Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System (2016)

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17 C H A P T E R 3 The PMDb framework provides the ability to store a historical record of pavement sections, pavement-maintenance treatments, and their subsequent performances. The framework pro- vides a means for establishing a record of actions that includes uniform descriptions of mainte- nance activities, basis of measurements, costs, pavement conditions, and other relevant data for use in cost-benefit analysis; evaluating the effects of maintenance on pavement performance; selecting the maintenance actions needed, or making other related decisions. The PMDb framework was structured to provide an archive of maintenance events and condition-observation events for a defined section of a roadway. Each event record in the PMDb framework contains information on a specific pavement section where a maintenance event and a condition-observation event may occur. Given that maintenance and performance measures are attributed to different pavement section boundaries, PMDb performs dynamic segmenta- tion that allows for the identification of homogeneous pavement sections for further study. Pavement-maintenance data terms and elements contained in PMDb are defined to provide a common attribution of all activities. PMDb provides tools for index and value translations to allow DOTs to transform their input data to the appropriate PMDb definition. Where appropri- ate, new data elements and definitions can be created, thus providing PMDb the ability to adapt to evolving maintenance and condition measures. Figure 4 illustrates a model that allows for the stacking of multiple layers of data upon a defined roadway section over time. This is particularly important as many maintenance treatments require numerous years of use and condition assessment to demonstrate measurable differences in performance. Pavement-Maintenance Data Elements and Terms The PMDb framework was structured to facilitate the archival of maintenance events and condition-observation events for a defined section of a roadway. Each pavement section recorded in PMDb will contain information on a specific pavement section and may contain data in one of three categories—inventory, maintenance activity, and condition—as shown in Figure 5. • Inventory. This category of data elements and terms contains information related to the existing roadway and location conditions. This includes the general climate, traffic, and other conditions that may influence the types of maintenance treatments selected. • Maintenance. This category of data elements and terms encapsulates all information related to the specific maintenance activity. This includes the date for the activity, the resources used, and any material-specific attributes that may be helpful in determining effectiveness. Pavement-Maintenance Database System

18 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System • Condition. This category encapsulates the data terms and elements that describe how the pavement-maintenance treatment is performing over time or the outcome of the pavement- maintenance activity. This includes the ability to attribute certain distresses to pavement sections and track them over time. The following section describes the data elements within the PMDb framework. Elements and attributes can be added to support the evolving data requirements for the database framework. A description of the data attributes is provided as well as an indication on if the field is required. A required attribute means that a value must be provided for the attribute in order for it to be valid. In addition, numerous data attributes have recommended validation ranges to help Figure 4. Schematic of pavement section and event layer data. Figure 5. Pavement section data elements.

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 19 provide guidance on acceptable values. Finally, where appropriate, a common list of value types is enumerated to ensure consistency in data over time. Pavement-Maintenance Data Definitions Pavement Section Data Elements A pavement section is defined as a fixed length segment on a route. The data elements described in this section are common for all pavement sections stored within PMDb. The data elements are attributed to inventory, maintenance activity, and condition and describe where and when a particular event took place. The subsequent sections also indicate whether the data elements are required to be entered into PMDb and if there is a valid range of values that are expected. • Location. These data elements are used to describe where a particular event or maintenance activity took place on a defined route. Location data elements are described in Table 8. • Time. These data elements are used to describe when a particular event took place to establish the chronological order of the activities that occurred on a given pavement section. Time data elements are described in Table 9. Pavement Inventory Data Elements Inventory data elements are used to describe the pavement section on which the maintenance activity is performed. The following data elements are common for all inventory sections within PMDb. • General. General data elements are used to describe the classification of the pavement section on which the maintenance activity was performed. General data elements are described in Table 10. • Traffic. Traffic data elements are used to describe the loading characteristics on the mainte- nance activity that has been performed. Traffic data elements are described in Table 11. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Year Year when the source record item started Yes 1900–2100 Month Month, if known, of the source record item No 1–12 Day Day, if known, of the source record item No 1–31 End year End year, if known, for a source record item that spans a period of time No 1900–2100 End month End month, if known, for a source record item that spans a period of time No 1–12 End day End day, if known, for a source record item that spans a period of time No 1–31 Table 9. Pavement section time data elements. Data Element Description Required? State State abbreviation where the route is located Yes Route Proper name of the route Yes Direction Direction of travel on the route Yes Lane Lane number or notation of lanes on the route No Begin reference point Beginning reference point (milepost) on the route Yes End reference point Ending reference point (milepost) on the route Yes Table 8. Pavement section location data elements.

20 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System • Pavement Surface. Pavement surface data elements are used to describe the existing pave- ment surface on which the maintenance treatment was performed. Pavement surface data elements are described in Table 12. • Pavement Structure. Pavement structure data elements describe the structural state of the pavement on which the maintenance activity was performed. Information on the structure can be provided by layer. Pavement structure data elements are described in Table 13. Pavement-Maintenance Activity Data Elements The following data elements are common for all maintenance activity events within PMDb. Maintenance activity data elements describe each pavement-maintenance operation. • General. General data elements are used to describe the maintenance activities that have been performed. General data elements are described in Table 14. • Cost. Cost data elements are used to describe the cost elements for the maintenance activity that has been performed. Cost data elements are described in Table 15. Table 10. Pavement inventory: general data elements. Data Element Description Required? Default Values Functional classification HPMS functional classification code Yes Interstate Other freeways and expressways Other principal arterial Minor arterial Major collector Minor collector Local Rural code HPMS urbanized area code Yes Rural Small urban Large urban Federal-aid interstate Climatic zone Environmental conditions at the location of the pavement Yes Dry freeze Wet freeze Dry no freeze Wet no freeze Data Element Description Required? Valid Range AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic Yes > 0 Truck Traffic Percentage of the AADT that comprises heavy vehicle truck traffic (defined as FHWA Class 9 or greater) Yes ≥ 0 ESALs Equivalent single axle loads on the road section No ≥ 0 Table 11. Pavement inventory: traffic data elements. Table 12. Pavement inventory: pavement surface data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Surface material Type of material used on the existing surface Yes Not applicable (n/a) Asphalt Concrete Existing treatment Thickness Thickness of the surface material layer in inches Yes ≥ 0 n/a

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 21 Table 13. Pavement inventory: pavement structure data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Layer number An integer value indicating layer sequence, starting with 0 for subgrade, and incrementing with each additional layer Yes ≥ 0 n/a Material Material type found in the pavement layer Yes n/a n/a Pavement layer function Purpose of the layer in the pavement cross section Yes ≥ 0 Base Structural Wearing Repair Leveling/wedge Subgrade material Name of the material used in the subgrade No n/a n/a Subgrade stiffness Resilient modulus of the subgrade in pounds per square inch No ≥ 0 n/a Table 14. Pavement-maintenance activity: general data elements. Data Element Description Required? Default Values Treatment name Name of the specific maintenance activity being performed Yes See asphalt-surface pavement treatment data elements and concrete-surface pavement treatment data elements Treatment type Category of maintenance treatment Yes Preventive Routine Reactive Treatment reason Purpose or objective in placing the maintenance treatment Yes Safety improvement Noise reduction Service life extension Condition improvement Ride improvement Stopgap Contract type Type of contract for the maintenance treatment Yes In-house Contractor Warranty Performance Table 15. Pavement-maintenance activity: cost data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Total cost Total project cost for the maintenance activity Yes > 0 Labor cost Loaded cost of labor to apply treatment, $/unit No > 0 Equipment cost Rental or implied rental rate for equipment used in treatment construction No > 0 Material cost Cost of all materials used in treatment No > 0 Traffic control cost Cost for providing traffic control, per project No > 0 Overhead cost Applied overhead cost per project, if work done in-house No > 0

22 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Asphalt-Surface Pavement Treatment Data Elements This section shows the data elements that are available in the PMDb framework for each asphalt-surface pavement treatment activity. These data elements are treatment specific and define characteristics specific to the maintenance treatment activity that may be further used to differentiate effectiveness. Tables 16 through 29 describe the data elements associated with each of the maintenance treatments for asphalt-surface pavements, as described in Table 3. Table 16. Asphalt patching data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Material Type of asphalt material used for patching Yes n/a Cold mix Hot mix Proprietary patch Automated patch Equipment material Patch area Approximate area of patch in square feet Yes > 0 n/a Patch depth Depth of patch at the deepest point in inches Yes 0–10 n/a Preparation method Steps taken to prepare a patch area before patch material is placed and compacted No n/a None Compressed air Milling Saw cut Jack hammer Bucket Automated equipment Placement Techniques for placing material in prepared patch area No n/a Throw and go Throw, roll, and go Automated equipment Paver Finishing Steps taken to complete patching operations before pavement is ready to be opened to traffic No n/a Compaction Seal edges Cost Cost to apply the asphalt patch per square foot No > 0 n/a

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 23 Table 17. Chip seal data elements. Data Element Description Required? ValidRange Default Values Binder type Asphalt product sprayed on pavement surface prior to application of aggregate Yes n/a Hot-applied Cutback CRS-1 CRS-1H CRS-2 CRS-2H CRS-2P HFRS HFRS-2P Binder application rate Rate of binder application in gallons per square foot No > 0 n/a Aggregate type Source of stone No n/a Limestone Quartzite Granite Trap rock Sandstone Natural gravels Basalt Manufactured aggregate Precoated Other Aggregate top size Size of largest aggregate ingradation No n/a ½ in. 5⁄8 in. 3⁄8 in. ¼ in. #4 Aggregate application rate Average rate of aggregate chip application in pounds per square foot No n/a n/a Roller type Type of roller used to embed and orient aggregate No n/a Pneumatic Static steel wheel Other Brooming used Is surface swept to removeloose stones? No n/a Yes No Brooming timing Time of brooming afterplacement, in hours No > 0 n/a Surface seal Is additional binder applied to finished surface to promote aggregate bond? No n/a YesNo Seal type Defined by sequence and type of materials used to construct treatment Yes n/a Single Double Triple Racked-in Cape Inverted Sandwich Geotextile reinforced Other Cost Cost to apply chip seal, including binder, aggregate, and any post-construction activities (e.g., brooming, fogging) No > 0 n/a

24 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Table 18. Cold-in-place recycling data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Equipment used Name of equipment used Yes n/a Recycling train Single machine Depth Average depth of activity in inches Yes > 0 n/a Rejuvenating agent Name of rejuvenating agent No n/a ASTM D4552 Types A, B, C, D, E Additional surfacing If additional surfacing is used, it needs to be indicated. The additional surfacing can then be added as an additional treatment using the types described here. No n/a Yes No Type of surfacing Type of treatment eventually placed after existing surface has been milled or pulverized No n/a Chip seal HMA overlay Thickness of surfacing Average thickness of activity in inches No ≥ 0 n/a Cost Total cost to apply treatment, per square foot (including final surface, if applied) No > 0 n/a Table 19. Crack filling data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Material Type of sealant product Yes n/a ASTM D6690 Type I ASTM D6690 Type II ASTM D6690 Type III ASTM D6690 Type IV ASTM D5078 Quantity Quantity of cracks filled per linear foot Yes > 0 n/a Preparation method Steps taken to prepare cracks for application of sealant material No n/a Water blast Compressed air Sand blast Configuration Geometry of placed sealant material No n/a Recessed Flush Overband In-place cost In-place cost of material and labor per linear foot No > 0 n/a

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 25 Table 20. Crack sealing data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Material Type of sealant product Yes n/a ASTM D6690 Type I ASTM D6690 Type II ASTM D6690 Type III ASTM D6690 Type IV ASTM D5078 Quantity Quantity of cracks filled per linear foot Yes > 0 n/a Reservoir depth Depth of rout or sawcut for placement No 0–3 n/a Reservoir width Width of crack created by rout or sawcut No 0–1 n/a Preparation method Steps taken to prepare cracks for application of sealant material No n/a Rout Saw cut Water blast Compressed air Sand blast Configuration Geometry of placed sealant material No n/a Recessed Flush Overband Cost In-place cost of material and labor per linear foot No > 0 n/a Table 21. Fog seal/rejuvenator data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Binder type Specify grade of the binder Yes n/a CSS-1h SS-1h CQS-1h LMCQS-1h Dilution rate Percentage of water Yes 0–100 n/a Binder application rate Rate of binder application, in gallons per square foot Yes n/a n/a Friction cover Application of sand or other material to temporarily restore skid Yes n/a Yes No Cost Cost to apply fog seal, including friction cover, per square foot No > 0 n/a

26 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Type Classification of type of slurry Yes n/a II III Binder Type of emulsion used in slurry Yes n/a SS-1 SS-1h CSS-1 CSS-1h CQS-1h Quick-Set mixing Grade Application rate Average rate of material application in pounds per square yard Yes n/a n/a Application Type of placement Yes n/a Single Double Rut fill only Wedge Purpose Reason for placing treatment No n/a Seal surface Fill ruts Seal wide cracks Other Modification Additives to microsurfacing beyond binder, aggregate, and cement No n/a Fiber Other Cost Cost to apply treatment per square yard No > 0 n/a Table 23. Microsurfacing data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Equipment used Name and/or type of equipment used Yes n/a Single Stage Remixing Train Multiple Stage Remixing Train Depth Average depth of activity in inches Yes > 0 n/a Rejuvenating agent Name of rejuvenating agent No n/a ASTM D4552 Types A, B, C, D, E Additional surfacing If additional surfacing is used, it needs to be indicated; additional surfacing can then be added as an additional treatment using the types described here No n/a Yes No Type of surfacing Wearing course placed over recycling project at time of construction No n/a Chip seal HMA overlay Thickness of surfacing Average thickness of surface in inches No ≥ 0 n/a Cost Total cost to apply treatment per square foot (including final surface, if applied) No > 0 n/a Table 22. Hot-in-place recycling data elements.

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 27 Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Drain type Type of edge drain used Yes n/a Pipe edge drain Prefabricated geocomposite edge drain (PGED) Aggregate trench or “French drain” Drain location Location along edge of pavement where drain is constructed Yes n/a Pavement shoulder edge Shoulder edge Depth below surface to bottom of drain Distance below pavement surface to the bottom of the drain in inches Yes 0–36 n/a Backfill material Material placed around pipe or alongside geocomposite No n/a AASHTO No. 57 Same as base material Cost Cost to apply treatment per linear foot No > 0 n/a Table 25. Retrofitted edge drain data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Depth Average depth of milling in inches Yes n/a n/a Equipment Name of equipment used No n/a Milling machine Cold planer Micromilling Cost Cost to apply treatment per square foot No > 0 n/a Table 24. Milling data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Type Classification of type of slurry Yes n/a I II III Binder Type of emulsion used in slurry Yes n/a SS-1 SS-1h CSS-1 CSS-1h CQS-1h Quick-set mixing Grade Binder modification Indicate if binder was modified by selecting a value. Yes n/a Polymer Rubber Application rate Average rate of material application in pounds per square yard Yes n/a n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per square yard No > 0 n/a Table 26. Slurry seal data elements.

28 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Binder type PG binder of asphalt used Yes n/a PG 64-28 PG 64-22 PG 76-22 PG 70-22 PG 70-10 Aggregate type Source of stone No n/a Limestone Granite Shale Sandstone Basalt Manufactured Slag Recycled Aggregate top size Size of largest aggregate in gradation No n/a ½ in. #4 Aggregate gradation type Size distribution of aggregates used in mix design Yes n/a Gap-graded Open-graded Dense-graded Overlay thickness Average thickness of overlay in inches Yes 0.2–0.8 n/a Tack coat Is tack coat used? No n/a Yes No Cost Cost to apply treatment per square foot No > 0 n/a 3⁄8 in. Table 27. Thin and ultra-thin overlay data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Binder Type of material used in mix to bind aggregates together Yes n/a PG 64-28 PG 64-22 PG 76-22 PG 70-22 PG 70-10 Aggregate type Source of stone used in surfacing No n/a Limestone Granite Shale Sandstone Basalt Manufactured Slag Recycled Aggregate top size Size of largest aggregate in gradation No n/a ½ in. #4 Aggregate gradation type Size distribution of aggregates used in mix design Yes n/a Open-graded Gap-graded Placement equipment Name and/or type of equipment used No n/a Spray paver Tack coat binder Type of modifier used in tack coat Yes n/a Polymer Rubber Thickness Average depth of ultra-thin bonded wearing course in inches No ≥ 0 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per square foot No > 0 n/a 3⁄8 in. Table 28. Ultra-thin bonded wearing course data elements.

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 29 Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Stitching material Material used in cross stitching process Yes n/a Rebar Stitch length Length of stitch in feet Yes > 0 n/a Stitch diameter Diameter of stitch in inches No > 0 n/a Stitch spacing Spacing of stitches in inches Yes 1–36 n/a Grout type Type of material grouted into drilled holes Yes n/a Epoxy Cement Cost Cost to apply treatment per linear foot No > 0 n/a Table 31. Cross stitching data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Crack preparation method Steps taken to prepare crack for application of sealant material Yes n/a Saw Rout None Reservoir width Width of rout or sawcut for placement in inches Yes 0–1.5 n/a Reservoir depth Depth of crack created by rout or sawcut in inches Yes 0–2 n/a Backer road Material inserted into prepared crack to help achieve desired shape factor No n/a Yes No Sealant material Type of material used in crack sealing process Yes n/a ASTM D6690 D5078 D5893 Cost Cost to apply treatment per linear foot No > 0 n/a Table 30. Crack sealing data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Thickness Average depth of surface in inches Yes ≥ 0 n/a Slab width Typical concrete slab width in feet No > 0 n/a Slab length Typical concrete slab length in feet No > 0 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per square foot No > 0 n/a Table 29. Bonded concrete resurfacing data elements. Concrete-Surface Pavement Treatment Data Elements This section shows the data elements that are available in the PMDb framework for each concrete-surface pavement treatment activity. These data elements are treatment specific and define characteristics specific to the maintenance treatment activity that may be further used to differentiate effectiveness. Tables 30 through 38 describe the data elements associated with each of the maintenance treatments for concrete-surface pavements, as described in Table 4.

30 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Table 33. Diamond grooving data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Orientation Grooving pattern constructed on pavement surface Yes n/a Transverse Longitudinal Land area Spacing between grooves in inches No 0–2 n/a Groove depth Depth of groove in inches No 0–0.5 n/a Groove width Width of groove in inches No 0–0.4 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per square foot No > 0 n/a Table 32. Diamond grinding data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Method Type of process used for diamond grinding operation Yes n/a Conventional NEXTGEN Groove width Width of groove in inches No 0–0.4 n/a Land area Spacing between grooves in inches No 0–1 n/a Depth Depth of groove in inches Yes 0–0.5 n/a Number of blades Density of diamond blades in number of blades per foot No < 65 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per square foot No > 0 n/a Table 34. Full-depth repair data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Area Surface area of repair in square feet Yes n/a Length in the direction of traffic Width perpendicular to the direction of traffic Depth Depth of repair in inches Yes 0–18 n/a Repair location Location where repair is to be performed within a given slab Yes n/a Transverse joint Longitudinal joint Mid-panel Repair material Type of repair material used in patch Yes n/a Cast-in-place PCC Precast panel Preparation method Method used to prepare pavement for placement of patch repair material Yes n/a Saw and jackhammer Jackhammer Mill Drill and lift-out Other Load transfer method, front joint Specify load transfer method employed at leading joint on slab in direction of travel No n/a Tie-bar Dowel bar Nothing Other Load transfer method, passenger side joint Specify load transfer method employed at joint on right side of slab in direction of travel No n/a Tie-bar Dowel bar Nothing Other

Table 35. Joint resealing data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Joint preparation method Steps taken to prepare joint for application of sealant material Yes n/a Saw Rout None Reservoir width Width of rout or sawcut for placement in inches Yes 0–1.5 n/a Reservoir depth Depth of crack created by rout or sawcut in inches Yes 0–2 n/a Backer road Material inserted in joint reservoir to help achieve desired shape factor No n/a Yes No Sealant material Type of material used in joint sealing process Yes n/a ASTM D6690 D5893 (silicone) D2628 (neoprene) Joint type Type of joint being sealed No n/a Transverse Longitudinal Isolation All Cost Cost to apply treatment per linear foot > 0 n/a Table 36. Load transfer retrofit data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Load transfer device (LTD) Type of LTD used Yes n/a Dowel Plate Number of LTDs per wheelpath, count Number of LTDs placed in each wheelpath Yes 1–6 n/a Slot preparation method Method used to prepare slot for LTD Yes n/a Saw Mill Repair (filler) material Type of material used to encase LTD in existing pavement Yes n/a PCC Rapid-setting proprietary materials Epoxy-resin adhesives LTD length Total length of LTD in inches No 12–24 n/a LTD diameter Thickness or diameter of LTD in inches No 5⁄8–2 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per joint placed No > 0 n/a Table 34. (Continued). Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Load transfer method, driver side joint Specify load transfer method employed at joint on left side of slab in direction of travel No n/a Tie-bar Dowel bar Nothing Other Load transfer method, rear joint Specify load transfer method employed at trailing joint on slab in direction of travel No n/a Tie-bar Dowel bar Nothing Other Time to trafficking, hour Curing time required before patch can be open to traffic No > 0 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per cubic foot No > 0 n/a

32 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Void detection method Technique used to locate areas of void beneath the slab Yes n/a Coring FWD Visual observation Epoxy injection Other Stabilization material Type of material selected for the slab stabilization process Yes n/a Cementitious material Bituminous material Expandable polyurethane foam Cost Cost to apply treatment per joint placed No > 0 n/a Table 38. Slab stabilization data elements. Data Element Description Required? Valid Range Default Values Repair location Location where repair is to be performed within given slab Yes n/a Transverse joint Longitudinal joint Mid-panel Area Surface area of repair in square feet Yes n/a Length in the direction of traffic Width perpendicular to the direction of traffic Depth, in. Average depth of repair in inches Yes n/a n/a Preparation method Method used to prepare pavement for placement of patch repair material Yes n/a Saw and jackhammer Jackhammer Mill Other Repair material Type of repair material used in patch Yes n/a PCC HMA Cold patch Proprietary cementitious Proprietary bituminous Bonding agent Indicate if a bonding agent was used No n/a Yes No Time to trafficking Curing time required before patch can be open to traffic in hours No > 0 n/a Cost Cost to apply treatment per cubic foot No > 0 n/a Table 37. Partial-depth repair data elements. Thin and Ultra-Thin Overlay Data Elements The data elements for thin and ultra-thin overlays in Table 27 may be used for rigid pavement- maintenance treatments. Ultra-Thin Bonded Wearing Course Data Elements The data elements for ultra-thin bonded wearing course in Table 28 may be used for rigid- maintenance pavement treatments.

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 33 Composite Pavement Treatment Data Elements Composite pavements are pavement structures consisting of a combination of asphalt and concrete layers; most commonly asphalt overlays of concrete pavements (concrete overlays of asphalt pavements are discussed in the previous section on concrete pavements). For mainte- nance purposes the same treatments applied to asphalt-surfaced pavements apply to compos- ite pavements; the maintenance activities for composite pavements would be similar to those described for the asphalt-surfaced or concrete-surfaced pavements described here. However, there are treatments to mitigate reflection cracking that are unique to composite pavements consisting of HMA overlays of jointed concrete pavements (e.g., saw and seal). Pavement-Condition Data Elements The following data elements are used to describe the condition of a defined pavement sec- tion before and after a maintenance event and are commonly used to describe the outcome of a pavement-maintenance treatment. • Individual Distresses. Data elements that describe individual distresses that are used to describe pavement surface conditions (raw distressed data collected are listed in Table 39). • Condition Index. The condition of a pavement section using an index value based on specific algorithms that combines various different distress types. Some common condition index characteristics are described in Table 40. • Ride Quality. State DOTs are required to report pavement ride quality, making that measure useful to assess pavement performance. Ride quality data elements are described in Table 41. • Noise. The effect of a maintenance treatment on noise level due to tire-pavement interaction is measured in some DOTs. The most common noise characteristic captured is described in Table 42. Data Element Description Required? Distress name Name of distress being recorded (see Table 44 and Table 45) Yes Distress severity Severity or state of distress, such as low, medium, or high Yes Distress amount Specific amount of distress, such as linear feet or square feet Yes Table 39. Individual distress data elements. Table 40. Condition index data elements. Data Element Description Valid Range PCI Pavement Condition Index 0–100 PSR Pavement Serviceability Rating 0–5 Data Element Description Valid Range IRI Measurement of roughness of pavement, expressed as ratio of accumulated suspension motion to distance traveled obtained from mathematical model of standard quarter car traversing measured profile at speed of 50 mi/h (80 km/h) (ASTM E1926), in inches per mile ≥ 0 Table 41. Ride quality attribute description.

34 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Data Element Description Valid Range Friction number Pavement-tire friction ≥ 0 Skid number Pavement-tire skid resistance ≥ 0 Mean texture depth Pavement surface texture properties (macrotexture), in inches ≥ 0 Table 43. Safety-related data elements. Table 44. Asphalt-surface pavement distress. Distress Definition Alligator cracking Series of interconnecting cracks on the surface of asphalt concrete pavement caused by fatigue failure under repeated traffic loading (ASTM D6433); also referred to as fatigue cracking Bleeding Formation of a film of asphalt material on pavement surface that creates a shiny, glasslike, reflecting surface that usually becomes quite sticky; bleeding is caused by excessive amounts of asphaltic cement or tars in the mix, excessive application of an asphalt-based crack sealant, excessive application of a tack coat, low air void content, or a combination of all these factors (ASTM D6433) Block cracking Interconnected cracks that divide the pavement into approximately rectangular pieces; blocks may range in size from approximately 1 ft × 1 ft (0.3 m × 0.3 m) to 10 ft × 10 ft (3 m × 3 m); block cracking is caused mainly by shrinkage of the asphalt concrete and daily temperature cycling, which results in daily stress/strain cycling; it is not associated with pavement loading (ASTM D6433) Depression Localized pavement surface areas with elevations slightly lower than those ofthe surrounding pavements (ASTM D6433) Edge cracking Pattern of distress in asphalt pavements which runs parallel to and usually within 1 ft to 1.5 ft (0.3 m to 0.5 m) of the outer edge of the pavement; it is accelerated by traffic loading and can be caused by a frost-weakened base or the presence of subgrade near the edge of the pavement (ASTM D6433) Lane-shoulder drop-off Difference in elevation between pavement surface and shoulder surface at the pavement edge, in inches; it is caused by shoulder erosion, shoulder settlement, or by building the roadway without adjusting the shoulder level (ASTM D6433) Bump and sag Deviation in surface elevation which impacts ride quality (ASTM D6433) Corrugation Series of closely spaced ridges and valleys (ripples) occurring at fairly regular intervals, usually less than 10 ft (3 m) along the pavement; ridges are perpendicular to the direction of traffic; it is usually caused by traffic action combined with an unstable pavement surface or base; also known as washboarding (ASTM D6433) Data Element Description Valid Range Noise level Pavement-tire noise at the source, decibels ≥ 0 Table 42. Noise attribute description. • Safety. The data elements used to measure the effectiveness of a maintenance treatment in improving safety-related characteristics are described in Table 43. Asphalt-Surface Pavement Distress Asphalt-surface pavement distress elements are discussed in Table 44.

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 35 Table 44. (Continued). Rutting Depression in the wheel paths of a pavement surface; it is a permanent deformation of one or more layers of the pavement structure (ASTM D6433) Shoving Permanent, longitudinal displacement of a localized area of an HMA pavement surface caused by traffic loading (ASTM D6433) Slippage cracking Crescent or half-moon shaped cracks in an HMA surface; usually transverse to the direction of travel; produced when braking or turning wheels cause the pavement surface to slide or deform (ASTM D6433) Swelling Upward bulge in pavement surface; a long, gradual wave more than 10 ft (3 m) long (ASTM D6433) Weathering Wearing away of the asphalt binder and fine aggregate matrix (ASTM D6433) Longitudinal and transverse cracking (not reflective) On asphalt pavements, these cracks are parallel or perpendicular to the pavement centerline or laydown direction; caused by poorly constructed paving joints, asphalt shrinkage, or reflective cracking, which is caused by cracking in the underlying surface; not usually load-associated (ASTM D6433); also referred to as longitudinal cracking, transverse cracking, and thermal cracking Patching and utility cut Area of pavement that has been replaced with new material; done to repair an existing pavement; considered a defect no matter how well it performs (patched area or adjacent area usually does not perform as well as the original pavement section); some roughness is associated with this distress (ASTM D6433) Polished aggregate Wearing away of aggregate texture by repeated traffic applications (ASTM D6433) Potholes Loss of pavement surface in a small—usually less than 30 in. (750 mm) indiameter—bowl-shaped area of the pavement; generally have sharp edges and vertical sides near the top of the hole (ASTM D6433) Raveling Dislodging of coarse aggregate particles in an HMA surface; caused by insufficient asphalt binder, poor mixture quality, insufficient compaction, segregation, or stripping (ASTM D6433) Reflection cracking Occurs in asphalt cocrete layers that have been placed over a concrete slab; does not include reflection cracks from any other type of base (i.e., cement- or lime-stabilized); caused mainly by thermal- or moisture-induced movements of the concrete slab beneath the asphalt concrete surface; not load-related, however, traffic loading may cause breakdown of the asphalt surface near the crack (ASTM D6433) Distress Definition Concrete-Surface Pavement Distress Concrete-surface pavement distress elements are discussed in Table 45. Distress Definition Alkali silica reaction Reaction between the alkalis (sodium and potassium) in portland cement binder and certain siliceous rocks or minerals, such as opaline chert, strained quartz, and acidic volcanic glass, present in some aggregates; products of reaction may cause abnormal expansion and cracking of concrete in service (Taylor, Kosmatka, and Voigt, 2007) Blowup and buckling Vertical pavement deformations that usually occur in hot weather; usually occurs at a transverse crack or joint that is not wide enough to permit slab expansion; insufficient width is usually caused by infiltration of incompressible material into the joint space (ASTM D6433) Table 45. Concrete-surface pavement distress. (continued on next page)

36 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Distress Definition Corner break Crack in jointed PCC pavement that intersects the joints at a distance less than or equal to one-half the slab length on both sides, measured from the corner of the slab (ASTM D6433) Corner spalling Breakdown of concrete slab within approximately 1.5 ft (0.5 m) of the corner or joint (ASTM D6433) Divided slab Slab that is divided by cracks into four or more pieces due to overloading orinadequate support, or both (ASTM D6433) Durability cracking Failure mechanism in concrete in which the freeze–thaw expansion of large aggregates over time gradually breaks down the concrete; usually begins at the bottom of the slab and appears as a pattern of cracks running parallel and close to a joint or linear crack (ASTM D6433); also referred to as D-cracking or freeze–thaw damage Faulting Difference in elevation across a transverse discontinuity such as a joint or crack (ASTM D6433) Joint seal damage Any condition involving failure of the sealant in a concrete pavement that enables soil or rocks to accumulate in joints or allows significant water infiltration (ASTM D6433) Joint spalling Breakdown of concrete slab within approximately 1.5 ft (0.5 m) of the corner or joint (ASTM D6433) Lane-shoulder drop-off Difference between the settlement or erosion of the shoulder and the pavement travel-lane edge. Elevation difference can be a safety hazard and can also cause increased water infiltration (ASTM D6433) Linear cracking (longitudinal, transverse, and diagonal) Cracks which divide a PCC slab into two or three pieces; usually caused by a combination of repeated traffic loading, thermal gradient curling, and repeated moisture loading (ASTM D6433); also referred to as longitudinal cracking and transverse cracking Patch and utility cuts Area where original pavement has been removed and replaced by filler material; a utility cut is a patch that has replaced the original pavement to allow for the installation or maintenance of underground utilities; severity levels of a utility cut are assessed by the same criteria as large patching (ASTM D6433) Scaling, map cracking, and crazing Network of shallow, fine, or hairline cracks that extend only through the upper surface of the concrete; cracks tend to intersect at angles of 120°; usually caused by concrete over-finishing and may lead to surface scaling, which is a breakdown of the slab surface to a depth of approximately 0.25 in. to 0.5 in. (6 mm to 13 mm) (ASTM D6433) Polished aggregate Wearing away of the aggregate texture by repeated traffic applications(ASTM D6433) Popouts Loss of a small piece of the pavement due to freeze–thaw action; more commonly found with expansive aggregates, chert, clay particles, and other low quality materials (ASTM D6433) Pumping Ejection of material from the slab foundation through joints or cracks; causedby deflection of the pavement from passing loads (ASTM D6433) Punchout In a CRCP, a localized area of the slab that is broken into pieces; it can take many different shapes and forms but it is usually defined by a crack and a joint (ASTM D6433) Shrinkage cracks Hairline cracks that are usually less than 6.6 ft (2 m) long and do not extend across the entire concrete slab (ASTM D6433) Table 45. (Continued).

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 37 Distress Type Data Element Description Alligator cracking Low severity, sq. ft. Fine, longitudinal hairline cracks running parallel to each other with no or only a few interconnecting cracks; the cracks are not spalled Medium severity, sq. ft. Further development of light alligator cracks into a pattern or network of cracks that may be lightly spalled High severity, sq. ft. Network or pattern cracking has progressed so that the pieces are well defined and spalled at the edges; some of the pieces may rock under traffic. Bleeding Low severity, sq. ft. Bleeding has occurred only slightly and is noticeable only during a few days of the year; asphalt does not stick to shoes or vehicles Medium severity, sq. ft. Bleeding has occurred to the extent that asphalt sticks to shoes and vehicles during only a few weeks of the year. High severity, sq. ft. Bleeding has occurred extensively and considerable asphalt sticks to shoes and vehicles during at least several weeks of the year Block cracking Low severity, sq. ft. Blocks are defined by low-severity cracks Medium severity, sq. ft. Blocks are defined by medium-severity cracks High severity, sq. ft. Blocks are defined by high-severity cracks Bumps and sags Low severity, linear ft. Bump or sag causing low-severity ride quality Medium severity, linear ft. Bump or sag causing medium-severity ride quality High severity, linear ft. Bump or sag causing high-severity ride quality Corrugation Low severity, sq. ft. Corrugation produces low-severity ride quality Medium severity, sq. ft. Corrugation produces medium-severity ride quality High severity, sq. ft. Corrugation produces high-severity ride quality Depression Low severity, sq. ft. ½ in. (13 mm) to 1 in. (25 mm) Medium severity, sq. ft. 1 in. (25 mm) to 2 in. (50 mm) High severity, sq. ft. More than 2 in. (50 mm) Edge cracking Low severity, linear ft. Low or medium cracking with no breakup or raveling Medium severity, linear ft. Medium cracking with some breakup and raveling High severity, linear ft. Considerable breakup or raveling along the edge Lane-shoulder drop- off Low severity, linear ft. Difference in elevation between the pavement surface and the shoulder surface at the pavement edge is more than 1 in. (25 mm) and less than 2 in. (50 mm) Medium severity, linear ft. Difference in elevation between the pavement surface and the shoulder surface at the pavement edge is more than 2 in. (50 mm) and less than 4 in. (100 mm) High severity, linear ft. Difference in elevation between the pavement surface and the shoulder surface at the pavement edge is more than 4 in. (100 mm) Table 46. Asphalt-surface pavement distress type attributes (based on ASTM 2011). (continued on next page) Asphalt-Surface Pavement Distress Type Attributes This section describes the severity data elements that describe specific condition measures for the asphalt-surface pavement distress types described in Table 44. The severity data elements are seen in Table 46.

38 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Reflection cracking Low severity, linear ft. One of the following conditions exists: nonfilled crack of width is less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) or filled crack of any width (filler in satisfactory condition) Medium severity, linear ft. One of the following conditions exists: nonfilled crack width is greater than or equal to 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) and less than 3 in. (75 mm); nonfilled crack width less than or equal to 3 in. (75 mm) surrounded by light secondary cracking; or filled cracks of any width surrounded by light secondary cracking High severity, linear ft. One of the following conditions exists: any crack (filled or nonfilled) surrounded bymedium- or high-severity secondary cracking; nonfilled cracks of width greater than 3 in. (75 mm); or cracks of any width where approximately 4 in. (100 mm) of the pavement around the crack is severely raveled or broken Longitudinal and transverse cracking (not reflective) Low severity, linear ft. One of the following conditions exists: nonfilled cracks of width less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) or filled cracks of any width (filler in satisfactory condition) Medium severity, linear ft. One of the following conditions exists: nonfilled crack width is greater than or equal to 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) to 3 in. (75 mm); nonfilled crack width is less than or equal to 3 in. (75 mm) surrounded by light and random cracking; or filled crack is of any width surrounded by light random cracking High severity, linear ft. One of the following conditions exists: any crack (filled or nonfilled) surrounded by medium- or high-severity random cracking; nonfilled crack width is greater than 3 in. (75 mm); or cracks of any width where approximately 4 in. (100 mm) of pavement around the crack is severely broken Patching and utility cut Low severity, sq. ft. Patch is satisfactory and in good condition or ride quality is rated as low severity, or better Medium severity, sq. ft. Patch is moderately deteriorated or ride quality is rated as medium severity, or both High severity, sq. ft. Patch is badly deteriorated or ride quality is rated as high severity, or both; needs replacement soon Polished aggregate Present, sq. ft. Areas of pavement where the portion of the aggregate extending above the asphalt binder is either very small or there are no rough or angular aggregate particles at the surface Potholes Low severity, each Average diameter between 8 in. and 18 in. and maximum depth between 0.5 in. and 1 in., or average diameter between 4 in. (100 mm) and 8 in. and maximum depth between 1 in. (25 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) Medium severity, each Average diameter between 4 in. (100 mm) and 8 in. (200 mm) and maximum depth greater than 2 in. (50 mm), or average diameter between 8 in. (200 mm) and 18 in. (450 mm) and maximum depth between 1 in. (25 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm), or average diameter between 18 in. (450 mm) and 30 in. (750 mm) and maximum depth between 0.5 in and 1 in. (25 mm) High severity, each Average diameter between 18 in. (450 mm) and 30 in. (750 mm) and maximum depth greater than 1 in. (25 mm) Distress Type Data Element Description Raveling Low severity, sq. ft. Not defined in ASTM D6433; distress recorded only in medium or high severity Medium severity, sq. ft. Considerable loss of coarse aggregate, more than 20 stones per square yard or clusters of missing coarse aggregate are present High severity, sq. ft. Surface is very rough and pitted, coarse aggregate may be completely removed in places Table 46. (Continued).

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 39 Rutting Low severity, mean rut depth, in. ¼ in. (6 mm) to ½ in. (13 mm) Medium severity, mean rut depth, in. More than ½ in. (13 mm) to 1 in. (25 mm) High severity, mean rut depth, in. More than 1 in. (25 mm) Shoving Low severity, sq. ft. Shove causes low-severity ride quality Medium severity, sq. ft. Shove causes medium-severity ride quality High severity, sq. ft. Shove causes high-severity ride quality Slippage cracking Low severity, sq. ft. Average crack width is less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) Medium severity, sq. ft. One of the following conditions exists: average crack width is greater than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) and less than 1-½ in. (38 mm), or the area around the crack is moderately spalled or surrounded with secondary cracks High severity, sq. ft. One of the following conditions exists: average crack width is greater than 1½ in. (38 mm) or the area around the crack is broken into easily removable pieces Swelling Low severity, sq. ft. Swell causes low-severity ride quality; not always easy to see but can be detected by driving at speed limit over the pavement section; upward motion occurs at swell if present Medium severity, sq. ft. Swell causes medium-severity ride quality High severity, sq. ft. Swell causes high-severity ride quality Weathering Low severity, sq. ft. Asphalt surface is beginning to show signs of aging, which may be accelerated by climatic conditions; loss of fine aggregate matrix is noticeable and may be accompanied by fading of the asphalt color; edges of coarse aggregates are beginning to be exposed [less than 0.05 in. (1 mm)] Loss of fine aggregate matrix is noticeable and edges of coarse aggregates have been exposed up to ¼ of the width (of the longest side) of the coarse aggregate because of loss of fine aggregate matrix Medium severity, sq. ft. High severity, sq. ft. Edges of coarse aggregates have been exposed greater than ¼ of the width (of the longest side) of the coarse aggregate; considerable loss of fine aggregate matrix leading to either a potential or actual loss of the coarse aggregate Distress Type Data Element Description Table 46. (Continued).

40 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Alkali silica reaction Low severity Minimal to no spalling from cracks, joints, or popouts; cracks at surface are tight Distress Type Data Element Description Medium severity Some spalling of cracks, greater density of cracking, or cracks are greater than 0.05 in. (1 mm) wide High severity Loose or missing pieces of concrete and/or surface degradation and loss of functional performance Blowup and buckling Low severity, per slab Buckling or shattering causes low-severity ride quality Medium severity, per slab Buckling or shattering causes medium-severity ride quality High severity, per slab Buckling or shattering causes high-severity ride quality Corner break Low severity, per slab Defined by a low-severity cracking; crack is less than ½ in. (13 mm) in width, cracks of any width with satisfactory filler, no faulting; area between the break and the joints is not cracked or may be lightly cracked Medium severity, per slab Defined by a medium-severity cracking; nonfilled crack of width greater than ½ in. (13 mm) and less than 2 in. (50 mm); nonfilled crack of width less than 2 in. (50 mm) with faulting of 3⁄8 in. (10 mm); any filled crack with faulting of greater than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm); or the area between the break and the joints, or both, has medium cracking High severity, per slab Defined by a high-severity cracking; nonfilled crack of width greater than 2 in. (50 mm); any filled or nonfilled crack with faulting greater than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm); or the area between the break and the joints, or both, is highly cracked Divided slab Low severity, per slab Slab is broken into 4 or 5 pieces by predominantly low- severity cracks Medium severity, per slab Slab is broken into 4 or 5 pieces with more than 15% of the cracks of medium severity or into 6 or more pieces with more than 85% of cracks of low severity High severity, per slab Slab is broken into 4 or 5 pieces with at least some cracks of high severity or into 6 or more pieces with more than 15% of cracks of medium or high severity Durability cracking Low severity, per slab D-cracks cover less than 15% of the slab area; most of the cracks are tight but a few pieces may be loose or missing Medium severity, per slab D-cracks cover less than 15% of the slab area and most of the pieces are loose or missing, or D-cracks cover more than 15% of the area and most of the cracks are tight but a few pieces may be loose or missing High severity, per slab D-cracks cover more than 15% of the area and most of the pieces have come out or can be easily removed Faulting Low severity, per slab Difference in elevation of the two adjoining slabs at the joint is more than 1 in. (25 mm) and less than 2 in. (50 mm) Medium severity, per slab Difference in elevation of the two adjoining slabs at the joint is more than 2 in. (50 mm) and less than 4 in. (100 mm) High severity, per slab Difference in elevation of the two adjoining slabs at the joint is more than 4 in. (100 mm) Table 47. Concrete-surface pavement distress type attributes (based on ASTM 2011 and ASTM 2012). Concrete-Surface Pavement Distress Type Attributes This section describes the severity data elements that describe specific condition measures for the concrete-surface pavement distress types described in Table 45. The severity data elements are listed in Table 47.

Pavement-Maintenance Database System 41 Medium severity, by project Joint sealant is in generally fair condition throughout section with only a few of the joints having any of the following conditions: joint sealer is in place but water access is possible through visible openings no more than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) wide; pumping debris are evident at the joint; joint sealer is oxidized and “lifeless” but pliable (like a rope) and generally fills the joint opening; or vegetation in the joint is obvious but does not obscure the joint opening; condition exists if a knife blade cannot be inserted between the sealer and the joint face easily High severity, by project Joint sealant is in generally poor condition throughout section with 10% or more of the joints having any of the conditions described for moderate severity or if 10% or more of the sealer is missing Lane-shoulder drop-off Low severity, per slab Difference in elevation between the pavement surface and the shoulder surface at the pavement edge is more than 1 in. (25 mm) and less than 2 in. (50 mm) Medium severity, per slab Difference in elevation between the pavement surface and the shoulder surface at the pavement edge is more than 2 in. (50 mm) and less than 4 in. (100 mm) High severity, per slab Difference in elevation between the pavement surface and the shoulder surface at the pavement edge is more than 4 in. (100 mm) Linear cracking (longitudinal, transverse, and diagonal) Low severity, per slab Nonfilled cracks less than ½ in. (13 mm) in width or filled cracks of any width with the filler in satisfactory condition; no faulting exists Medium severity, per slab One of the following conditions exists: nonfilled crack of width more than ½ in. (13 mm) and less than 2 in. (50 mm); nonfilled crack of any width less than 2 in. (50 mm) with faulting less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm); or filled crack of any width with faulting less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) High severity, per slab One of the following conditions exists: nonfilled crack with a width 2 in. (> 50 mm) or filled or nonfilled crack of any width with faulting 3⁄8 in. (> 10 mm) Patch and utility cuts Low severity, per slab Patch is functioning well, with little or no deterioration Medium severity, per slab Patch is moderately deteriorated or moderate spalling can be seen around the edges, or both; patch material can be dislodged with considerable effort High severity, per slab Patch is badly deteriorated and needs replacement Polished aggregate Polished aggregate, per slab No degrees of severity are defined; however, the degree of polishing should be clearly evident in the sample unit in that the aggregate surface should be smooth to the touch Popouts Popouts, per slab No degrees of severity are defined for popouts but popouts must be extensive in order to be counted as distress; average popout density must exceed approximately three popouts per square yard over the entire slab area Pumping Pumping, per slab(usually two are affected) No degrees of severity are defined; it is enough to indicate that pumping exists Joint seal damage Low severity, by project Joint sealant is in generally good condition throughout section and performing well, with only minor damage; only a few of the joints have sealer which has debonded from, but is still in contact with, the joint edge; this condition exists if a knife blade can be inserted between the sealer and the joint face easily Distress Type Data Element Description Table 47. (Continued). (continued on next page)

42 Framework for a Pavement-Maintenance Database System Scaling, map cracking, and crazing Low severity, per slab Crazing or map cracking exists over most of the slab area; the surface is in good condition, with only minor scaling present Medium severity, per slab Slab is scaled but less than 15% is affected High severity, per slab Slab is scaled over more than 15% of its area Shrinkage cracks Shrinkage cracks, per slab Indicate if shrinkage cracks are present Spalling, corner Low severity, per slab Less than 1 in. deep, and up to 12 in. × 12 in.; or 1 in. to2 in. deep and between 5 in. × 5 in. and 12 in. × 12 in. Medium severity, per slab Between 1 in. to 2 in. deep and greater than 12 in. × 12 in. or greater than 2 in. deep and greater than 12 in. × 12 in. High severity, per slab Greater than 2 in. deep and greater than 12 in. × 12 in. Spalling, joint Low severity, per slab Less than 1 in. deep and up to 12 in. × 12 in; or 1 in. to 2 in. deep and between 5 in. × 5 in. and 12 in. × 12 in. Medium severity, per slab Between 1 in. to 2 in. deep and greater than 12 in. × 12 in. or greater than 2 in. deep and greater than 12 in. × 12 in. High severity, per slab Greater than 2 in. deep and greater than 12 in. × 12 in. Distress Type Data Element Description Punchout Low severity, per slab Longitudinal and transverse cracks are tight and may have spalling less than 75 mm or faulting less than 6 mm with no loss of material and no patching Medium severity, per slab Spalling equal to or less than 75 mm and less than 150 mm or faulting ≥ 6 mm and < 13 mm exists High severity, per slab Spalling equal to or more than 150 mm, or concrete within the punchout is punched down by equal to or more than 13 mm, or is loose and moves under traffic, or is broken into two or more pieces or contains patch material Table 47. (Continued).