Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges (2017)

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83 Appendix A Survey Questionnaire The following survey for this synthesis was mailed in January 2016 to 50 U.S. state highway agencies, the District of Columbia, and 12 provincial highway agencies in Canada to collect information about their experiences with concrete cracking and their practices to prevent and control concrete cracking. Forty-five responses were received. Synthesis Survey Topic 47-01 Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges 1. INTRODUCTION Please enter the date (MM/DD/YYYY). _______________________________ Please enter your contact information. First Name _________________________________________________ Last Name _________________________________________________ Title ______________________________________________________ Agency/Organization ________________________________________ Street Address ______________________________________________ Suite _____________________________________________________ City ______________________________________________________ State _____________________________________________________ Zip Code __________________________________________________ Country ___________________________________________________ E-mail Address _____________________________________________ Phone Number _____________________________________________ Fax Number _______________________________________________ Mobile Phone ______________________________________________ URL ______________________________________________________ 2. GENERAL 1. Which of the following types of concrete cracking has your agency experienced in the past five years on bridges with precast, prestressed concrete beams? If your agency does not use a particular system, check Not Applicable. Type of Cracking Never Infrequently Frequently Always Unknown Not Applicable Cracking in cast-in-place concrete decks with removable formwork Cracking in cast-in-place concrete decks with stay-in-place metal forms Cracking in cast-in-place concrete decks on precast concrete deck panels Cracking at locations other than the connections in full-depth precast concrete deck panels Cracking at the connections in full-depth precast concrete deck panels Cracking in the cast-in-place concrete decks above the longitudinal connections in adjacent box beam or slab beam bridges Cracking in the longitudinal connections between adjacent box beam or slab beam bridges when a cast-in-place topping is not used Vertical cracks in pretensioned concrete beams prior to transfer of prestressing force End splitting cracks in prestressed concrete beams

84 2. Which of the following types of concrete cracking has your agency experienced in the past five years on bridges with steel beams? If your agency does not use a particular system, check Not Applicable. Type of Cracking Never Infrequently Frequently Always Unknown Not Applicable Cracking in cast-in-place concrete decks with removable formwork Cracking in cast-in-place concrete decks with stay-in-place metal forms Cracking in cast-in-place concrete decks on precast concrete deck panels Cracking at locations other than the connections in full-depth precast concrete deck panels Cracking at the connections in full-depth precast concrete deck panels 3. Which of the following types of concrete cracking has your agency experienced in the past five years on bridges with concrete or steel beams? Type of Cracking Never Infrequently Frequently Always Unknown Not Applicable Cracking in non-prestressed concrete beams Cracking in pier caps Cracking in columns or abutments Cracking in pile caps 4. What lessons has your agency learned about controlling concrete cracking? Specific case studies would be useful for the synthesis. Please list any reports or attach files in Question 29. 3. BRIDGE DECKS (Canadian participants go to Question 6.) 5. Does your agency use Article 5.7.3.4—Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to determine maximum spacing of reinforcement in bridge decks? ( ) Yes with no changes ( ) Yes with modifications ( ) No If “Yes” or “Yes with modifications,” what value of the exposure factor, ge, does your agency use? If your agency has modifications or design practices to supplement Article 5.7.3.4, what are they? 6. What strategies does your agency currently use to minimize cracking in full-depth, cast-in-place concrete bridge decks? Strategy Yes No None Specify minimum cementitious materials content Specify maximum cementitious materials content Specify minimum concrete compressive strength Specify maximum concrete compressive strength Specify a ratio between 7- and 28-day compressive strengths Specify minimum concrete temperature at placement Specify maximum concrete temperature at placement Specify maximum concrete temperature during curing Specify maximum water-cementitious materials ratio Specify maximum slump Specify maximum water content Specify the use of a shrinkage-reducing admixture Specify the use of a shrinkage-compensating concrete Specify the use of fibers Require use of the ACI surface evaporation nomogram Require wind breaks during concrete placement Require evaporation retardants Specify internal curing Require fogging during placement when evaporation rates are high Specify a minimum wet curing period Other If “Other” or only used under special circumstances, please list.

85 7. What strategies to minimize cracking in full-depth cast-in-place concrete bridge decks have been most effective? 8. What strategies to minimize cracking in full-depth cast-in-place concrete bridge decks have been least effective? 9. What is the frequency of use of the following cements in your agency’s concrete bridge decks? Material Never Sometimes Often Always AASHTO M 85 Type I and IA AASHTO M 85 Type II and IIA AASHTO M 85 Type II(MH) and II(MH)A AASHTO M 85 Type III and IA AASHTO M 85 Type IV AASHTO M 85 Type V AASHTO M 240 ASTM C1157 10. What is the frequency of use of the following supplementary cementitious materials in your agency’s concrete bridge decks? Material Never Sometimes Often Always Fly ash Class C Fly ash Class F Pozzolan Class N Silica fume Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag Other If “Other,” please list. 11. What is the frequency of use of the following admixtures for cast-in-place concrete bridge decks? Admixture Never Sometimes Often Always AASHTO M 194 Type A—Water-reducing admixtures AASHTO M 194 Type B—Retarding admixtures AASHTO M 194 Type C—Accelerating admixtures AASHTO M 194 Type D—Water-reducing and retarding admixtures AASHTO M 194 Type E—Water-reducing and accelerating admixtures AASHTO M 194 Type F—High range water-reducing admixtures AASHTO M 194 Type G—High range water-reducing and retarding admixtures Corrosion inhibitors Shrinkage-reducing admixtures Expansive cement or components 12. What length of wet curing does your agency currently specify for cast-in-place concrete bridge decks? None 3 days 7 days 14 days Other Check only one If “None,” what method is used? If “Other,” state how long. 13. How is wet curing achieved? 14. Does your agency specify epoxy-coated reinforcement for concrete decks? Reinforcement Yes No Top layer Bottom layer Girder reinforcement projecting into the deck

86 15. What types of reinforcement with metallic coatings has your agency used in cast-in-place concrete bridge decks? ( ) None ( ) Zinc coated ( ) Stainless steel coated ( ) Other Explain any effect of their use on cracking. 16. Has your agency used solid stainless steel reinforcement in cast-in-place concrete bridge decks? ( ) Yes ( ) No If “Yes,” how did its use affect deck cracking? 17. Has your agency used fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement in cast-in-place concrete bridge decks? ( ) Yes ( ) No If “Yes,” how did its use affect deck cracking? 18. Has your agency used ASTM A1035 reinforcement in bridge decks based on a yield strength of 100 ksi for design? ( ) Yes ( ) No If “Yes,” how did its use affect deck cracking? 4. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS (Canadian Participants go to Question 21) 19. Does your agency use Article 5.10.10.1—Splitting Resistance of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to design the splitting reinforcement at the ends of beams? ( ) Yes with no modifications ( ) Yes with modifications ( ) No If your agency has modifications or design practices to supplement Article 5.10.10.1, what are they? 20. Does your agency use Article 5.10.10.2—Confinement Reinforcement of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to design the confinement reinforcement at the ends of beams? ( ) Yes with no modifications ( ) Yes with modifications ( ) No If your agency has modifications or design practices to supplement Article 5.10.10.2, what are they? 5. SUBSTRUCTURES 21. Does your agency use the same crack control criteria for substructures and superstructures? ( ) Yes ( ) No If “No,” what criteria are used for substructures? 22. If your agency has experienced cracking in pier caps, please describe the type of pier cap (rect- angular, inverted tee, hammerhead, etc.) and type of cracking (flexure, shear, temperature, etc.)? 23. If your agency has experienced cracking in columns or abutments, please describe the type of cracking (flexure, shear, temperature, etc.)? 24. If your agency has experienced cracking in pile caps, please describe the type of cracking (flexure, shear, temperature, etc.)?

87 6. RESEARCh 25. Please list any research in progress by your agency related to concrete cracking. 26. Please list any recommendations for future research needs related to concrete cracking. 27. Please list any agency research reports that document the performance in bridges with regard to control of concrete cracking and are available to be referenced in this synthesis. Case studies are of particular interest. Please provide links or upload files in Question 29. 28. Are you willing to answer follow-up questions for this synthesis? ( ) Yes ( ) No If “No,” is there an alternative contact? If so, please provide contact information. 7. UPLOAD FILES 29. This question may be used to upload up to five relevant files (up to 10 megabytes per file). Addi- tional files may be e-mailed to Henry Russell at henry@hgrconcrete.com. 8. REvIEw Here is a review of the entire questionnaire and any responses you have made. You may print using “control p.” 9. ThANK YOU! Thank you for taking our survey. Your response is very important to us. If you have any questions or com- ments, please feel free to contact Henry Russell at: • E-mail: henry@hgrconcrete.com • Phone: 847-998-9137 • Mailing address: 720 Coronet Road, Glenview, IL 60025