOT). Nevada: The Washoe County Health Department, Division of Environmental Health Services regulates permitting and inspection requirements for sale and recycling of waste (RTC Washoe). Pennsylvania: The City of Philadelphia Fire Code contains hazardous materials requirements485 (SEPTA). 4. Operational Concerns Hazardous waste can only be stored for limited amounts of time; containers must be inspected accord- ing to federal and state regulations; appropriate records must be kept. Determination must be made whether Materials That May or May Not Be Managed as Used Oil in Washington State, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/060400x.pdf; Management of Materials Containing or Contaminated with Used Oil. Dec. 2002, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0204031.pdf; WASH. ADMIN. CODE 173-303-515. Standards for the management of used oil, http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=173- 303-515; A Change in Used Oil Guidance—Removing Residual Oil Does Not Create “Used Oil,” Autumn 2002, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0204004.pdf. 483 Ch. 24 [Environmental Protection, Biscayne Bay and Environs Designated Aquatic Park and Conservation Area, the Biscayne Bay Environmental Enhancement Trust Fund, and the Environmentally Endangered Lands Program, Miami-Dade County Code of Ordinances], www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=10620&sid=9. 484 Ch. 27, art. VI of the Broward County Code of Ordinances, www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=10288&sid=9 (once at Municipal Code Web Site, select the plus sign next to ch. 27, Pollution Control, in the left column. This will expand ch. 27 to show all Articles. Click on art. VI) and state solid waste regulation under ch. 62-701, FLA. ADMIN. CODE FAQs at www.broward.org/pprd/wr_wasteregulation.htm#Questions. 485 Philadelphia Fire Code, -F-2301.2. Requirements for hazardous materials handling and licensing, http://webapps- test.phila.gov/fire/docs/philadelphia_firecode.pdf.

38 partly used supplies, such as paint, are product or haz- ardous waste.486 According to the EPA, vehicle maintenance opera- tions that might generate hazardous waste include:487 • Removing oil or grease. • Removing rust, dirt, or paint. • Repairing or rebuilding. • Refinishing or restoring. • Painting. • Replacing lead-acid batteries. Products that may contain hazardous material in- clude: • Rust removers (strong acid or alkaline solutions). • Carburetor cleaners (flammable or combustible liq- uids). • Parts cleaners and degreasers (toxic chemicals). • Paint thinners or reducers (ignitable or containing toxic constituents). • Motor oil and other petroleum products (ignitable or containing toxic chemicals). • Auto and truck batteries. 5. FAQs Where can I find guidance about the types of waste that are considered hazardous? What steps can I take to reduce production of these wastes? • EPA provides guidance: • Fact Sheets on Pollution Prevention for Fleet Maintenance (best environmental practices for numer- ous fleet maintenance operations) (www.epa.gov/region 09/waste/p2/autofleet/factfleet.html). • Waste Reduction Activities/Options for a State Department of Transportation Maintenance Facility, EPA/600/S-92/026, Oct. 1992 (www.p2pays.org/ref/13/12951.htm). • Waste Reduction Activities and Options for an Autobody Repair Facility, EPA/600/S-92/043, Oct. 1992 (www.p2pays.org/ref/18/17580.pdf). • Vehicle maintenance, EPA/530-SW-90-027a, July 3, 1995. • Best References: Auto Repair and Fleet Mainte- nance (includes case studies, fact sheets, articles and reports, manuals, links to other Web sites) (wrrc.p2pays.org/industry/indsectinfo.asp?INDSECT=5) • State and local governments may also provide guid- 486 See New York State Department of Transportation, supra note 385, at 41, www.nysdot.gov/portal/page/portal/programs/envi- init/files/oprhbook.pdf. 487 An Industry Overview of Businesses in the Vehicle Maintenance Category, www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08374.htm. In addition to listing the typical vehicle maintenance operations that may generate hazardous waste, this EPA publication lists the materials used, the typical material ingredient, and the general type of waste generated. ance, e.g., Pollution Prevention and Best Management Practices for Vehicle Maintenance and Repair Facilities (www.broward.org/environment/pub_bmp_7.pdf). What are the consequences for failing to comply with hazardous waste regulations? • A specific answer to this question is outside the scope of this report. However, it is possible for managers to be personally responsible for failing to comply with haz- ardous waste regulations. Factors affecting liability include whether the actions complained of are under- taken in the manager’s official capacity; whether there is a finding of carelessness, neglect, or reckless indiffer- ence; whether the action is brought under federal or state law; and what the state tort standards are for per- sonal liability under the specific circumstances com- plained of. Some states specifically allow for fines and criminal charges for violations of state hazardous waste regulations.488 What are the differences in requirements for haz- ardous waste versus universal waste and used oil? • Used oil is generally managed under the Used Oil Management Standards. However, used oil that has been mixed with a hazardous waste listed under 40 C.F.R. Part 261 comes under the hazardous waste regu- lations (40 C.F.R. Parts 260 through 266, 268, 270, and 124). • If used oil is suspected to be mixed with hazardous waste, it should be tested under 40 C.F.R. Parts 261 and 279 and then treated according to the results.489 • As noted previously in the report, residual oil is not managed under the used oil standards. F. Storage Tanks Clean water concerns led to regulations governing above- and underground storage tanks. Maintenance- related requirements include inspection, testing, reme- dying flaws, and properly closing discontinued tanks.490 State and local requirements may cover tanks not cov- ered by the federal underground storage tank (UST) program. 1. Federal Requirements Federal UST regulations apply only to USTs and piping that store petroleum and regulated hazardous 488 E.g., Colorado: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division, Guide to Generator Requirements of the Colorado Hazardous Waste Regulations, Fifth Edition, June 2005, at CDPHE 6. 489 Used Oil Segregation and Storage, www.p2pays.org/ref/20/19926/p2_opportunity_handbook/6_I_1. html. 490 See, e.g., Abrams, supra note 4, at 8–9, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tsyn07.pdf.

39 substances.491 These regulations, issued under RCRA, require that owners and operators of USTs prevent leaks, detect leaks, and correct problems that arise from leaks that do occur, as well as demonstrate their finan- cial capacity to correct problems in the event of leaks from their USTs.492 Requirements include periodic test- ing by certified tank testers and deployment of leak detection equipment. As is the case for NPDES re- quirements, states can administer approved state UST programs.493 The Underground Storage Tank Compliance Act of 2005,494 enacted as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005,495 made substantial changes in EPA’s Under- ground Storage Tanks Program496 in areas that include financial responsibility and installer certification,497 secondary containment,498 UST inspection,499 and opera- tor training.500 491 Overview of the Federal Underground Storage Tank Program, www.epa.gov/swerust1/overview.htm. 492 See generally, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, MUSTS FOR USTS: A SUMMARY OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SYSTEMS (EPA 510-K-95-002, 1995), www.epa.gov/swerust1/pubs/musts.pdf. In addition to providing guidance, this publication includes a list of industry standards for installation; tank filling practices; closure; assessing tank integrity; corrosion protection; general matters (repair, spill and overfill, installation, compatibility); and organizational contacts. 493 www.epa.gov/swerust1/fsstates.htm; www.epa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm; E.g., Underground Storage Tank Program: Approved State Program for Pennsylvania, www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA- WASTE/2006/March/Day-17/f2480.htm. 494 42 U.S.C. § 15801 et seq. 495 P.L. No. 109-58, 3 tit. XV, subtit. B. 496 New Legislation Requires Changes to the Underground Storage Tank Program, www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/nrg05_01.htm; EPA’s Implementation of Key Areas of the Energy Policy Act, www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/EPActUST.htm. 497 Financial Responsibility and Installer Certification, www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/finrespo.htm; U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GRANT GUIDELINES TO STATES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND INSTALLER CERTIFICATION PROVISION OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 (EPA 510-R-07-002, 2007), www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/Final%20FR%20GLs%201-19- 07.pdf. 498 Secondary Containment, www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/secondco.htm; U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GRANT GUIDELINES TO STATES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SECONDARY CONTAINMENT PROVISION OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 (EPA 510-R-06-001, 2006), www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/Final%20 Sec%20Cont%20GLs%2011-15-06.pdf. 499 Inspecting USTs, www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/inspectn.htm; U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GRANT GUIDELINES TO STATES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE INSPECTION PROVISIONS OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 (EPA 510-R-07-004, 2007), Specific UST regulations include: • Technical Standards and Corrective Action Require- ments for Owners and Operators of Underground Stor- age Tanks (UST).501 • Approval of State Underground Storage Tank Pro- grams.502 • Approved Underground Storage Tank Programs.503 Additional EPA guidance includes: • Operating and Maintaining Underground Storage Tank Systems: Practical Help and Checklists (www.epa.gov/swerust1/pubs/ommanual.htm). • Straight Talk on Tanks: Leak Detection Methods for Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks and Piping (www.epa.gov/swerust1/pubs/straight.htm). • Underground Storage Tank Program Directory (www.epa.gov/swerust1/pubs/reglist.htm). • Leak Detection Methods for Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks and Piping (www.epa.gov/OUST/pubs/ stot05.pdf). • Doing Inventory Control Right for Underground Stor- age Tanks (www.epa.gov/OUST/pubs/inventry.pdf). State UST Programs: These are programs that have been approved by EPA. In these states the state envi- ronmental agency, not EPA, has the lead in UST en- forcement. Thirty-five states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico have approved state programs. The states are Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia (www.epa.gov/swerust1/fsstates.htm; www.epa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm). Aboveground storage tanks are regulated under the federal SPCC program,504 discussed above. www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/Inspection%20Final%20GL%204-24- 07.pdf. 500 Operator Training. www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/optraing.htm; U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GRANT GUIDELINES TO STATES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE OPERATOR TRAINING PROVISION OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 (EPA-510-R-07-005, 2007), www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/otgg_final080807. pdf. 501 40 C.F.R. pt. 280, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr280_07.html. 502 40 C.F.R. pt. 281, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr281_07.html. 503 40 C.F.R. pt. 282, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr282_07.html. 504 Aboveground Storage Tanks, www.epa.gov/swerust1/cmplastc/asts.htm.

40 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning UST programs, aboveground storage tanks, and other stor- age tank issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. [For a contact list for all state UST programs, see www.epa.gov/swerust1/states/stateurl.htm.] In Some states, a water resources control board may have jurisdiction over storage tanks. Arizona: Arizona imposes requirements related to USTs505 (Phoenix). California:[506] California imposes requirements re- lated to USTs,507 aboveground storage tanks,508 and other storage tank issues (LACMTA).509 [The State Water Resources Control Board adminis- ters UST requirements, including leak prevention, cleanup, enforcement, and tank tester licensing.510] Delaware: Delaware’s requirements are more com- prehensive, for example on secondary containment and 505 ARIZ. REV. STAT. tit. 49, ch. 6, Underground Storage Tank Regulation, 49-1001–49-1093; ARIZ. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 18. Environmental Quality, ch. 12. Department of Environmental Quality, Underground Storage Tanks, http://159.87.34.10/public_services/Title_18/18-12.htm; ch. 12 of tit. 18 of the ARIZ. ADMIN. CODE (UST Program Rules), www.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_18/18-12.htm. 506 Tit. 23, CAL. CODE OF REGS., ch. 16. Effective Oct. 13, 2005, www.swrcb.ca.gov/ust/regulatory/docs/ccr_title23div3chapt16.p df. 507 Health and Safety Code § 25280–25299.8, www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi- bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=25001-26000&file=25280- 25299.8 (State DOT); 23 CAL. CODE REGS., http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000, Health & Safety Code, div. 20, Miscellaneous Health and Safety Provisions, http://law.justia.com/california/codes/hsc.html. [See specifically ch. 6.75, Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Cleanup] Health & Safety Code, div. 26, Air Resources, http://law.justia.com/california/codes/hsc.html, Fire Code 7901, 7902, www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24/t24_2001tried.html#part9, NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70 (LACMTA). 508 California Aboveground Petroleum Storage Act. Health & Safety Code, div. 20, Fire Code 7901, 7902, NFPA 70 (LACMTA); [see California Health and Safety Code Sections 25270-25270.13, ch. 6.67. Aboveground Storage of Petroleum, http://law.justia.com/california/codes/hsc/25270-25270.13.html; www.swrcb.ca.gov/cwphome/agt/law.html]. 509 Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Cleanup Fund Regulations, www.swrcb.ca.gov/cwphome/ustcf/docs/regulations/fund_regula tions.pdf; Underground Storage Tank Maintenance Fee Regulations, www.boetaxes.ca.gov/business/Vol4/Ustmf/ustmfr.pdf; Used Oil Recycling Incentive Payment Claim/Report, www.ciwmb.ca.gov/UsedOil/Forms/ciwmb031.pdf. 510 Underground Storage Tank Program, www.swrcb.ca.gov/cwphome/ust/index.html. inspection. Delaware also has requirements for above- ground storage tanks (State DOT). District of Columbia: [Reference from WMATA Envi- ronmental Policy Manual] Underground Storage Tanks, DCMR Title 20, Chapters 55-70. Florida:[511] Florida imposes requirements related to aboveground storage tanks512 (Miami–Dade Transit). Georgia: Georgia imposes requirements related to USTs513 and aboveground storage tanks514 (MARTA). Illinois: The Illinois Fire Marshal enforces require- ments related to the installation, modification, and re- moval of USTs;515 the Illinois EPA enforces require- ments related to site cleanup and remediation related to USTs516 (CTA). Indiana: Indiana imposes requirements related to underground and aboveground storage tanks, and other storage tank issues517 (IndyGo). Iowa: Iowa imposes requirements concerning USTs.518 Louisiana:[519] Louisiana imposes requirements con- cerning storage tanks520 (State DOT). 511 Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 62-761, Underground Storage Tank Systems, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/rules/documents/62- 761.pdf. 512 Department of Environmental Protection, ch. 62-762, Aboveground Storage Tank Systems, www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/rules/documents/62- 762.pdf. 513 Rule 391-3-15 [Underground Storage Tank Management. http://rules.sos.state.ga.us/cgi- bin/page.cgi?g=GEORGIA_DEPARTMENT_OF_NATURAL_R ESOURCES%2FENVIRONMENTAL_PROTECTION%2FUND ERGROUND_STORAGE_TANK_MANAGEMENT%2Findex.ht ml&d=1]. 514 [Rules of Safety Fire Commissioner] ch. 120-3-11, [Rules and Regulations for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, www.gainsurance.org/ANNOUNCEMENTS/1026AR- 1217200382922.pdf]. 515 ILL. ADMIN. CODE: tit. 41: Fire Protection, ch. I: Office of the State Fire Marshal, pt. 170 Storage, Transportation, Sale and Use of Petroleum and Other Regulated Substances, www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/041/04100170section s.html. 516 ILL. ADMIN. CODE: tit. 35: Environmental Protection, subtit. G: Waste Disposal, ch. I: Pollution Control Board, pt. 731 Underground Storage Tanks, www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/035/03500731section s.html; pt. 732 Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks (Releases Reported September 23, 1994, through June 23, 2002), www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/035/035007 32sections.html; pt. 734 Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks (Releases Reported on or after June 24, 2002), www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/035/03500734section s.html. 517 IND. CODE 13-23, www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title13/ar23/. 518 Ch. 455.B471—479, IOWA CODE, http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/Cool- ICE/default.asp?category=billinfo&service=IowaCode (and enter 455B in search box).

41 [Maine: Tank installers and inspectors must be certi- fied.521] Maryland: Maryland imposes requirements related to underground and aboveground storage tanks522 (MTA). Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements concerning underground and aboveground storage tanks523 (MBTA). Michigan: The Michigan Department of Environ- mental Quality was granted lead authority over the Underground524 and Aboveground525 Storage Programs. Michigan also has authority over leaking USTs526 and aboveground storage tank leaks527 (Department of Envi- ronmental Quality). Minnesota: The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency regulates and provides guidance on USTs.528 Missouri: Missouri imposes requirements related to underground529 and aboveground530 storage tanks, and other storage tank issues.531 519 Underground Storage Tank, www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/tabid/2659/Default.aspx. 520 Plan Review Section, Storage Tank System Review Guide, www.dps.state.la.us/sfm/index.html [click on plan review]. 521 Maine Certified Underground Storage Tank Installers/Inspectors as of May, 2007, Certified by the State of Maine Board of Underground Storage Tank Installers, www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/ust/pdf/certifiedinstaller.pdf. 522 Tit. 26, Department of Environment subtit. 10, Oil Pollution and Tank Management, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle10. See also MD. CODE REGS. 26.11, www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/subtitle_chapters/26_Chapters.ht m#Subtitle11. 523 527 MD. CODE REGS.: Board of Fire Prevention Regulations, 527 MD. CODE REGS. 9.00: Tanks and Containers, www.mass.gov/Eeops/docs/dfs/osfm/cmr/527009.pdf. 524 www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3311_4115_4238- 9783--,00.html. 525 www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(fwhbj4jj5nxmi555o4flq155))/mileg.a spx?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-Act-207-of- 1941&queryid=15420007 [www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(dakauk2ss20vld45dgojeb45))/mileg. aspx?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-29- 5c&queryid=20854498&highlight=tank; www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3311_4115_4237---, 00.html]. 526 www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(vqspns21p1u4ctq5ivxmtz45))/mileg. aspx?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-451-1994-ii-8- 213&highlight. 527 Pt. 201, Environmental Remediation, of Act 451, www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(pow401y2pgjylz55ob31o545))/mileg. aspx?page=getobject&objectname=mcl-451-1994-ii-7- 201&highlight=. 528 http://proteus.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/sbeg-c- tanks.pdf. 529 USTs, 319.100–319.139 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C319.HTM; UST Technical Montana: Montana imposes UST requirements.532 Nevada: Nevada EPA oversees and certifies under- ground and aboveground storage tanks programs and permitting (RTC Washoe). New York: New York imposes requirements concern- ing underground and aboveground storage tanks533 and chemical bulk storage534 (NYCT). [The New York De- partment of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC) administers the storage tank program.535 According to the NYDEC, the Federal UST regulations differ from the New York State requirements as follows:536 • The federal regulations cover crude oil and any frac- tion thereof and provide an exemption for tanks storing heating oil used consumptively on premises and tanks with a capacity of less than 1,100 gal storing motor fu- els at farms and residences. • The regulations cover underground tanks over 110 gal. Regulations, 10 MO. CODE REGS. 20-10, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c20-10.pdf. 530 Petroleum storage tanks, 319.100–319.139 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C319.HTM; ASTs— Release Response, 10 MO. CODE REGS. 20-15, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/10csr/10c20-15.pdf. 531 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Safety Rules, 11 MO. CODE REGS. 40-2, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/11csr/11c40- 2.pdf; Liquefied Petroleum Gases, 2 MO. CODE REGS. 90-10, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/2csr/2c90-10.pdf; Petroleum Inspections, 2 MO. CODE REGS. 90-30, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/2csr/2c90-30.pdf. 532 Ch. 56, Underground Storage Tanks Petroleum and Chemical Substances, subch. 2, UST Systems: Design, Construction and Installation ARM # 17.56.201 or # 17.56.202(1)(a) or (1)(b), www.deq.state.mt.us/dir/legal/Chapters/Ch56-02.pdf. 533 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 595: Releases of Hazardous Substances Reporting, Response and Corrective Action; pt. 596: Hazardous Substance Bulk Storage Regulations; pt. 597: List of Hazardous Substances; pt. 598: Handling and Storage of Hazardous Substances; pt. .599: Standards for New or Modified Hazardous Substance Storage Facilities, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2490.html; 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 612: Registration of Petroleum Storage Facilities; pt. 613: Handling and Storage of Petroleum; pt. 614: Standards for New and Substantially Modified Petroleum Storage Facilities, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2490.html. 534 6 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. pt. 595: Releases of Hazardous Substances Reporting, Response and Corrective Action; pt. 596: Hazardous Substance Bulk Storage Regulations; pt. 597: List of Hazardous Substances; pt. 598: Handling and Storage of Hazardous Substances; pt. 599: Standards for New or Modified Hazardous Substance Storage Facilities, www.dec.ny.gov/regs/2490.html. 535 Regulation of Petroleum Tanks, www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/2642.html. 536 Bulk Storage Guidance Documents: Federal Underground Tank Regulations, www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/2646.html. Guidance, bulletins, and links to regional contacts available at www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/287.html.

42 • Tanks must have some form of leak detection such as annual tightness testing. • Tanks were required to be upgraded by December 22, 1998, to satisfy leak detection and corrosion protection requirements. • Site assessments must be performed when a tank is permanently taken out of service.] Ohio: Ohio imposes requirements concerning USTs537 (GCRTA) [including release detection requirements538]. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes requirements on storage tanks,539 both underground540 and above- ground541 [Underground Storage Tank Program: Ap- 537 Bureau of Underground Storage Tank Regulations (BUSTR), www.com.state.oh.us/sfm/bust/; State Fire Marshal, https://www.com.state.oh.us/sfm/bustr/RegMenu.asp. 538 https://com.state.oh.us/sfm/bustr/PDFs/release_det_req.pdf. 539 http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter245/subchapFto c.html (State DOT); PA. STAT., tit. 35, Health and Safety, ch. 29D, Storage and Spill Prevention Act, Enacted by Pennsylvania Laws of 1989, P.L. No. 169, http://members.aol.com/StatutesP3/35.Cp.29D.html (SEPTA); 25 PA. CODE ch. 264a, Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities, subch. J, Tank Systems, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter264a/subchapJtoc.ht ml (SEPTA); [34 PA. CODE § 13.15, Location of tanks and cylinders [Expressing preference for aboveground fuel tanks], www.pacode.com/secure/data/034/chapter13/s13.15.html]. 540 25 PA. CODE ch. 245, Administration of the Storage Tank and Spill Prevention Program, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter245/chap245toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); e.g., 25 PA. CODE ch. 245, subch. E, Technical Standards for Underground Storage Tanks, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter245/subchapEtoc.htm l (State DOT; SEPTA); 37 PA. CODE ch. 11, Flammable and Combustible Liquids; Preliminary Provisions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter11/chap11toc.html (SEPTA); 37 PA. CODE ch. 13, Storage and Use of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter13/chap13toc.html (SEPTA); 37 PA. CODE ch. 14, Vaults for the Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids—Statement of Policy, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter14/chap14toc.html (SEPTA); Storage Tank and Spill Prevention Act: 35 P.S. §§ 6021.101–6021.2104 (SEPTA). 541 25 PA. CODE ch. 245, Administration of the Storage Tank and Spill Prevention Program, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter245/chap245toc.html (Port Authority of Allegheny County); e.g., 25 PA. CODE ch. 245, subch. F, Technical Standards for Aboveground Storage Tanks and Facilities, www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter245/subchapFtoc.htm l (State DOT; SEPTA); 37 PA. CODE ch. 11, Flammable and Combustible Liquids; Preliminary Provisions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter11/chap11toc.html (SEPTA); 37 PA. CODE ch. 13, Storage and Use of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter13/chap13toc.html (SEPTA); 37 PA. CODE ch. 14, Vaults for the Storage of proved State Program for Pennsylvania (www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WASTE/2006/March/Day- 17/f2480.htm)]. South Dakota: South Dakota imposes requirements related to underground and aboveground542 storage tanks and other storage tank issues (State DOT). Texas: Texas imposes requirements concerning un- derground and aboveground storage tanks543 (DART). [Virginia: [All references from WMATA Environ- mental Policy Manual] Underground Storage Tanks— Technical Standards and Corrective Action, 9 VAC 25- 580; Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Financial Requirements, 9 VAC 25-590.] Washington:[544] The Washington Fire Code545 im- poses requirements on aboveground storage tanks (King County Metro Transit). 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning UST programs, aboveground storage tanks, and other stor- age tank issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing EPA-approved UST programs, aboveground storage tanks, and other storage tank is- sues (State DOT). California: Both underground and aboveground stor- age tanks are subject to the Unified Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials Management Regulatory Program. USTs are also subject to regulation under the Flammable and Combustible Liquids—Statement of Policy, www.pacode.com/secure/data/037/chapter14/chap14toc.html (SEPTA); Storage Tank and Spill Prevention Act: 35 P.S. §§ 6021.101–6021.2104 (SEPTA). 542 Aboveground Stationary Storage Tanks (AST), http://legis.state.sd.us/rules/DisplayRule.aspx?Rule=74:56:03. 543 30 TEX. ADMIN. CODE 334, Underground and Aboveground Storage Tanks, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_vie w=4&ti=30&pt=1&ch=334; Underground Storage Tanks, TEX. ADM. CODE tit. 30, pt. 1, ch. 334, Underground and Aboveground Storage Tanks, subch. C, Technical Standards, § 334.50, Release Detection, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&a pp=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=30 &pt=1&ch=334&rl=50. 544 See ch. 90.76 WASH. REV. CODE, Underground Storage Tanks, http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=90.76; Regulatory Interpretation Manual for Underground Storage Tank Regulations [ch. 173–360 WASH. ADMIN. CODE], www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0409088.pdf; Amendment to coordinate with 2005 federal law, www.leg.wa.gov/pub/billinfo/2007- 08/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Law%202007/5475-S.SL.pdf; WASH. ADMIN. CODE 51-54-3400, ch. 34, Flammable and Combustible Liquids, http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=51-54- 3400; Used Oil Guidance. Tank and Secondary Containment Requirements for Used Oil Processors, www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0504016.pdf. 545 WASH. ADMIN. CODE 51-54-003, International Fire Code, http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=51-54-003.

43 the Los Angeles City Fire Code 546 (LACMTA). The Uni- fied Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials Man- agement Regulatory Program has six program ele- ments: • Hazardous Waste Generators and Hazardous Waste Onsite Treatment. • Underground Storage Tanks. • Aboveground Tanks (spill control and countermeasure plan only). • Hazardous Material Release Response Plans and In- ventories. • Risk Management and Prevention Program. • Uniform Fire Code Hazardous Materials Management Plans and Inventories. These programs are implemented by 64 Certified Unified Program Agencies at the local level. These 64 agencies perform activities previously performed by 1,400 agencies.547 Florida:[548] Miami–Dade County imposes above- ground storage tank requirements549 (Miami-Dade Transit). Illinois: The City of Chicago imposes requirements related to aboveground storage tanks550 (CTA). New York: [Nassau County has requirements for both underground and aboveground storage tanks.551] The New York City Fire Department imposes under- ground552 and aboveground553 storage tank requirements (NYCT). 546 Los Angeles City Fire Code, div. 20. 547 www.oehha.ca.gov/public_info/TDhazmat.html#Unified_Progra m. 548 Ch. 24 [Environmental Protection, Biscayne Bay and Environs Designated Aquatic Park and Conservation Area, the Biscayne Bay Environmental Enhancement Trust Fund, and the Environmentally Endangered Lands Program, art. III, Water & Soil Quality, div. 4. Regulation of Underground Storage Facilities, Liquid Waste Transporters, and Metal Recycling Facilities, § 24-45. Regulation of underground storage facilities, Miami-Dade County Code of Ordinances, www.municode.com/resources/gateway.asp?pid=10620&sid=9]. 549 Id. 550 Municipal Code of the City of Chicago: tit. 15 Fire Prevention, ch. 15-24, Flammable Liquids, art. II. Tank Storage, 15-24-170 Aboveground Tanks, www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Illinois/chicago_il/title15fire prevention/chapter15- 24flammableliquids?f=templates$fn=altmain- nf.htm$3.0#JD_ch15_024.x1-15-24-170. 551 Art. XI Nassau County Public Health Ordinance, Toxic and Hazardous Materials Storage, Handling and Control, Effective Aug. 1, 1986, last amended Oct. 1, 1998, www.nassaucountyny.gov/agencies/Health/Docs/PDF/Regulatio ns.pdf. 552 3 RCNY § 21-20 Underground Motor Fuel Storage and Dispensing Systems, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm. Pennsylvania: Both Allegheny County554 and the City of Pittsburgh555 impose requirements on storage tanks. 4. Industry Codes NFPA 70 (NEC) and NFPA 52 (Vehicular Fuel Sys- tems Code) are likely to be mandated by state or local regulations. 5. FAQs EPA publishes FAQs about USTs (www.epa.gov/ OUST/faqs/index.htm). The questions include: • What Is an Underground Storage Tank (UST) Sys- tem? • Who Can Answer Questions About UST Systems? • How Can I Tell If a Release Has Occurred? • How Do I Report a Release From an UST System? • What Do I Do About UST Releases? • What Are the Responsibilities of an UST Owner or Operator? • What Are My Reporting Responsibilities as an Owner/Operator? • How Can I Choose a Leak Detection Method and Make Sure It Works? • What Records Must I Keep? • What Are the Requirements for Hazardous Substance USTs? • Are Heating Oil Tanks Regulated? • Can Leaking Tanks or Piping Be Repaired? • How Do You Close Tanks? • Who Regulates UST Systems? • Where Can I Get More Information? • Are Aboveground Storage Tanks a Way to Avoid Regulation? If I meet the EPA requirements, can I be sure that I am in compliance with all storage tank regulations? • State and local agencies may have more stringent requirements. You need to determine whether there are additional requirements in your jurisdiction. Which state and local agencies can provide informa- tion about state and local storage tank regulations? • As noted above, under federal requirements, EPA provides a link to the Web sites of all UST-related state agencies. These agencies should be able to provide in- formation about other storage tank programs as well. • State agencies may provide FAQs about state UST requirements. For example, Minnesota publishes Un- 553 3 RCNY § 21-21 Aboveground Motor Fuel Storage and Dispensing Systems, http://24.97.137.100/nyc/rcny/entered.htm. 554 Emergency Services, Fire Marshal’s Office, www.county.allegheny.pa.us/emerserv/firemar/. 555 City of Pittsburgh, Fire Bureau, www.city.pittsburgh .pa.us/fire/index.html.

44 derground Storage Tanks in Minnesota: Answers to Commonly-Asked Questions (www.pca.state.mn.us/ publications/ust-faqbooklet.pdf). G. General Operational Requirements556 This section covers general requirements not related to special issues such as accessibility and the environ- ment. This is the area for which the FTA is most di- rectly responsible. Noise control, an issue raised by one of the questionnaire respondents, is also included in this section. 1. Federal Requirements/Guidance The FTA is the primary federal agency administer- ing federal general operational requirements that affect bus maintenance operations. FMCSA also has some general operational requirements that may affect bus maintenance operations.557 EPA has nominal jurisdic- tion over noise control. FTA: Guidelines apply to numerous operational as- pects. • Transit Act requires that grantees maintain equip- ment and facilities.558 • Contracted maintenance: C 4220.1E (replaces C 4220.1D) (www.fta.dot.gov/laws/circulars/leg_reg_4063.html). • Grant management: • Develop and implement adequate maintenance proce- dures to keep property in good condition. Procedures should be documented and available for audit or trien- nial review. Leased equipment must be maintained according to guidelines.559 • FTA oversight will examine maintenance.560 • Triennial review: Basic Requirement: The grantee must keep federally-funded equipment and facilities in good operating order.561 556 See JOHN SCHIAVONE, TCRP REPORT 109, A GUIDEBOOK FOR DEVELOPING AND SHARING TRANSIT BUS MAINTENANCE PRACTICES, 19–27 (Transportation Research Board, 2005) (discussion of federal requirements), http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_109.pdf. 557 See ICF INTERNATIONAL, RESEARCH RESULTS DIGEST 311: FMCSA REGULATIONS AS THEY APPLY TO FTA SECTION 5310/5311 PROVIDERS: A HANDBOOK (Nov. 2006), http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rrd_311.pdf. 558 49 U.S.C. § 5307(d)(1); 49 U.S.C. § 5309(d)(2). 559 Grant Management Guidelines, No. C 5010.1C.3.e.5: ch. II: Management of Real Property, Equipment & Supplies, Equipment, d. Leasing, e. Management, 10-01-98, www.fta.dot.gov/funding/apply/grants_financing_4114.html#ch apter2. These requirements are made binding through § 19 (c) of the Master Agreement, FTA Master Agreement MA(14), Oct. 1, 2007, p. 42. This agreement may be accessed at www.fta.dot.gov/documents/14-Master.pdf. 560 Grantee Oversight Assessment Questionnaire, www.fta.dot.gov/funding/oversight/grants_financing_96.html (Question 13, under Property Management, covers maintenance of facility and equipment). • Recordkeeping: Reporting on vehicles out of service for maintenance is required as part of asset condition reporting.562 • SAFETEA-LU. • Section 1808 amended the CMAQ Program in Title 23 to place greater emphasis on cost-effective emission reductions, such as diesel retrofit projects on transit buses, including particulate traps. This change may affect the type of maintenance projects that will be un- dertaken to meet air quality goals. • Section 3110 amended 53 U.S.C. § 5308 to allow buses built with lightweight composite materials to qualify as clean fuels buses, which may affect maintenance;563 and amended § 5308 to reduce the amount available for clean diesel from 35 percent to 25 percent, which may reduce demand for this technology. • Section 3045 authorized the National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program. If fuel cells come into widespread usage, maintenance personnel will need to develop expertise in this technology. FMCSA: FMCSA has oversight over interstate travel and to a limited extent has jurisdiction over interstate public transit.564 The FMCSA’s safety regulations do not apply to transportation provided by a state or any po- litical subdivision of a state or an agency established under a congressionally approved compact.565 The FMCSA’s commercial driver’s license (CDL) regulations do apply to government agencies, regardless of whether the transportation provided is interstate.566 Moreover, the FTA Master Agreement requires recipients to com- ply with 49 C.F.R. Part 383.567 However, individual em- 561 Triennial Reviews: Maintenance (07 Workbook), www.fta.dot.gov/FY2007TriReview/05maintenance.htm; www.fta.dot.gov/FY2007TriReview/05maintenance.htm#Basic_ Req. 562 National Transit Database, 49 U.S.C. 5335(a), www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/; www.ntdprogram.com/ntdprogram/Glossary.htm. 563 E.g., Haibin Ning, Gregg M. Janowski, Uday K. Vaidya, & George Husman, Thermoplastic Sandwich Structure Design and Manufacturing for the Body Panel of Mass Transit Vehicle, 80 COMPOSITE STRUCTURES, Sept. 2007, at 82–91. Abstract posted at www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWP -4K606S2-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30% 2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acc t=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5= 0a56eeddc307edca924e0871c0ed99c3 (weight savings lowers maintenance costs). 564 State DOTs have expressed concern about conflicts between FMCSA requirements and those of their own states. CURRENT STATE ISSUES WITH IMPLEMENTING FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION (FTA) SECTION 5310 AND SECTION 5311 PROGRAMS, 3 (NCHRP Research Results Digest 320, 2007). 565 49 C.F.R. § 390.3(f)(2). 566 49 C.F.R. pt. 383. 567 FTA Master Agreement MA(14), Oct. 1, 2007, § 33. Motor Carrier Safety, b. Driver Qualifications, p. 55, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/14-Master.pdf.

45 ployees must drive vehicles on public roads in order to be subject to the CDL requirements.568 Nongovernment recipients of federal transit assistance that operate over state lines must comply with FMCSA safety stan- dards.569 Despite the fact that FMCSA standards for the most part do not apply to public transit agencies, those stan- dards are of interest, as they may have been substan- tially adopted by the local jurisdiction. States have sub- stantially adopted CDL requirements and the following:570 • Part 390—FMCSR, generally. • Part 391—Qualifications for Drivers (including medi- cal examinations). • Part 393—Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation. • Part 395—Hours of Service. • Part 396—Inspection, Repair, and Maintenance (in- cluding Appendix G, Minimum Periodic Inspection Standards). However, many states have also adopted the 49 C.F.R. § 390.3(f)(2) governmental entity exception.571 Therefore, bus maintenance facility managers (or their counsel) must determine whether state or local gov- ernments require CDLs for maintenance employees and whether they apply other FMCSA safety standards. EPA: EPA has jurisdiction over the Federal Noise Control Act of 1972, which is implemented in relevant part through Transportation Equipment Noise Emis- sion Controls.572 However, the federal noise control pro- gram is largely dormant, since the decision was made in 568 Public transit employees who maintain and park buses on transit property are not subject to FMCSA CDL requirements unless they also drive the buses on public roads. § 383.3 Applicability: Question 2, www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules- regulations/administration/fmcsr/interp383.3.htm. 569 Sect. 5311 recipients who operate across state lines must comply with FMCSA regulations. FTA C 9040.1F, Apr. 1, 2007, p. III-7, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_C_9040.1F.pdf. Recipients that are not subject to FTA drug and alcohol testing must comply with FMCSA regulations. (49 C.F.R. pt. 382, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/49cfrv5_06.html#301). E.g.: “Section 5310 subrecipients are not required by FTA to have drug and alcohol testing programs, but are subject to FMCSA regulations, which cover CDL holders.” State Management Review Handbook, FY 2005, p. 200, www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Guidance_6-28-05.pdf. 570 FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION, TRANSIT BUS SAFETY PROGRAM, TASK 2—REGULATIONS AND OVERSIGHT (FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL & INDUSTRY), FINAL REPORT, 20 (2001), http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/BusTasks/PDF/Task2.pdf. 571 Id. 572 40 C.F.R. pt. 205, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/40cfr205_06.html. 1981 to have noise issues handled at the state and local levels.573 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning manda- tory transit bus maintenance work plans; CDLs; inspec- tion, repair, and maintenance; recordkeeping; and vehicle procurement. Reported requirements are set forth below. The questionnaire did not cover noise con- trol, but state environmental programs may include noise regulations. California: California requires a transit bus mainte- nance work plan,574 CDLs for bus operators,575 and re- cordkeeping to verify transit training and general driv- ing requirements (LACMTA). Connecticut: DOT procurement policy imposes re- quirements concerning vehicle procurement (State DOT). District of Columbia: [Reference from WMATA Envi- ronmental Policy Manual.] The District imposes re- quirements related to noise control.576 Florida: The Florida Administrative Code imposes requirements related to transit maintenance work plans, inspection, repair and maintenance, recordkeep- ing, and vehicle procurement577 (State DOT; Miami- 573 Does the EPA regulate noise? Where are there resources about noise pollution?, http://publicaccess.custhelp.com/cgi- bin/publicaccess.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=1765. 574 VC 34500, ch. 6.5, 13 CAL. CODE REGS., www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d14_8/vc34500.htm (State DOT); CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 13, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000, NFPA 52: Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=52 &cookie%5Ftest=1, 13 CAL. CODE REGS. § 1239: Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance North American Standard Out-of- Service Criteria (tit. 13, CAL. CODE REGS., div. 2, ch. 6.5 amend art. 7.5, § 1239), http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 (LACMTA); [13 CAL. CODE REGS., Motor Vehicles Division 3. Air Resources Board ch. 1. Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Devices art. 1. General Provisions § 1956.4. Reporting Requirements for all Urban Bus Transit Agencies, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000]. 575 (State DOT); California Vehicle Code, § 15250: Commercial Driver's License Requirements, www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d06/vc15250.htm, California Vehicle Code, § 15275: Commercial Driver’s License: Endorsements, www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d06/vc15275.htm; CDL required for mechanics who operate tow vehicles or any other classification that operate vehicles in California Vehicle Code, § 34500 [www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d14_8/vc34500.htm] (LACMTA). 576 Noise Control, DCMR tit. 20, subtit. C, chs. 27–29, www.adlerbooks.com/Noiseregs.pdf. 577 Ch. 14-90 Equipment and Operational Safety Standards for Bus Transit Systems,

46 Dade Transit). Florida also requires that bus operators have a CDL (Miami–Dade Transit). Illinois: Illinois imposes requirements related to CDLs,578 recordkeeping,579 and vehicle procurement580 (CTA). Indiana: Indiana imposes requirements related to CDLs581 (IndyGo). Louisiana: Louisiana imposes requirements related to CDLs 582 and vehicle procurement583 (State DOT). Maryland: The Annotated Code of Maryland re- quires annual inspection of buses (MTA). Massachusetts:[584] Massachusetts imposes require- ments related to CDL (required for bus maintenance personnel conducting repairs that require road tests); inspection, repair, and maintenance (yearly state in- spections and Department of Public Utility inspections); recordkeeping (maintenance and depreciation of equip- ment); and vehicle procurement (compliance with emis- sions and safety requirements) (MBTA). Michigan: Transit agencies are required to submit a maintenance plan to the Michigan DOT (MDOT). MDOT approves the plan and then monitors to make sure transit agencies are following their plan. MDOT must approve any third-party contract over $25,000 (State DOT). Minnesota: Minnesota imposes requirements related to recordkeeping585 and vehicle procurement586 (Metro Transit). http://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=14- 90. 578 Uniform Commercial Driver’s License Act, 625 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/6-500.1 et seq. [Illinois Vehicle Code, ch. 6, The Illinois Driver Licensing Law, art. V, Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators, www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1815&ChapAct= 625%26nbsp%3BILCS%26nbsp%3B5%2F&ChapterID=49&Ch apterName=VEHICLES&ActName=Illinois+Vehicle+Code]. 579 Local Records Act, 50 ILL. COMP. STAT. 205 et seq., www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=699&ChapAct=5 0%26nbsp%3BILCS%26nbsp%3B205%2F&ChapterID=11&Ch apterName=LOCAL+GOVERNMENT&ActName=Local+Recor ds+Act%2E. 580 Metropolitan Transit Authority Act, 70 ILL. COMP. STAT. 3605/13; 70 ILL. COMP. STAT. 3605/32, www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=982&ChapAct=7 0%26nbsp%3BILCS%26nbsp%3B3605%2F&ChapterID=15&C hapterName=SPECIAL+DISTRICTS&ActName=Metropolitan +Transit+Authority+Act%2E. 581 IND. CODE 9-24-6. 582 www.dps.state.la.us/omv/cdlguide.pdf. 583 www.doa.louisiana.gov/osp/osp.htm. 584 The Transportation Division of the Department of Public Utilities (DPU) oversees the safety of the MBTA’s equipment and operation. www.mass.gov/?pageID=ocaterminal&L=6&L0=Home&L1=Go vernment&L2=Our+Agencies+and+Divisions&L3=Department +of+Public+Utilities&L4=DPU+Divisions&L5=Transportation +Division&sid=Eoca&b=terminalcontent&f=dte_transportation _transportation&csid=Eoca. 585 MINN. STAT. 2006 ch. 138, State History, 138.17 Government Records; Administration. Missouri: The Missouri DOT’s required transit bus safety and security program plan covers vehicle main- tenance (State DOT). Nevada: Nevada imposes requirements related to re- cordkeeping (repair list and preventive maintenance inspections) and vehicle procurement587 (RTC Washoe). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements re- lated to mandatory transit bus maintenance work plan;588 inspection, repair, and maintenance;589 (NJTran- sit) [and fire inspections590]. North Dakota: North Dakota requires written main- tenance plans, generally what the chassis manufacturer requires (State DOT). Ohio: Ohio imposes requirements related to CDLs (GCRTA). [Ohio has maintenance requirements for ur- ban transit systems.591] Oregon: Oregon requires that if drivers must have CDLs, maintenance staff members must have them as well. Oregon also imposes vehicle procurement re- quirements under State procurement laws592 (State DOT). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes procurement requirements: Transit systems that receive Section 5311 and 5310 funds must have their specification re- viewed and approved by the Pennsylvania DOT, Bureau of Public Transportation, prior to advertising for bids. Bid awards must be approved by the Bureau of Public Transportation (State DOT). Pennsylvania also imposes requirements for CDLs,593 vehicle equipment and in- www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=STAT_C HAP&year=2006&section=138#stat.138.17.0. 586 The Metropolitan Council, which serves at the pleasure of Minnesota’s governor, has a policy and a procedure that pertains to vehicle procurement (# 3-4-3 and 3-4-3a). 587 Ch. 332–Purchasing: Local Governments, www.leg.state.nv.us/Nrs/NRS-332.html. 588 N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 16. Department of Transportation, ch. 53, Autobuses, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 16, ch. 53]. 589 Id.; N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 16. Department of Transportation, ch. 53A. Bus Safety Compliance Oversight, Enforcement, Out-of-Service Violations and Penalties, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 16, ch. 53A]. 590 N.J. ADMIN. CODE, tit. 5. Department of Community Affairs, ch. 23. Uniform Construction Code, subch. 3. Subcodes, § 5:23-3.17 Fire protection subcode, www.michie.com/newjersey/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main- h.htm&cp [select tit. 5, ch. 23] The N.J. Uniform Fire Code requires twice yearly fire prevention inspections, abatement of any violations, and annual registration. 591 Urban Transit Manual, ch. 8, Vehicle, Facility and Equipment Maintenance, www.dot.state.oh.us/ptrans/Urban%20Transit%20Maunal/CH8 .PDF. 592 OR. REV. STAT., ch. 279, Public Contracting – Miscellaneous Provisions, www.leg.state.or.us/ors/279.html. 593 Uniform Commercial Driver’s License Act, Vehicle Code, ch. 16, www.dmv.state.pa.us/pdotforms/vehicle_code/chapter16.pdf.

47 spection,594 and recordkeeping (semi-annual vehicle equipment and inspections reported to the State DOT) (Port Authority of Allegheny County). South Dakota: South Dakota imposes requirements concerning CDLs, recordkeeping (as per grant agree- ment), and vehicle procurement (through South Dakota DOT) (State DOT). [Texas: Texas law grants the State DOT (TxDOT) the authority to ensure that subrecipients of federal transit funding maintain property and equipment in good condition.595 While TxDOT’s maintenance man- agement guide is not mandatory, failure to implement a maintenance program is grounds for loss of federally- funded vehicles and equipment.596 Texas also imposes CDL requirements.597] Vermont: Vermont requires that each transit system develop a transit bus maintenance work plan, which must be approved by the State. Vermont also imposes requirements related to inspection, repair, and mainte- nance (State DOT). Washington: Washington requires transit agencies to submit, as a condition of receiving State funding, a Transit Asset Management Plan that includes preven- tive maintenance.598 State inspection standards also require testing for new vehicles (King County Metro Transit). 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning manda- tory transit bus maintenance work plans; CDLs; inspec- tion, repair, and maintenance; recordkeeping; and vehicle procurement. Reported requirements are set forth below. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing mandatory transit bus mainte- nance work plans; CDLs; inspection, repair, and main- tenance; recordkeeping; and vehicle procurement (State DOT). California: LA Metro mandates a transit bus main- tenance plan and imposes vehicle procurement re- quirements through its fleet management plan 594 Vehicle Inspection and Equipment Regulations, subch. F, Medium and Heavy Trucks, Buses and School Buses, www.dmv.state.pa.us/pdotforms/pub_45/section_f.pdf. 595 TEX. ADMIN. CODE tit. 43, Rule 31.53, Maintenance Requirements, http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&a pp=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=43 &pt=1&ch=31&rl=53. 596 TEX. DEP’T OF TRANSP., MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDE 1 (2003), www.dot.state.tx.us/publications/public_transportation/mgmtg uide.pdf. 597 TEX. TRANSP. CODE, tit. 7, Vehicles and Traffic, ch. 522, Commercial Driver’s Licenses, http://tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/statutes/tn.toc.htm. 598 Transit Asset Management Plan, http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Transit/AssetManagement/Plan.htm (LACMTA). [SCAQMD’s clean air requirements, noted above, affect vehicle procurement.] Florida: Miami–Dade Transit requires a transit bus maintenance work plan and requires that maintenance technicians, helpers, and supervisors hold a CDL. The agency also imposes requirements related to inspection, repair, and maintenance; recordkeeping; and vehicle procurement (Miami–Dade Transit). Indiana: Indiana imposes requirements related to CDLs599 (IndyGo). Texas: The Clean Fleet Vehicle Policy, supra II.B.3., Alternative Fuels, Overview of Local Requirements, has requirements related to inspection, repair, and mainte- nance, recordkeeping, and vehicle procurement (DART). Washington: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements related to vehicle procurement (King County Metro Transit). 4. Operational Concerns Unlike subject areas such as clean air and clean wa- ter, where it may be helpful to flag particular opera- tions to keep track of regulatory requirements, general operational requirements apply across the board. 5. FAQs Where can I find technical assistance in meeting op- erational standards? • The American Public Transportation Association’s (APTA’s) publications include: • Guidelines for Bus Maintenance: guidance on develop- ing bus maintenance plans. (www.apta.com/research/info/pubs/2007p&s.cfm#toc18). • Recommended Maintenance Practices for Transit Buses: selected practices that apply to heavy-duty tran- sit buses, based on practices recommended by the American Trucking Association (www.apta.com/research/info/pubs/2007p&s.cfm#toc18). • APTA and local industry associations offer bus main- tenance workshops.600 Where can I find examples of best maintenance prac- tices? • Although they are not mandatory for most transit operations, the FMCSA bus safety standards (49 U.S.C. Parts 390–399) provide guidance for developing main- tenance practices. • The Florida DOT/University of South Florida has done some work in this area, e.g., Repair Time Stan- dards for Transit Vehicles, Final Report, September 24, 2002 (www.nctr.usf.edu/pdf/Repair%20Time%20Stan dards.pdf). • To accompany TCRP Report 109: A Guidebook for Developing and Sharing Transit Bus Maintenance 599 IND. CODE 9-24-6, www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title9/ar24/ch6.html. 600 E.g., CalAct offers vehicle maintenance workshops, www.dot.ca.gov/hq/MassTrans/MAIN-Rtap.htm.

48 Practices, TCRP has established a WebBoard where agencies may post their maintenance practices. To en- ter the WebBoard, go to http://webboard.trb.org/default.asp?action=9&boardid= 17&read=4975&fid=1009. • Transportation consultants will audit your bus main- tenance practices. Are there any homeland security considerations for bus maintenance practices? • The National Transit Institute has published a secu- rity guide for bus maintenance personnel: Employee Guide to System Security—Bus Maintenance (www.ntionline.com/documents/Bus_Maintenance_PG. pdf). Where can I find information about requirements for testing and inspection of new vehicles? • This information should be available from either your state DOT or state police department. What is the difference between vehicle overhauls and regular maintenance? Which components besides the engine, transmission, and interior/exterior refur- bishment are considered major components? • The answers to these questions may depend on the context in which they are asked. For regulatory pur- poses, the answer lies with the regulating authority. For warranty purposes, the answer lies with the equipment manufacturer. H. Safety Ultimately all bus maintenance relates to safety. The requirements described in this section include motor vehicle safety standards and those requirements most directly related to the safety of maintenance personnel. Some safety-related issues have already been covered in preceding sections, such as asbestos requirements dis- cussed in the clean air section. 1. Federal Requirements/Guidance OSHA: OSHA administers the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.601 OSHA has limited jurisdic- tion over local government agencies. Its jurisdiction over public transit agencies is limited to those agencies in states with state OSHA plans.602 Twenty-six states have OSHA-approved plans: Alaska, Arizona, Califor- nia, Connecticut, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, 601 P.L. No. 91-596, 84 Stat. 1590, 91st Congress, Dec. 29, 1970, as amended through Jan. 1, 2004, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=O SHACT&p_id=2743; www.osha.gov/SLTC/safetyhealth/standards.html. 602 29 U.S.C., § 652(5). See www.osha.gov/fso/osp/index.html; www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=I NTERPRETATIONS&p_id=22439. Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Ver- mont, Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, and Wyo- ming.603 Transit agencies in these states must meet health and safety standards that are at least as effec- tive as those set forth by OSHA.604 • Sample requirements: • The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lock- out/Tagout), which would apply to bus body falling dur- ing maintenance operations.605 • Servicing multi-piece and single-piece rim wheels—29 C.F.R. 1910.177. (www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p _table=STANDARDS&p_id=9825). • Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.606 • Sample violations: • Locating equipment, using wiring in hazardous locations when equipment and wiring methods are not safe or approved for locations.607 • Inadequately maintaining CNG system.608 • Inadequately designing and installing crane.609 • Failing to guard trapdoor floor opening with cov- ers.610 • Failing to regularly inspect CNG cylinders.611 • Failing to provide fall-protective equipment.612 • Failing to provide a written respiratory protection program or an energy control procedure or training.613 603 State Occupational Safety and Health Plans, www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/index.html. 604 29 C.F.R. pt. 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards. 605 29 C.F.R. 1910.147. See Standard Interpretations, June 27, 1991—Regulations requiring bus maintenance facilities to use safety stands when maintenance personnel are working under buses that have been raised by in-ground or portable vehicle hoists. www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=I NTERPRETATIONS&p_id=20318. 606 29 C.F.R. 1910.110. www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=S TANDARDS&p_id=9756. Note that the OSHA hydrogen standard, 29 C.F.R. 1910.103, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=S TANDARDS&p_id=9749, does not apply to hydrogen fuel cells. Standard Interpretation June 27, 1997—Hydrogen fuel that is contained in fuel storage cylinders. www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=I NTERPRETATIONS&p_id=22439. 607 OSHA Issues Citations to Laidlaw Transit Services for Safety Violations in Boise, Idaho, Apr. 11, 2001, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table= NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=234. 608 Id. 609 Id. 610 Id. 611 Id. 612 Id.

49 • Failing to provide machine guarding.614 • Failing to provide material safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical used.615 • Lack of information and training on hazardous chemicals used in the workplace.616 • Failure to regularly inspect hooks and hoist chains.617 • Failure to utilize lockout/tagout procedures that prevent inadvertent machine start-ups.618 • Failure to properly maintain and use fire extin- guishers.619 • Failure to properly maintain and service machin- ery.620 • Deficient hazardous chemical procedures.621 • Inadequate medical surveillance for employees exposed to hazardous chemicals.622 However, even in non-OSHA-plan states, state agen- cies may apply OSHA standards. EPA: EPA extends OSHA asbestos and hazardous waste operations/emergency response regulations to public employees.623 • Under the EPA Asbestos Worker Protection Rule,624 state and local governments with employees who per- form brake and clutch work in states without OSHA- approved state plans must follow OSHA’s regulation regarding Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Asbestos.625 • State and local governments with employees who per- form construction, demolition, and maintenance that could expose them to asbestos, including asbestos re- moval, in states without OSHA-approved state plans 613 Id. 614 Id. 615 Id. 616 Id. 617 OSHA Cites Lodi, N.J., Company for Workplace Hazards, Jan. 5, 2005, www.osha.gov/pls/www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_do cument?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=11182. 618 Id. 619 Id. 620 Id. 621 Id. 622 Id. 623 App. D: Public Employee OSHA Laws, www.afscme.org/publications/2710.cfm. 624 Subpart G of 40 C.F.R. pt. 763, www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/40cfr763subpartg.pdf; http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/03jul20071500/edocke t.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2007/julqtr/pdf/40cfr763.120.pdf. 625 Asbestos, 29 C.F.R. 1910.1001, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=S TANDARDS&p_id=9995. must follow OSHA’s regulation regarding Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, Asbestos.626 • Worker protection:627 Applies OSHA's HAZWOPER standard628 to state and local government employees engaged in hazardous waste operations, as defined in 29 C.F.R. 1910.120(a), in states that do not have an OSHA-approved plan. NHTSA: Certain Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Stan- dards (FMVSSs) 629 apply to transit buses. While it is the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure that vehi- cles meet these standards, buses must be maintained to stay in compliance with FMVSS’s. The following FMVSSs apply to transit buses:630 • 101 Controls and Displays. • 102 Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter In- terlock, and Transmission Braking Effect. • 103 Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems. • 104 Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems. • 105 Hydraulic Brake System. • 106 Brake Hoses. • 108 Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equip- ment. • 111 Rearview Mirrors. • 113 Hood Latch System. • 116 Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids. • 119 New Pneumatic Tires for Vehicles Other Than Passenger Cars. • 120 Tire Selection and Rims for Motor Vehicles Other Than Passenger Cars. • 121 Air Brake Systems. • 124 Accelerator Control Systems. • 205 Glazing Materials. • 207 Seating Systems (driver only). • 208 Occupant Crash Protection (driver only). • 209 Seat Belt Assemblies (driver only). • 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages (driver only). • 217 Bus Emergency Exits and Window Retention and Release. 626 Asbestos, 29 C.F.R. 1926.1101, www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=S TANDARDS&p_id=10862. 627 40 C.F.R. pt. 311, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfr311_07.html. 628 29 C.F.R. 1910.120. See Who Is Covered by OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard?, www.osha.gov/html/faq- hazwoper.html#faq1. 629 49 C.F.R. pt. 571: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/49cfr571_06.html. 630 See National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services, Federal Transit Administration Testing of Buses, Aug. 1999, Attachment B, www.nasdpts.org/documents/ALTOONAtest.pdf. Cf. APTA listing of FMVSS’s (www.apta.com/services/safety/existstds.cfm) and FTA, supra note 570, at 14–15 (http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/BusTasks/PDF/Task2.pdf), which include standards that do not apply to transit buses.

50 • 302 Flammability of Interior Materials. • 303 Fuel System Integrity of Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles. FTA: The FTA does not regulate transit bus safety, although it has begun a voluntary transit bus safety program.631 Resources identified under the Model Bus Safety and Security Program include:632 • Florida Department of Transportation’s Transit Bus Safety Resource Web site.633 • APTA’s Bus Safety Management Program. • Community Transportation Association of America’s Training and Safety Review Program.634 • Transit Bus Safety Resource Guide (www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety); (www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety/core/maintain.htm). • Includes a Model Vehicle Safety Program (www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety/documents/exmodel.pdf). • Includes a system safety toolbox (www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety/safety_toolbox/#a_ch4). 2. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning safety inspections of facilities and vehicles, vehicle safety standards, OSHA, and other health and safety stan- dards. Reported requirements are set forth below. Note that some of these requirements apply to environmental issues, but are considered safety standards by respon- dents. California: California imposes requirements related to safety inspections of facilities635 and vehicles 631 Dear Colleague Letter, http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/BusTasks/PDF/dear_colleague_FTA _122706.pdf. See FTA, supra note 630. See also Memorandum of Understanding, www.apta.com/services/safety/model_bus_program.cfm. The voluntary nature of the program is discussed in a GAO report: GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE, MASS TRANSIT: MANY MANAGEMENT SUCCESSES AT WMATA, BUT CAPITAL PLANNING COULD BE ENHANCED, 31 (GAP-01-744, 2001), www.gao.gov/new.items/d01744.pdf. 632 Model Bus Transit Safety and Security Program, Program Strategies, http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/BusTasks/PDF/Letter_enclosure.pdf . 633 Transit Bus Safety Resource Guide, www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety/; www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety/core/maintain.htm. 634 The Community Transportation Training and Safety Review Program: A Resource for States and Communities, http://web1.ctaa.org/webmodules/webarticles/anmviewer.asp?a =41. 635 NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70 &cookie%5Ftest=1 (LACMTA); Cal/OSHA (ACTransit). (LACMTA).636 Local domestic water companies may re- quire such as back-flow device testing and certification (AC Transit). Delaware: Delaware has standards for spill preven- tion and control (State DOT). Florida: Florida imposes requirements related to fa- cility safety inspections637 (State DOT) and vehicle safety inspections and standards.638 [Florida DOT has published procedures for implementing the Bus Transit System Safety Program.639] Georgia: Operator must provide HAZ spill kit, first- aid kits, emergency reflectors, and fire extinguishers in each vehicle (State DOT). Hawaii: Hawaii requires buses to undergo an annual state inspection (Oahu Transit Services). Illinois: Illinois imposes occupational health and safety standards640 (CTA). Indiana: Indiana imposes operational safety and health requirements641 (IndyGo). Iowa: Iowa requires facility maintenance plans for FTA-funded facilities. The State Department of Natural Resources inspects commercial facilities, including bus maintenance facilities. Iowa requires inspections of transit buses that transport students under contract with a school district.642 The State also imposes vehicle safety standards (Iowa OSHA Enforcement). Louisiana: Louisiana requires vehicle safety inspec- tions: daily pretrip and biannual inspections (State DOT). [Louisiana has issued a transit bus safety stan- dard, which applies to transit systems under the Lou- 636 CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 13, Motor Vehicles, http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action= TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 [select tit. 13]; NFPA 52: Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=52; 13 CAL. CODE REGS. § 1239. Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance North American Standard Out-of-Service Criteria. www.jurisearch.com/NLLXML/getcode.asp?datatype=D&statec d=CA&sessionyr=2006&TOCId=821728&userid=PRODSG&no header=1&Interface=NLL [available at http://cvsa.stores.yahoo.net/noname4.html]. 637 FLA. ADMIN. CODE 14-90 638 FLA. ADMIN. CODE 14-90 (State DOT; Miami-Dade Transit); 2006 FLA. STAT. tit. XXVI, Public Transportation: ch. 341, Public Transit § 341.061 Transit safety standards; inspections and system safety reviews. (Miami-Dade Transit). 639 http://www2.dot.state.fl.us/proceduraldocuments/procedures/bi n/725030009.pdf. 640 Health and Safety Act. 820 ILL. COMP. STAT. 225/.01 et seq., www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2422&ChapAct= 820%26nbsp%3BILCS%26nbsp%3B225%2F&ChapterID=68& ChapterName=EMPLOYMENT&ActName=Health+and+Safet y+Act%2E. 641 326 IND. ADMIN. CODE 4-1; [Indiana Occupational Safety and Health Act (IOSHA) www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title22/ar8/ch1.1.html]. 642 IOWA ADMIN. CODE 761 IAC 911. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Rules/2002/iac/761iac/761912/7619 11.pdf.

51 isiana Department of Transportation and Develop- ment’s direct oversight.643] Maryland: Maryland OSHA and the MTA System Safety Program Plan require safety inspections and impose other requirements related to health and safety (MTA). Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements related to safety inspections of vehicles and vehicle safety standards644 (MBTA). Minnesota: Minnesota imposes requirements related to safety inspections of facilities645 and other occupa- tional health and safety requirements.646 In addition, Minnesota requires that wheelchair-securing belts and brackets be attached according to State statute647 (Metro Transit). Missouri: Missouri imposes requirements related to elevators,648 boilers,649 motor carrier safety inspections,650 motor vehicle safety equipment,651 and employee health and safety652 (State DOT). In addition, Missouri imposes 643 Transit Bus Safety Standard (Bus Standard), www.cutr.usf.edu/bussafety/documents/DOTD_Bus_Standard.d oc. 644 MASS. GEN. LAWS, ch. 161A. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, § 3. Additional powers of authority, www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/161a-3.htm; 220 MASS. CODE REGS. 155.00: Operation of Motor Vehicles for the Carriage of Passengers for Hire Under a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity, Charter License, Special Service or School Service Permit, www.mass.gov/Eoca/docs/dte/cmr/220cmr155.pdf. 645 MINN. STAT. 2006 ch. 182. Occupational Safety and Health, 182.653 Rights and Duties of Employers, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=STAT_C HAP&year=2006&section=182#stat.182.653.0; [OSHA Right- to-Know, www.doli.state.mn.us/rtkgen.html]. 646 MINN. STAT. 2006 ch. 182. Occupational Safety And Health, 182.651–182.676, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=STAT_C HAP&year=2006&section=182; MINN. R., chs. 5200–5230, Department of Labor and Industry, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/5200.html. 647 MINN. R. ch. 7450, Department of Public Safety, State Patrol Division, Wheelchair Safety Devices, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/7450/. 648 Elevator safety, inspections, ch. 701 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C701.HTM; 11 MO. CODE REGS. 40-5 Elevator Regulations. 649 11 MO. CODE REGS. 40-2 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Safety Rules, www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/current/11csr/11c40- 2.pdf. 650 Motor carrier safety inspections, ch. 390, MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C390.HTM. 651 Vehicle Equipment Regulations, 307.250, 307.255 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C300- 399/3070000250.HTM, www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C300- 399/3070000255.HTM. 652 Health and Safety of Employees, ch. 292, MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C292.HTM. fire safety requirements related to door openings,653 fire escapes,654 and glazing materials.655 New Jersey: Department of Community Affairs in- spects all state-agency–owned and –operated facilities for fire safety hazards as per the Uniform Fire Code and Fire Safety Act.656 Also, the State Office of Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health inspects such facilities for compliance with 29 C.F.R. 29 Parts 1910 and 1926.657 New Jersey DOT imposes regular safety inspection interval requirements based on miles. Also, New Jersey follows FMCSA requirements under 49 C.F.R. Part 396 regarding the inspection and main- tenance of vehicle safety components. New Jersey also requires vehicle safety standards, typically those of SAE (http://commercialvehicle.sae.org) (NJTransit). New York: When public transit agencies operate out- side of their own transportation districts and munici- palities provide transportation outside of their munici- pal limits, the transportation provided is subject to the jurisdiction of the New York State DOT.658 Ohio: Ohio imposes requirements concerning safety inspections of vehicles,659 vehicle safety standards, and occupational safety and health (State DOT). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania imposes requirements for safety inspections of facilities and vehicles,660 vehicle safety standards (SEPTA),661 and worker protection pro- visions such as the Worker and Community Right-to- 653 320.070 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C300-399/3200000070.HTM. 654 320.010–320.050 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C320.HTM. 655 701.010–701-015 MO. REV. STAT., www.moga.mo.gov/STATUTES/C701.HTM. 656 N.J. STAT. ANN. 52:70D-1; 52:27D-192. 657 N.J. STAT. ANN. 34:6A-25; N. J. ADMIN. CODE 12:110. See also www.state.nj.us/labor. 658 Safety & Security Services, Bus & Passenger Carrier Safety, Exemptions from NYSDOT Authority. www.nysdot/portal/page/portal/divisions/operating/osss/bus/pas senger#exemptions. 659 Public Employment Risk Reduction Program, www.ohiobwc.com/employer/programs/safety/SandHPERRP.as p. 660 67 PA. CODE ch. 175, subch. A, General Provisions, www.pacode.com/secure/data/067/chapter175/subchapAtoc.htm l (State DOT; SEPTA); 67 PA. CODE ch. 175, subch. B. Official Inspection Stations, www.pacode.com/secure/data/067/chapter175/subchapBtoc.htm l (State DOT; SEPTA); 67 PA. CODE ch. 175, subch. F, Medium and Heavy Trucks and Buses, www.pacode.com/secure/data/067/chapter175/subchapFtoc.htm l (State DOT, SEPTA); 67 PA. CODE ch. 175, subch. M, Alternate Fuel Systems and Controls, www.pacode.com/secure/data/067/chapter175/subchapMtoc.ht ml (State DOT); [PA. CONS. STAT., The Vehicle Code (tit. 75), pt. IV Vehicle Characteristics, ch. 47 Inspection of Vehicles, www.dmv.state.pa.us/pdotforms/vehicle_code/chapter47.pdf]. 661 PA. CONS. STAT., The Vehicle Code (tit. 75) [, pt. IV Vehicle Characteristics, www.dmv.state.pa.us/vehicle_code/index.shtml].

52 Know Act (SEPTA).662 The Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry also imposes safety requirements under the workers compensation programs. In addition to State oversight, PennDOT monitors vehicle and facil- ity inspections (Port Authority of Allegheny County). South Dakota: South Dakota imposes requirements concerning vehicle safety inspections (State DOT). Texas: Texas imposes requirements concerning vehi- cle safety inspections663 and vehicle safety standards664 (DART). Vermont: Vermont requires annual vehicle safety in- spections (State DOT). 3. Overview of Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning safety inspections of facilities and vehicles, vehicle safety standards, OSHA, and other health and safety stan- dards. Reported requirements are set forth below. Arizona: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements governing safety inspections for facilities and vehicles, vehicle safety standards, OSHA, and other health and safety standards (State DOT). California: LACMTA’s maintenance plan requires vehicle safety inspections (LACMTA). City and/or county agencies, including the local fire department, inspect facilities on a regular basis for fire and life safety (AC Transit). Delaware: City of Wilmington Fire Department re- views facility safety (State DOT). Florida: Miami–Dade County imposes requirements related to facility safety inspections665 and occupational health and safety666 (Miami–Dade Transit). Illinois: City of Chicago imposes requirements re- lated to safety inspections of facilities667 (CTA). Iowa: Local fire departments inspect commercial fa- cilities, including bus maintenance facilities (Iowa OSHA Enforcement). Maryland: There are various county/municipal re- quirements related to health and safety (MTA). Missouri: County and/or municipalities impose build- ing/fire code requirements in addition to those govern- ing ventilation and drainage. They also impose re- 662 35 P.S. §§ 7301–320 (SEPTA) See www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/lib/landi/laws-regulations/rtk/a-1984- 159.pdf; pt. XIII. Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act regulations, www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/lib/landi/laws- regulations/rtk/r-18.pdf. 663 Annual vehicle inspection requirements, www.txdps.state.tx.us/vi/inspection/veh_class_list.asp?class=B us+%28Except+School+Bus%29&classsubmit=Go. 664 TEX. TRANSP. CODE, tit. 7, Vehicles and Traffic, ch. 547, Vehicle Equipment, http://tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/statutes/tn.toc.htm. 665 Miami-Dade County Safety Manual, p. 23, § C, “Self Inspections by Departmental Personnel.” 666 Miami-Dade County Administrative Order 7-14, Miami- Dade County Safety Manual (p. iii, Scope). 667 Chicago Municipal Code, ch. 7, Health & Safety, ch. 11, Utilities & Environmental Protection, ch. 15, Fire Prevention. quirements related to safety inspections for facilities and vehicles, vehicle safety, and health and safety of employees (State DOT). New Jersey: Various local/municipal codes are en- forced by the 566 New Jersey municipalities. Each may have different requirements and intervals for facility inspections. Many municipalities have noise level ordi- nances that may affect a transit agency and could be associated with engine, horn, and backup alarm noise levels during certain times of the day (NJTransit). Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Fire Code contains numerous fire safety requirements668 (SEPTA). 4. Industry Standards Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance: North American Standard Out-of-Service Criteria. These criteria provide specific guidelines for determining whether a vehicle is in an unsafe condition that is likely to constitute a highway hazard. They are adopted by reference by some state DOTs.669 Community Transportation Association of America: Transit Safety Plus.670 ANSI standards: e.g., B153.1-1990, for Automotive Lifts—Safety Requirements for the Construction, Care, and Use; natural gas vehicle standards, referenced above. These standards may be mandated by state and local regulations. 5. Operational Concerns In addition to operational requirements, design re- quirements may contain elements that must be main- tained. For example, the regulations require that the facility must provide an eye wash area, therefore the facility must keep the area supplied; the regulations require a sprinkler system, therefore the sprinkler sys- tem must be maintained. 6. FAQs How do I determine whether OSHA standards ap- ply? • Check state OSHA-plan list, noted above. • Remember that even if OSHA regulations per se do not apply, your state or local government may apply substantially similar requirements or other more strin- gent requirements. Check with your state department of labor. 668 E.g., F-105.1:1. Prohibits dangerous conditions liable to contribute to fire. F-105.1:6. Requires elimination of accumulations of rubbish, waste paper, and combustible materials. F-2103.3. Limits outside storage of combustible and flammable materials: may not exceed 20 ft in height; 15 ft access lanes, every 150 ft x 50 ft on all sides required; no storage within 15 ft of building or lot line. F-2308.2. Requirements for marking containers and cartons. (See City of Philadelphia Fire Code 2004 Edition, http://webapps- test.phila.gov/fire/docs/philadelphia_firecode.pdf). 669 E.g. California, www.chp.ca.gov/pdf/0206ISR.pdf. 670 Discussed in FTA, supra note 570, at 19–20.

53 • EPA makes the OSHA asbestos and HAZWOPER standards applicable to state and local government workers. Where can I find bus safety resources? • FTA Bus Safety Program, discussed above (http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/Bus.asp). • CTAA Safety Program. I. Licensing/Certification Licensing or certification may be required under fed- eral, state, or local law. Licensing and certification may also be required by transit agency management prac- tices and may be the subject of collective bargaining agreements.671 Therefore, unions representing bus me- chanics may be sources of information about certifica- tion requirements.672 It remains to be seen whether the new National Institute for Automotive Service Excel- lence (ASE) certification tests will become mandatory or remain a management tool. At present it appears that certification is an area more likely to be the subject of state and local rather than federal requirements. 1. Federal Requirements FMCSA: The FMCSA’s CDL regulations apply to government agencies, regardless of whether the trans- portation provided is interstate.673 However, individual employees must drive vehicles on public roads in order to be subject to the CDL requirements.674 The FMCSA’s regulation on “Inspection, repair, and maintenance” addresses the qualifications of the inspector.675 Al- though, as discussed above in II.G, General Operational Requirements, this regulation is likely not to apply di- rectly to public transit bus maintenance facilities, it may be used by state and local regulations that could apply. EPA: Federal clean air requirements mandate train- ing and certification requirements for personnel who will perform work on regulated equipment. Rules that require training include: 671 Tentative Agreement between Chicago Transit Authority and Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 241, Feb. 14, 2003, pp. 92–100, www.transitchicago.com/news/newspostdescs/ctaatu.pdf. Certification is seen as building needed capacity in transit maintenance. Building Capacity for Transit Workforce Development, www.transportcenter.org/Building%20Capacity/index.htm. 672 Questionnaire response from Bus Maintenance Supervisor for Cyride, Ames, Iowa. 673 49 C.F.R. pt. 383. 674 Public transit employees who maintain and park buses on transit property are not subject to FMCSA CDL requirements unless they also drive the buses on public roads. www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules- regulations/administration/fmcsr/interp383.3.htm. 675 49 C.F.R. 396.19 Inspector qualifications. www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/49cfr396_06.html. • Urban Bus Retrofit Rule (proper training and certifi- cation of mechanics and technicians to ensure rebuilt engines will perform to required particulate emission level). • Section 608 (certification of person who performs maintenance, service, repair, or disposal that could be reasonably expected to release refrigerants into the atmosphere).676 • Section 609 (certification of person who opens mobile air conditioning system on operation of reclamation equipment used to handle freon).677 Such training may then be covered by collective bar- gaining agreements.678 2. State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning licens- ing and/or certification requirements for any transit bus maintenance employees, ASE or other certification of maintenance technicians, and other licens- ing/certification issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. Alaska: Body shop painters are required to have hazardous painting certification (Muni). California: Bus maintenance employees are also sub- ject to many Cal/OSHA certification requirements 679 (ACTransit). Delaware: Delaware requires licensing and/or certifi- cation for some specific tasks such as HVAC (handling of freon) (State DOT). Florida: Maintenance managers in Florida are mem- bers of a group called Florida Transit Maintenance Consortium, comprising state maintenance managers, which is currently working on requirements for Flor- ida’s transit technicians (State DOT). Illinois: Illinois imposes requirements related to cer- tification of maintenance technicians (CTA). Indiana: Indiana imposes licensing/certification re- quirements related to use of refrigerants680 (IndyGo). Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes limited li- censing/certification requirements on air-conditioning 676 Complying with the Section 608 Refrigerant Recycling Rule: Technician Certification. www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/608fact.html#techcert. 677 Just the Facts for MVACs: EPA Regulatory Requirements for Servicing of Motor Vehicle Air Conditioners. www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/609/justfax.html. 678 Tentative Agreement between Chicago Transit Authority and Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 241, Feb. 14, 2003, p. 93, www.transitchicago.com/news/newspostdescs/ctaatu.pdf. 679 E.g., Forklift certifications, platform lift certifications, MSDS, confined space training and certifications, bloodborne pathogen, personal protective equipment, lock out tag out program, respirator program, and hearing conservation. See Department of Industrial Relations, CAL. CODE REGS., tit. 8. 680 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 18; 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 22.

54 mechanics. In addition, every mechanic must pass an entrance exam and training modules (MBTA). Minnesota: Minnesota requires licenses for main- taining boilers681 (Metro Transit). Nevada: Nevada requires that brake inspectors and air-conditioning recovery technicians be ASC (Automo- tive Service Councils) certified, and that CNG tank in- spectors also be certified. New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements re- lated to licensing and/or certification for transit bus maintenance employees682 (NJTransit). Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania requires certification of asbestos occupations (State DOT; SEPTA; Port Author- ity of Allegheny County).683 Washington: The State requires certification for emissions and fire suppression (King County Metro Transit)[, as well as of workers removing or handling asbestos.684] 3. Local Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding local requirements concerning licens- ing and/or certification requirements for any transit bus maintenance employees, ASE or other certification of maintenance technicians, and other licens- ing/certification issues. Reported requirements are set forth below. Iowa: There are county and/or municipal require- ments concerning licensing and/or certification for tran- sit bus maintenance employees. In particular, staff who repair and service air conditioning equipment are re- quired to obtain a license to re-charge refrigerant (Bus Maintenance Supervisor for Cyride, Ames). Florida: Miami–Dade Transit requires Universal Technical Institute EPA Section 608 Refrigerant Certi- fication685 (Miami–Dade Transit). Pennsylvania: The Port Authority of Allegheny County requires its A mechanics and Represented Su- pervisors to carry a Minimum Class 3 State Inspection License for bus and truck and a C.F.R. § 608 Type 2 681 Minnesota requires licenses for maintaining boilers. MINN. R., ch. 5225, Department of Labor and Industry, Boilers and Boats, www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/5225/. 682 Emissions Testing, N. J. ADMIN. CODE 7:27-14.8. 683 The Asbestos Occupations Accreditation and Certification Act of 1990 (www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/lib/landi/laws- regulations/bois/a-194.pdf) requires certification for the following asbestos occupations: contractor, inspector, project designer, supervisor, and worker. www.dep.state.pa.us/DEP/DEPUTATE/airwaste/aq/asbestos/as bestos.htm. Management planner requirement applies to schools only. www.epa.gov/region1/enforcement/asbestos/index.html#ASHA RA. 684 Asbestos Removal Requirements, www.lni.wa.gov//TradesLicensing/LicensingReq/Asbestos/defau lt.asp. 685 www.uticorp.com/default.aspx?tabid=170. Certification for handling of refrigerant686 (Port Author- ity of Allegheny County). Washington: There are county and/or municipal re- quirements for background checks for all safety- sensitive positions (King County Metro Transit). 4. Industry Standards ASE (www.asecert.org): The ASE Transit Bus Main- tenance Certification Test Series has been introduced.687 As of August 2007 there are four exams: H2–Diesel En- gines, H4–Brakes, H6–Electrical/Electronic Systems, and H7–Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC). Additional exams are planned.688 These exams are viewed as a means to ensure that bus mechanics are proficient in increasingly complex bus maintenance technology. Transit agencies will determine how to use the certifications, such as whether to screen for hiring or as a promotional or incentive tool.689 These tests ap- pear to have union support, with some negotiation in- volved.690 The National Transit Institute offers a train- ing course for maintenance instructors preparing bus mechanics to pass the ASE tests.691 APTA is also in- volved in developing training for these tests.692 Community Transportation Association of America offers a professional certification program in Vehicle Maintenance Management and Inspection (safety and reliability).693 686 www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/index.html, www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/technicians/608certs.html (§ 608 certification information). 687 ASE Launches Transit Bus Certification Series (Leesburg, Va., Nov. 2, 2005), www.ase.com/Content/ContentGroups/ASE_Resource_Center/P ress_Releases1/2005_Press_Releases/ASE_Launches_Transit_ Bus_Certification_Series.htm. 688 ASE Transit Bus Test Series. www.ase.com/Content/ContentGroups/Service_Professionals/Te st_Series_Descriptions_and_Information1/Transit_Bus_Test_S eries.htm. 689 Dennis M. Cristofaro, Maintenance Testing: The ASE Certification Credential: What Does It Mean to Our Industry? MASSTRANSIT, Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007. www.masstransitmag.com/print/Mass-Transit/Maintenance- Testing/1$2196. 690 E.g., A Letter from the President on ASE Testing, ATU Local 689, Forestville, Md., www.atulocal689.org/ASEtesting.html. 691 Training and Coaching Skills for Bus Maintenance Instructors: Preparing for ASE Certification. www.ntionline.com/CourseInfo.asp?CourseNumber=AS0001- 00. 692 Bus Maintenance Training. www.aptastandards.com/StandardsPrograms/BusStandardsPr ogram/MaintenanceTraining/tabid/125/Default.aspx. 693 Discussed in FTA, supra note 570, at 20. http://transit- safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/BusTasks/PDF/Task2.pdf.

55 5. FAQs What types of licensing and certification require- ments are likely to be the subject of state and local regulation? • Driver’s licenses. • Brake work. • General maintenance activities. • Activities involving hazardous environmental work, such as painting in enclosed areas, handling refriger- ants, handling asbestos. Which state and local agencies can provide guidance on these regulations? • Departments of motor vehicles. • Departments that administer occupational health and safety laws. • Environmental departments. J. Building and Fire Codes Facilities will need to comply with state and local building and fire codes. The focus here is the way in which these codes may affect bus maintenance facilities in particular, as opposed to an industrial facility. To the extent that building and fire codes may affect clean air, clean water, use of alternative fuels, and storage tanks, such codes have been discussed earlier in this report. This section summarizes the questionnaire re- sponses on building and fire codes. 1. Overview of State Requirements State DOTs and selected transit agencies were sur- veyed regarding state requirements concerning ventila- tion, drainage, and other building and fire code re- quirements. Reported requirements are set forth below. California: California imposes requirements related to ventilation694 and drainage.695 Connecticut: Connecticut requires exhaust fans (State DOT). Florida: Florida imposes requirements related to ventilation under the Florida Building Code696 (Miami– Dade Transit). Illinois: Chicago imposes requirements under its building and fire codes697 (CTA). Indiana: Indiana imposes requirements related to ventilation698 and drainage699 (IndyGo). 694 Subch. 7, General Industry Safety Orders, Group 16, Control of Hazardous Substances, art. 107. Dusts, Fumes, Mists, Vapors and Gases. (State DOT); Building Code chs. 3 & 12, Mechanical Code chs. 4 & 5. (LACMTA). 695 Subch. 15, Petroleum Safety Orders—Refining, Transportation and Handling, art. 13, Drainage. (State DOT); Building Code ch. 15, Plumbing Code chs. 7 & 9. (LACMTA). 696 Sect. 403, Mechanical Ventilation. 697 Chicago Building Code, tit. 13, Chicago Municipal Code; Chicago Fire Code, tit. 15, Chicago Municipal Code. Maryland: Maryland imposes requirements related to ventilation and drainage under its fire regulations700 (MTA). Massachusetts: Massachusetts imposes requirements related to ventilation and drainage under the Massa- chusetts State building code (MBTA). Minnesota: Minnesota imposes requirements con- cerning ventilation,701 drainage, and other building and fire requirements702 (Metro Transit). Missouri: Missouri imposes requirements concerning ventilation,703 drainage,704 and other building and fire requirements705 (State DOT). New Jersey: New Jersey imposes requirements re- lated to ventilation706 and drainage.707 The N.J. Uniform Fire Code also requires twice-yearly fire prevention inspections, abatement of any violations, and annual registration. Additionally, there are numerous building, electrical, and fire code requirements specific to the construction of vehicular facilities, including repair and parking garages (NJTransit). New York: New York imposes requirements related to ventilation under the New York State Mechanical Code708 (NYCT). Ohio: Ohio Building Code (https://www.com.state.oh.us/dic/dicbbs.htm) (GCRTA). 698 Indiana Fire Code–IFC 22; 675 IND. ADMIN. CODE 22-2.3. [www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T06750/A00220.PDF]. 699 Indiana Building Code § 909. [See www.iabo.com/currentcodes.htm]. 700 MD. CODE ANN. tit. 29, subtit. 6. 01. 701 Air quality: State OSHA, www.doli.state.mn.us/mnosha.html, and MPCA, www.pca.state.mn.us [E.g. www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/sbeg-c- airquality.pdf]. 702 Adoption of International Building Code, MINN. R., ch. 1305. www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=RULE_C HAP&year=current&chapter=1305. 703 10 MO. CODE REGS. 10-2–10-6 Air Quality Stds. 704 19 MO. CODE REGS. 20-3 General Sanitation. 705 Doors to open outward (320.070 MO. REV. STAT.); Fire escapes (320.010–320.050 MO. REV. STAT.); Glazing materials, safety (701.010–701-015 MO. REV. STAT.). 706 N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts 2003 ICC International Mechanical Code, including §§ 403, 404, and 502.1. 707 The N.J. Uniform Construction Code adopts 2003 PHCC National Standard Plumbing Code, including § 6.3. 708 N.Y.S. Mechanical Code [19 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. ch. XXXIII, State Fire Prevention and Building Code Council, subch. A, Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code, pt. 1223, Mechanical Code, www.dos.state.ny.us/CODE/part1223.htm]; N.Y.S. Fuel Gas Code [19 N.Y. COMP. CODES R. & REGS. ch. XXXIII, State Fire Prevention and Building Code Council, subch. A, Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code, pt. 1224, Fuel Gas Code. Note that new version of Uniform Code took effect Jan. 1, 2008, www.dos.state.ny.us/CODE/part1224.htm].