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Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges (2017)

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24689.
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73 RefeRences AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition with Interim Revisions through 2016, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2010. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 1st ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1994. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2013 Interim Revisions, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2013. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 7th ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2014. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2016 Interim Revisions, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2016. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 8th ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2017. AASHTO, Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2002. Ahlborn, T.M., C.G. Gilbertson, H. Aktan, and U. Attanayake, Condition Assessment and Methods of Abatement of Prestressed Concrete Box-Beam Deterioration, Research Report RC-1470, Michigan Technology University, Houghton, 2005. Aktan, H., G. Fu, W. Degelbab, and U. Attanayaka, Investigate Causes and Develop Methods to Mini- mize Early-Age Cracking on Michigan Bridge Decks, Research Report No. RC-1437, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, 2003, 214 pp. plus appendices. Alfonso, L., R.A. Cook, and H.R. Hamilton, Crack Control in Toppings for Precast Flat Slab Bridge Deck Construction, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, 2006, 120 pp. Alhmood, A., D. Darwin, and M. O’Reilly, Crack Surveys of Low-Cracking High-Performance Con- crete Bridge Decks in Kansas, 2014–2015, SL Report 15-3, Structural Engineering and Engi- neering Materials, The University of Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, 2015, 116 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Concrete Terminology, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2013, 74 pp. [Online]. Available: http://terminology.concrete.org [accessed Dec. 27, 2015]. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2001, 41 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 223, Guide for the Use of Shrinkage- Compensating Concrete, ACI 223R-10, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2010, 16 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 224, Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures, ACI 224.1R-07, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2007, 22 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 224, Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures, ACI 224R-01, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2008, 43 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 237, Self-Consolidating Concrete, ACI 237R-07, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2007, 30 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 305, Specification for Hot Weather Concreting, ACI 305.1-14, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2014, 7 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committees 308 and 213, Report on Internally Cured Con- crete Using Prewetted Absorptive Lightweight Aggregate, ACI (308-213)R-13, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2013, 12 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 345, Guide for Concrete Highway Bridge Deck Construction, ACI 345R-11, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2011, 42 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 440, Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-06), ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2006, 44 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 440, State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (ACI 440R-07), ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2007, 68 pp. American Concrete Institute (ACI), ACI Committee 544, Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.1R-96), ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2009, 63 pp.

74 Araiza, J.C., E.A. Rogalla, P.D. Krause, and K. Sasaki, On-call Structural Concrete Bridge Deck Cracking Investigation, Final Report, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. report to the California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, 2011, 100 pp. plus appendices. Attanayake, U. and H. Aktan, “Issues with Reflective Deck Cracks in Side-by-Side Box Beam Bridges,” NCBC Concrete Bridge Conference, Proceedings, St. Louis, Mo., May 3–5, 2008. Axon, E.O., L.T. Murray, and R.M. Rucker, Highway Research Record 268: A Study of Dete- rioration in Concrete Bridge Decks, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1969, pp. 80–88. Azizinamini, A., et al., Design Guide for Bridges for Service Life, SHRP 2 Report S2-R19A-RW-2, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2014, 610 pp. Babaie, K. and A.M. Fouladgar, “Solutions to Concrete Bridge Deck Cracking,” Concrete Inter- national, Vol. 19, No. 7, July 1997, pp. 34–37. Badie, S.S. and M.K. Tadros, NCHRP Report 584: Full-Depth, Precast-Concrete Bridge Deck Panel Systems, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2008, 110 pp., plus appendices. Badman, I. and R.Y. Liang, “Transverse Post-Tensioning Design of Precast Concrete Multibeam Deck,” PCI Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2007, pp. 84–92. Baran, E., C.K. Shield, C.E. French, and T.A. Wyffels, “Analysis of the Effects of Vertical Pre- Release Cracks on Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders,” PCI Journal, Vol. 49, No. 6, 2004, pp. 114–130. Bartholomew, M., “Are We Really Designing for a 100-Year Service Life?” ASPIRE, The Concrete Bridge Magazine, Fall 2015, pp. 10–11. Beeby, A.W., “Cracking, Cover, and Corrosion of Reinforcement,” Concrete International, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1983, pp. 35–40. Benmokrane, B., E.F. El-Salakawy, A. El-Ragaby, and T. Lackey, “Designing and Testing of Con- crete Bridge Decks Reinforced with Glass FRP Bars,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2006, pp. 217–229. Benmokrane, B., R. Masmoudi, M. Chekired, H. Rahman, Z. Debbache, and G. Tadros, “Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck,” 4th International Symposium—Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Reinforced Struc- tures, SP-188, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1999, pp. 87–101. Bentz, D.P. and W.J. Weiss, Internal Curing: A 2010 State-of-the-Art Review, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISTIR) 7765, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., Feb. 2011, 82 pp. Bentz, D.P., P. Lura, and J.W. Roberts, “Mixture Proportioning for Internal Curing,” Concrete Inter- national, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2005, pp. 35–40. Birrcher, D., R. Tuchscherer, M. Huizinga, O. Bayrak, S. Wood, and J. Jirsa, Strength and Service- ability Design of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams, Report No. FHWA/TX-09/0-5253-1, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Tex., 2009, 376 pp. Bitnoff, A.C., Internal Curing of Concrete Bridge Decks in Utah: Two-Year Update for Mountain View Corridor, M.Sc. dissertation, Brigham Young University, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2014. Bracci, J.M., P.B. Keating, and M.B.D. Hueste, Cracking in Bent Caps, Report No. FHWA/ TX-01/1851-1, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, 2000, 270 pp. Bradberry, T.E., “Concrete Bridge Decks Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars,” Trans- portation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1770, Transpor- tation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 94–104. Bradberry, T.E. and S. Wallace, “FRP Reinforced Concrete in Texas Transportation—Past, Present, Future,” Field Applications of FRP Reinforcement: Case Studies, SP-215, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2003, pp. 3–20. Brown, D.C., “Built to Resist the Big One,” ASPIRE, The Concrete Bridge Magazine, Winter 2007, pp. 12–17. Brown, M.C., R.E. Weyers, and M.C. Wheeler, Corrosion Protection Service Life of Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks, Report No. FHWA/VTRC 04-CR7, Virginia Trans- portation Research Council, Charlottesville, 2003, 66 pp. Brown, M.D., C.A. Smith, J.G. Sellers, K.J. Folliard, and J.E. Breen, “Use of Alternative Materials to Reduce Shrinkage Cracking in Bridge Decks,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 111, No. 6, 2007, pp. 629–637.

75 Browning, J. and D. Darwin, “Specifications to Reduce Bridge Deck Cracking,” HPC Bridge Views, No. 46, Sep./Oct. 2007, pp. 1–2 [Online]. Available: http://www.hpcbridgeviews.org [accessed Jan. 11, 2012]. Browning, J., D. Darwin, and K.F. Hurst, “Specifications to Reduce Bridge Deck Cracking,” HPC Bridge Views, No. 55, May/June 2009, pp. 1–3 [Online]. Available: http://www.hpcbridgeviews.org [accessed Jan. 11, 2012]. Browning, J., D. Darwin, D. Reynolds, and B. Pendergrass, “Lightweight Aggregate as Internal Curing Agent to Limit Concrete Shrinkage,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 108, No. 12, 2011, pp. 638–644. Bruce, R.N., H.G. Russell, J.J. Roller, and B.M. Hassett, Implementation of High Performance Con- crete in Louisiana Bridges, Final Report—Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Research Report No. 310, Baton Rouge, June 2001, 67 pp. Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Design and Construction of Building Components with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers, CAN/CSA S806-02, CSA, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2002, 177 pp. Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Fiber Reinforced Structures, In Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, Section 16, CSA, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1996. Carter, J.W., III, F.K. Hubbard, M.G. Oliva, T. Pilgrim, and T. Poehnelt, “Wisconsin’s Use of Full- Depth Precast Concrete Deck Panels Keeps Interstate 90 Open to Traffic,” PCI Journal, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2007, pp. 16–30. Chaunsali, P., et al., Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability, Research Report No. FHWA-ICT-13-023, Illinois Center for Transportation, Urbana, 2013, 72 pp. plus appendices. Cheng, T.T.H. and D.W. Johnston, Incidence Assessment of Transverse Cracking in Concrete Bridge Decks: Construction and Material Considerations, Report FHWA/NC/85-002, Vol. 1, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1985, 232 pp. Cook, R.A. and M.J. Reponen, Prevention of Splitting Failure at Ends of Prestressed Beams during Fabrication, Report No. BD545 RPW #30, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, 2008, 237 pp. Cope, B.L. and G.E. Ramey, “Reducing Drying Shrinkage of Bridge Deck Concrete,” Concrete International, Vol. 23, No. 8, 2001, pp. 76–82. Crispino, E.D., T.E. Cousins, and C.L. Roberts-Wollmann, Anchorage Zone Design for Pre tensioned Precast Bulb-T Bridge Girders in Virginia, Report No. FHWA/VTRC 09-CR15, Virginia Trans- portation Research Council, Charlottesville, 2009, 73 pp. Dakhil, F.H., P.D. Cady, and R.E. Carrier, “Cracking of Fresh Concrete as Related to Reinforcement,” ACI Journal, Proceedings, Vol. 72, No. 8, 1975, pp. 421–428. Darwin, D., J. Browning, H.A.K. McLeod, W. Lindquist, and J. Yuan, “Implementing Lessons Learned from Twenty Years of Bridge-Deck Crack Surveys,” Andy Scanlon Symposium on Ser- viceability and Safety of Concrete Structures: From Research to Practice, SP-284, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2012, pp. 8.1–8.18. Darwin, D., “Low-Cracking High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks,” Concrete Bridge Views, No. 78, Sept./Oct. 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.concretebridgeviews.com [accessed Dec. 27, 2015]. Delatte, N. and D. Crowl, “Case Studies of Internal Curing of Bridge Decks in the Greater Cleveland Area,” The Economics, Performance and Sustainability of Internally Cured Concrete, SP-290, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2012, pp. 6.1–6.12. DeStefano, R.J., J. Evans, M.K. Tadros, and C. Sun, “Flexure Crack Control in Concrete Bridge Structures,” Proceedings, 3rd International Symposium on High Performance Concrete and PCI National Bridge Conference, Oct. 19–22, 2003, Orlando, Fla., Precast/Prestressed Concrete Insti- tute, Chicago, Ill., CD. Eitel, A.K. and A.A. Huckelbridge, Jr., “Health Monitoring System for a FRP Reinforced Concrete Replacement Bridge Deck,” Proceedings Concrete Bridge Conference (CD-ROM), Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 6–9, 2002. El-Remaily, A., M.K. Tadros, T. Yamane, and G. Krause, “Transverse Design of Adjacent Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges,” PCI Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1996, pp. 96–107. ElSafty, A., B. Benmokrane, S. Rizkalla, H. Mohamed, and M. Hassan, Degradation Assessment of Internal Continuous Fiber Reinforcement in Concrete Environment, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, 2014, 297 pp.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 500: Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges provides information on methods used to control concrete cracking in bridge superstructures and substructures, and on the influence of cracking on long-term durability. Cracking of concrete in bridges continues to be a concern for bridge owners, particularly with bridge decks exposed to severe environments. The control of cracking for aesthetic, durability, and structural reasons becomes increasingly important as service-life goals are extended and higher-strength concrete, higher-strength reinforcement, and different types of reinforcement are used in bridge construction.

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