Development of a NOx Chemistry Module for EDMS/AEDT to Predict NO2 Concentrations (2017)

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Appendix B Air Monitoring Data Analyses

B ‐ 1  Appendix B – Air Monitoring Data Analyses List of Tables Table 1. Tests for Normality: ADL. .............................................................................................................. 7 Table 2. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ ......................................................................... 7 Table 3. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE .......................................................................... 7 Table 4. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN .......................................................................... 8 Table 5. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS .......................................................................... 8 Table 6. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ ......................................................................... 8 Table 7. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE .......................................................................... 8 Table 8. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN .......................................................................... 9 Table 9. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS .......................................................................... 9 Table 10. Tests for Normality: LAXSPAS. .................................................................................................. 9 Table 11. Tests for Normality: YUL: 2009-2011. ...................................................................................... 10 Table 12. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: ADL. ............................................................................. 34 Table 13. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ. ........................................ 34 Table 14. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE. ......................................... 34 Table 15. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN. ........................................ 34 Table 16. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS. ......................................... 34 Table 17. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ. ........................................ 35 Table 18. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE. ......................................... 35 Table 19. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN. ........................................ 35 Table 20. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS. ......................................... 35 Table 21. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXSPAS. .................................................................... 35 Table 22. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: YUL: 2009-2011. .......................................................... 35 Table 23. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: ADL. ...................................................................................... 36 Table 24. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ. ................................................ 36 Table 25. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE. ................................................. 36 Table 26. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN. ................................................. 36 Table 27. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS. ................................................. 36 Table 28. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ. ................................................ 37 Table 29. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE. ................................................. 37 Table 30. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN. ................................................. 37 Table 31. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS. ................................................. 37 Table 32. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXSPAS. ............................................................................ 37 Table 33. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: YUL: 2009-2011 ................................................................... 37 Table 34. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: ADL.. ......................... 38 Table 35. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ. ............................................................................................................................................... 38 Table 36. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE. ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Table 37. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN. ............................................................................................................................................... 38 Table 38. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS. ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Table 39. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ. ............................................................................................................................................... 39

B ‐ 2  Table 40. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE. ................................................................................................................................................ 39 Table 41. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN. ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Table 42. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: A. .................................................................................................................................................. 39 Table 43. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXSPAS. ................ 39 Table 44. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: YUL: 2009-2011. ................................................................................................................................... 39 Table 45. Interquartile Ranges: ADL. ......................................................................................................... 40 Table 46. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ .................................................................... 40 Table 47. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE ..................................................................... 40 Table 48. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN ..................................................................... 40 Table 49. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS ..................................................................... 40 Table 50. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ .................................................................... 40 Table 51. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE ..................................................................... 40 Table 52. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN ..................................................................... 41 Table 53. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS ..................................................................... 41 Table 54. Interquartile Ranges: LAXSPAS. ............................................................................................... 41 Table 55. Interquartile Ranges: YUL: 2009-2011. ..................................................................................... 41 List of Figures Figure 1. ADL NO Normal Q-Q Plot ......................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2. ADL NOx Normal Q-Q Plot ....................................................................................................... 11 Figure 3. ADL NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. ...................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4. ADL Ozone Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5. ADL NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................................... 12 Figure 6. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO Normal Q-Q Plot. ..................................................................... 13 Figure 7. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................................... 13 Figure 8. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................................... 14 Figure 9. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................. 14 Figure 10. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................... 15 Figure 11. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 15 Figure 12. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 16 Figure 13. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot................................................. 16 Figure 14. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................... 17 Figure 15. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 17 Figure 16. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 18 Figure 17. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. LA ........................................ 18 Figure 18. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................... 19 Figure 19. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 19 Figure 20. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 20 Figure 21. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................ 20 Figure 22. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................................... 21 Figure 23. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................................. 21 Figure 24. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................................. 22

B ‐ 3  Figure 25. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ............................................... 22 Figure 26. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................... 23 Figure 27. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 23 Figure 28. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 24 Figure 29 LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................ 24 Figure 30. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................... 25 Figure 31. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 25 Figure 32. LAXAQSAS Season 2 SN NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 26 Figure 33. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ............................................... 26 Figure 34. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................... 27 Figure 35. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 27 Figure 36. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................. 28 Figure 37. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ................................................ 28 Figure 38. LAXSPAS NO Normal Q-Q Plot. ............................................................................................. 29 Figure 39. LAXSPAS NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. ........................................................................................... 29 Figure 40. LAXSPAS NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. ........................................................................................... 30 Figure 41. LAXSPAS Ozone Normal Q-Q Plot. ........................................................................................ 30 Figure 42. LAXSPAS NO2/NOx Ratio Normal Q-Q Plot. ........................................................................ 31 Figure 43. YUL NO Normal Q-Q Plot. ...................................................................................................... 31 Figure 44. YUL NO2 Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................................................... 32 Figure 45. YUL NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................................................... 32 Figure 46. YUL Ozone Normal Q-Q Plot. .................................................................................................. 33 Figure 47. YUL NO2/NOx Normal Q-Q Plot. ............................................................................................ 33 Figure 48. ADL NO2, NOx, and Ozone Boxplots ...................................................................................... 42 Figure 49. ADL NO2/NOx Ratio Boxplot. ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 50. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2 and NOx Boxplots ............................................................... 43 Figure 51. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ No2/NOx Ratio Boxplot. ............................................................... 43 Figure 52. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ................................................................ 44 Figure 53. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2/NOx Boxplots. ...................................................................... 44 Figure 54. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ............................................................... 45 Figure 55. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2/NOx Ratio Boxplots. ............................................................ 45 Figure 56. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ................................................................ 46 Figure 57. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2/NOx Bosplots. ....................................................................... 46 Figure 58. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ............................................................... 47 Figure 59. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2/NOx Boxplots. ...................................................................... 47 Figure 60. LAXAQSAS Season2 CE NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ................................................................. 48 Figure 61. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2/NOx Boxplots. ...................................................................... 48 Figure 62. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ............................................................... 49 Figure 63. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2/NOx Ratio Boxplot. .............................................................. 49 Figure 64. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2 and NOx Boxplots. ................................................................ 50 Figure 65. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2/NOX Boxplot. ....................................................................... 50 Figure 66. LAXSPAS NO2, NOx, and Ozone Boxplots. ........................................................................... 51 Figure 67. LAXSPAS NO2/NOx Boxplot. ................................................................................................. 51 Figure 68. YUL NO2, NOx and Ozone Boxplots. ...................................................................................... 52 Figure 69. YUL No2/NOx Boxplot. ........................................................................................................... 52 Figure 70. Histogram of ADL NO2. ........................................................................................................... 53 Figure 71. Histogram of ADL NOx. ........................................................................................................... 53

B ‐ 4    Figure 72. Histogram of ADL Ozone. ........................................................................................................ 54 Figure 73. Histogram of ADL NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................................................ 54 Figure 74. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2. ........................................................................ 55 Figure 75. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio. ..................................................... 55 Figure 76. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio. ..................................................... 56 Figure 77. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2. ......................................................................... 56 Figure 78. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NOx. ......................................................................... 57 Figure 79. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2/NOx Ratio. ..................................................... 57 Figure 80. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2. ........................................................................ 58 Figure 81. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NOx. ........................................................................ 58 Figure 82. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2/NOx Ratio. ...................................................... 59 Figure 83. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2. ......................................................................... 59 Figure 84. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NOx. ......................................................................... 60 Figure 85. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2/NOx Ratio. ...................................................... 60 Figure 86. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2. ........................................................................ 61 Figure 87. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NOx. ........................................................................ 61 Figure 88. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio. .................................................... 62 Figure 89. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2. ......................................................................... 62 Figure 90. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NOx. ......................................................................... 63 Figure 91. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2/NOx Ratio. ...................................................... 63 Figure 92. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2. ........................................................................ 64 Figure 93. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NOx. ........................................................................ 64 Figure 94. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2/NOx Ratio. ...................................................... 65 Figure 95. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2. ........................................................................ 65 Figure 96. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NOx. ......................................................................... 66 Figure 97. Histogram of LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2/NOx Ratio. ...................................................... 66 Figure 98. Histogram of LAXSPAS NO2. ................................................................................................. 67 Figure 99. Histogram of LAXSPAS NOx. ................................................................................................. 67 Figure 100. Histogram of LAXSPAS Ozone. ............................................................................................. 68 Figure 101. Histogram of LAXSPAS NO2/NOx Ratio. ............................................................................. 68 Figure 102. Histogram of YUL NO2. ......................................................................................................... 69 Figure 103. Histogram of YUL NOx. ......................................................................................................... 69 Figure 104. Histogram of YUL Ozone. ...................................................................................................... 70 Figure 105. Histogram of YUL NO2/NOx Ratio........................................................................................ 70 Figure 106. ADL NO2 - NOx – Ozone Scatterplot Matrix. ........................................................................ 71 Figure 107. ADL NO2 and NOx. ................................................................................................................ 71 Figure 108. ADL NO2 and Ozone. ............................................................................................................. 72 Figure 109. ADL NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. ............................................................................................. 72 Figure 110. ADL NOx and NO2. ................................................................................................................ 73 Figure 111. ADL NOx and Ozone. ............................................................................................................. 73 Figure 112. ADL NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ............................................................................................. 74 Figure 113. ADL Ozone and NO2. ............................................................................................................. 74 Figure 114. ADL Ozone and NOx. ............................................................................................................. 75 Figure 115. ADL Ozone and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................................................... 75 Figure 116. ADL NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ............................................................................................. 76 Figure 117. ADL NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ............................................................................................. 76 Figure 118. ADL NO2/NOx Ratio and Ozone............................................................................................ 77

B ‐ 5  Figure 119. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ: NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix. .................... 77 Figure 120. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2 and NOx. ............................................................................ 78 Figure 121. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 78 Figure 122. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NOx and NO2. ............................................................................ 79 Figure 123. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ......................................................... 79 Figure 124. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ......................................................... 80 Figure 125. LAXAQSAS Season 1 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. .......................................................... 80 Figure 126. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix. ...................... 81 Figure 127. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2 and NOx. ............................................................................. 81 Figure 128. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 82 Figure 129. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NOx and NO2. ............................................................................. 82 Figure 130. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................... 83 Figure 131. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ........................................................... 83 Figure 132. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CE NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ........................................................... 84 Figure 133. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2 -NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix........................ 84 Figure 134. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2 and NOx. ............................................................................. 85 Figure 135. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 85 Figure 136. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NOx and NO2. ............................................................................. 86 Figure 137. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 86 Figure 138. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. .......................................................... 87 Figure 139. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CN NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. .......................................................... 87 Figure 140. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix. ...................... 88 Figure 141. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2 and NOx. ............................................................................. 88 Figure 142. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................... 89 Figure 143. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NOx and NO2. ............................................................................. 89 Figure 144. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................... 90 Figure 145. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ........................................................... 90 Figure 146. LAXAQSAS Season 1 CS NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ........................................................... 91 Figure 147. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix. ..................... 91 Figure 148. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2 and NOx. ............................................................................. 92 Figure 149. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 92 Figure 150. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NOx and NO2. ............................................................................. 93 Figure 151. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 93 Figure 152. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. .......................................................... 94 Figure 153. LAXAQSAS Season 2 AQ NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. .......................................................... 94 Figure 154. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Scatterplot Matrix. ................................ 95 Figure 155. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. NO .................................................... 95 Figure 156. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................... 96 Figure 157. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NOx and NO2. ............................................................................. 96 Figure 158. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................... 97 Figure 159. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ........................................................... 97 Figure 160. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CE NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ........................................................... 98 Figure 161. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix....................... 98 Figure 162. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2 and NOx. ............................................................................. 99 Figure 163. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. .......................................................... 99 Figure 164. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NOx and NO2. ........................................................................... 100 Figure 165. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................ 100

B ‐ 6    Figure 166. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ........................................................ 101 Figure 167. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CN NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ........................................................ 101 Figure 168. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2 - NOx - NO2/NOx Ratio Scatterplot Matrix. .................... 102 Figure 169. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2 and NOx. ........................................................................... 102 Figure 170. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. ......................................................... 103 Figure 171. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NOx and NO2. ........................................................................... 103 Figure 172. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ......................................................... 104 Figure 173. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ......................................................... 104 Figure 174. LAXAQSAS Season 2 CS NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ......................................................... 105 Figure 175. LAXSPAS NO2 - NOx - Ozone Scatterplot Matrix. ............................................................. 105 Figure 176. LAXSPAS NO2 and NOx. .................................................................................................... 106 Figure 177. LAXSPAS NO2 and Ozone. ................................................................................................. 106 Figure 178. LAXSPAS NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. .................................................................................. 107 Figure 179. LAXSPAS NOx and NO2. .................................................................................................... 107 Figure 180. LAXSPAS NOx and Ozone. ................................................................................................. 108 Figure 181. LAXSPAS NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. .................................................................................. 108 Figure 182. LAXSPAS Ozone and NO2. ................................................................................................. 109 Figure 183. LAXSPAS Ozone and NOx. ................................................................................................. 109 Figure 184. LAXSPAS Ozone and NO2/NOx Ratio. ............................................................................... 110 Figure 185. LAXSPAS NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. .................................................................................. 110 Figure 186. LAXSPAS NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. .................................................................................. 111 Figure 187. LAXSPAS NO2/NOx Ratio and Ozone. ............................................................................... 111 Figure 188. YUL NO2 - NOx - Ozone Scatterplot Matrix. ...................................................................... 112 Figure 189. YUL NO2 and NOx. .............................................................................................................. 112 Figure 190. YUL NO2 and Ozone. ........................................................................................................... 113 Figure 191. YUL NO2 and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................................................... 113 Figure 192. YUL NOx and NO2. .............................................................................................................. 114 Figure 193. YUL NOx and Ozone. ........................................................................................................... 114 Figure 194. YUL NOx and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................................................... 115 Figure 195. YUL Ozone and NO2. ........................................................................................................... 115 Figure 196. YUL Ozone and NOx. ........................................................................................................... 116 Figure 197. YUL Ozone and NO2/NOx Ratio. ........................................................................................ 116 Figure 198. YUL NO2/NOx Ratio and NO2. ........................................................................................... 117 Figure 199. YUL NO2/NOx Ratio and NOx. ........................................................................................... 117 Figure 200. YUL NO2/NOx Ratio and Ozone.......................................................................................... 118

B ‐ 7  1. Quality Assurance: Normal Distribution Assessment 1.1. Normality Tests 1.1.1. ADL Table 1. Tests for Normality: ADL. Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 35498.13 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 83.5387 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1926 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 26391.93 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 210.6985 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2748 p-value < 2.2e-16 Ozone P = 11542.89 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 7.4125 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0608 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 82178.7 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 52.7699 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2065 p-value < 2.2e-16 1.1.2. LAXAQSAS Table 2. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 907.4389 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 7.284 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1557 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 1712.172 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 14.3265 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.234 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 3720.452 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 9.2104 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2009 p-value < 2.2e-16 Table 3. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 287.5025 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 2.1834 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0952 p-value < 2.2e-16" NOX P = 1444.371 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 12.0641 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1902 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 469.957 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 5.7239 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1327 p-value < 2.2e-16

B ‐ 8    Table 4. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 287.1804 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 2.8896 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1138 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 1147.498 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 11.1162 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1904 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 131.237 p-value = 2.65e-15 W = 0.4138 p-value = 1.911e-05 D = 0.0403 p-value = 0.001262 Table 5. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 936.2753 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 6.5702 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1452 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 2015.66 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 14.9526 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2058 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 985.6842 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 21.8322 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2774 p-value < 2.2e-16 Table 6. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 3593.62 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 19.6046 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2682 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 10562.72 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 24.8437 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2978 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 4567.142 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 47.9201 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.4758 p-value < 2.2e-16 Table 7. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 364.7456 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 4.4018 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1186 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 705.8342 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 9.0243 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1545, p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 208.049 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 2.119 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0794 p-value = 1.177e-15

B ‐ 9  Table 8. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 133.3313 p-value = 5.03e-16 W = 1.4505 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0688 p-value = 8.756e-10 NOX P = 138.4906 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 2.0084 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0958 p-value = 1.367e-12 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 313.4623 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 7.2584 p-value = 7.37e-10" D = 0.2026 p-value < 2.2e-16 Table 9. Tests for Normality: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 1076.915 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 11.6194 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2037 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 1456.302 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 18.4607 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2358 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 103.0632 p-value = 8.039e-11 W = 0.7224 p-value = 4.416e-08 D = 0.0511 p-value = 2.79e-05 1.1.3. LAXSPAS Table 10. Tests for Normality: LAXSPAS. Parameter Pearson Cramer-Von Mises Lillifors (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) NO2 P = 10444.47 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 45.5609 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.1612 p-value < 2.2e-16 NOX P = 21851.77 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 142.0519 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.2343 p-value < 2.2e-16 Ozone P = 11937.87 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 12.1018 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0757 p-value < 2.2e-16 NO2:NOX Ratio P = 7888.332 p-value < 2.2e-16 W = 5.1239 p-value = 7.37e-10 D = 0.0644 p-value < 2.2e-16

 1. Tabl N 1.2. Q 1. 1.4. YUL e 11. Tests fo Parameter NO2 NOX Ozone O2:NOX Ra -Q Plots 2.1. ADL r Normality P p-v P p-v P p-v tio Pp-v FIG : YUL: 2009 Pearson = 16108.37 alue < 2.2e-1 = 33831.14 alue < 2.2e-1 = 3440.192 alue < 2.2e-1 = 36333.49 alue < 2.2e-1 URE 1. ADL B ‐ 10  -2011. Cram M 6 W = 1 p-value 6 W = 4 p-value 6 W = p-value 6 W = 1 p-value NO NORMAL er-Von ises 95.2842 = 7.37e-10 87.4051 = 7.37e-10 5.9214 = 7.37e-10 19.7922 = 7.37e-10 Q-Q PLOT Lillifors (K Smi D = 0 p-value D = 0 p-value D = 0 p-value D = 0 p-value olmogorov- rnov) .1357 < 2.2e-16 .2248 < 2.2e-16 .0381 < 2.2e-16 .1449 < 2.2e-16

FIGU FIGU RE 2. ADL N RE 3. ADL N B ‐ 11  OX NORMA O2 NORMA L Q-Q PLOT L Q-Q PLOT.

 FIGUR FIGURE 5. A E 4. ADL OZ DL NO2/N B ‐ 12  ONE NORMA OX RATIO N L Q-Q PLO ORMAL Q-Q T. PLOT.

1.2.2. LAXA FIG FIG QSAS URE 6. LAX URE 7. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 13  SON 1 AQ N SON 1 AQ NO O NORMAL X NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 9 URE 8. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 A B ‐ 14  SON 1 AQ NO Q NO2/NO 2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q P LOT.

FIG FIG URE 10. LAX URE 11. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 15  ASON 1 CE N SON 1 CE N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 13 URE 12. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 B ‐ 16  SON 1 CE N CE NO2/NO O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q PLOT.

FIG FIG URE 14. LAX URE 15. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 17  ASON 1 CN N SON 1 CN N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 17 URE 16. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 B ‐ 18  SON 1 CN N CN NO2/NO LA O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q PLOT.

FIG FIG URE 18. LAX URE 19. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 19  ASON 1 CS N SON 1 CS N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 21 URE 20. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 B ‐ 20  SON 1 CS N CS NO2/NO O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q PLOT.

FIG FIGU URE 22. LAX RE 23. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 21  ASON 2 AQ N SON 2 AQ N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 25 URE 24. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 2 B ‐ 22  SON 2 AQ N AQ NO2/NO O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q PLOT.

FIG FIG URE 26. LAX URE 27. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 23  ASON 2 CE N SON 2 CE N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 29 URE 28. LAX LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 2 B ‐ 24  SON 2 CE N CE NO2/NO O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q P LOT.

FIG FIG URE 30. LAX URE 31. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 25  ASON 2 CN N SON 2 CN N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 33 URE 32. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 2 B ‐ 26  SON 2 SN N CN NO2/NO O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q PLOT.

FIG FIG URE 34. LAX URE 35. LAX AQSAS SE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 27  ASON 2 CS N SON 2 CS N O NORMAL OX NORMAL Q-Q PLOT. Q-Q PLOT.

 FIG FIGURE 37 URE 36. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 2 B ‐ 28  SON 2 CS N CS NO2/NO O2 NORMAL X RATIO NO Q-Q PLOT. RMAL Q-Q PLOT.

1.2.3. LAXSPAS FIGURE FIGURE 38. LAXSPA 39. LAXSPA B ‐ 29  S NO NORM S NOX NOR AL Q-Q PL MAL Q-Q PL OT. OT.

 FIGURE FIGURE 4 40. LAXSPA 1. LAXSPAS B ‐ 30  S NO2 NOR OZONE NO MAL Q-Q PL RMAL Q-Q P OT. LOT.

1.2.4. YU FI L GURE 42. LA FIGU XSPAS NO RE 43. YUL B ‐ 31  2/NOX RATI NO NORMA O NORMAL Q L Q-Q PLOT -Q PLOT. .

 FIGU FIGU RE 44. YUL N RE 45. YUL N B ‐ 32  O2 NORMA OX NORMA L Q-Q PLOT L Q-Q PLOT . .

FIGUR FIGURE E 46. YUL O 47. YUL NO B ‐ 33  ZONE NORM 2/NOX NOR AL Q-Q PLO MAL Q-Q PL T. OT.

B ‐ 34    1.3. Determination of Outliers 1.3.1. Chi Squared 1.3.1.1. ADL Table 12. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: ADL. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 41.78 1.021e-10 Yes NOX 187.77 <2.2e-16 Yes Ozone 18.05 2.148e-05 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 8.41 0.0037 Yes 1.3.1.2. LAXAQSAS Table 13. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 8.39 0.004 Yes NOX 235.06 < 2.2e-16 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 32.94 9.504e-09 Yes Table 14. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 8.04 0.0046 Yes NOX 26.83 2.225e-07 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 5.04 0.025 Yes Table 15. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 9.53 0.002 Yes NOX 22.21 2.45e-06 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 7.84 0.005 Yes Table 16. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 10.04 0.002 Yes NOX 16.73 4.326e-05 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 641.22 <2.2e-16 Yes

B ‐ 35  Table 17. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 33.29 7.919e-09 Yes NOX 57.81 2.898e-14 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 761.93 <2.2e-16 Yes Table 18. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 13.50 0.0002 Yes NOX 35.56 2.476e-09 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 17.37 3.075e-05 Yes Table 19. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 15.38 8.807e-05 Yes NOX 19.34 1.093e-05 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 145.97 <2.2e-16 Yes Table 20. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 27.1 1.929e-07 Yes NOX 69.39 <2.2e-16 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 4.46 0.0348 Yes 1.3.1.3. LAXSPAS Table 21. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXSPAS. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 15.78 7.12e-05 Yes NOX 51.22 8.272e-13 Yes Ozone 10.83 <0.001 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 6.45 0.0111 Yes 1.3.1.4. YUL Table 22. Chi-Squared Test for Outliers of NO2: YUL: 2009-2011. Parameter X-Squared p-value Outliers Present? NO2 43.29 4.715e-11 Yes NOX 256.58 < 2.2e-16 Yes Ozone 16.40 5.14e-05 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 22.89 1.713e-06 Yes

B ‐ 36    1.3.2. Grubbs Test 1.3.2.1. ADL Table 23. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: ADL. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 6.46 0.9950 4.056e-07 Yes NOX 13.7029 0.9776 <2.2e-16 Yes Ozone 4.2489 0.9979 0.09348 No NO2:NOX Ratio 2.9007 0.9989 1 No 1.3.2.2. LAXAQSAS Table 24. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 2.8965 0.9917 1 No NOX 15.3317 0.7661 <2.2e-16 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 5.7394 0.9672 3.634e-06 Yes Table 25. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 2.8353 0.9919 1 No NOX 5.1795 0.9731 9.254e-05 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 2..2451 0.9949 1 No Table 26. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 3.0868 0.9896 0.9085 No NOX 4.7123 0.9758 0.00098 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 2.8001 0.9915 1 No Table 27. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 3.1682 0.9898 0.739 No NOX 4.0894 0.9830 0.0199 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 25.3224 0.3497 <2.2e-16 Yes

B ‐ 37  Table 28. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 5.7702 0.9636 2.66e-06 Yes NOX 7.6030 0.9368 5.085e-12 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 27.6031 0.0343 <2.2e-16 Yes Table 29. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 3.6736 0.9859 0.1093 No NOX 5.9631 0.9628 8.466e-07 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 4.1678 0.9818 0.01362 Yes Table 30. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 3.9213 0.9811 0.03337 Yes NOX 4.3979 0.9634 0.002419 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 12.0818 0.7235 <2.2e-16 Yes Table 31. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 5.2061 0.9670 6.319e-05 Yes NOX 8.3299 0.9251 <2.2e-16 Yes NO2:NOX Ratio 2.1109 0.9946 1 No 1.3.2.3. LAXSPAS Table 32. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: LAXSPAS. Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 3.9722 0.9975 0.22 No NOX 7.1566 0.9933 2.924e-09 Yes Ozone 3.2909 0.9988 1 No NO2:NOX Ratio 2.5397 0.9989 1 No 1.3.2.4. YUL Table 33. Grubbs Test for Outliers of NO2: YUL: 2009-2011 Parameter G U p-value Outliers Present? NO2 6.58 0.998 5.969e -07 Yes NOX 16.02 0.990 <2.2e-16 Yes Ozone 4.05 0.999 0.6675 No NO2:NOX Ratio 4.78 0.999 0.022 Yes

B ‐ 38  2. Descriptive Statistics 2.1. Measures of Central Tendency 2.1.1. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum 2.1.1.1. ADL Table 34. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: ADL: Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 7.49 7.51 4.00 1.00 56.00 NOX 14.10 23.56 6.00 1.00 337.00 Ozone 18.45 10.25 19.00 0.50 62.00 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.75 0.26 0.80 0.00 1.00 2.1.1.2. LAXAQSAS Table 35. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 17.06 15.42 11.28 0.02 61.72 NOX 28.82 39.70 13.42 0.02 637.42 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.83 0.22 0.92 0.02 2.10 Table 36. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 25.43 13.56 24.68 4.95 63.87 NOX 52.74 53.23 29.43 4.67 328.45 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.72 0.26 0.81 0.13 1.12 Table 37. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 23.73 14.27 20.41 0.30 67.77 NOX 49.24 44.44 29.33 2.98 258.65 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.60 0.20 0.60 0.08 1.16 Table 38. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 17.77 16.10 11.88 0.00 68.78 NOX 35.21 42.15 15.45 0.04 207.57 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.61 0.58 0.60 0.00 15.20

B ‐ 39  Table 39. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 3.10 5.02 0.98 0.02 32.05 NOX 3.66 6.89 0.98 0.02 56.07 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.98 0.48 1.00 0.46 14.18 Table 40. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 14.21 7.77 12.13 4.00 42.77 NOX 17.52 13.33 12.92 3.33 97.00 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.89 0.15 0.92 0.27 1.21 Table 41. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 14.33 8.20 13.12 0.08 46.47 NOX 17.19 11.88 14.47 0.32 69.45 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.84 0.46 0.77 0.05 6.35 Table 42. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: A. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 4.17 4.85 2.36 0.12 29.44 NOX 6.60 7.03 4.16 1.45 65.17 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.48 0.20 0.50 0.05 0.90 2.1.1.3. LAXSPAS Table 43. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: LAXSPAS. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 15.96 15.37 11.00 1.00 77.00 NOX 25.02 34.51 11.00 1.00 272.00 Ozone 27.86 17.67 30.00 0.50 86.00 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.66 0.22 0.67 0.09 1.00 2.1.1.4. YUL Table 44. Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Minimum and Maximum Values: YUL: 2009- 2011. Parameter Mean (ppb) SD (ppb) Median (ppb) Minimum (ppb) Maximum (ppb) NO2 10.86 9.21 7.96 0.01 71.47 NOX 15.15 20.04 9.23 0.01 336.18 Ozone 23.32 13.15 23.11 0.01 76.56 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.83 0.16 0.87 0.05 1.00

B ‐ 40    2.1.2. Percentiles/IQR The upper limits of each Quartile are given in the following tables (i.e. Q4 is the maximum concentration monitored; Minimum values are given in previous tables). 2.1.2.1. ADL Table 45. Interquartile Ranges: ADL. Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 2 4 12 56 NOX 2 6 15 337 Ozone 12 19 26 62 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.583 0.800 1.00 1.00 2.1.2.2. LAXAQSAS Table 46. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: AQ Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 3.61 11.28 29.71 61.72 NOX 3.78 13.41 40.82 637.42 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.70 0.92 1.0 2.10 Table 47. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CE Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 13.28 24.68 36.05 63.87 NOX 14.53 29.43 77.93 328.45 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.50 0.81 0.94 1.11 Table 48. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CN Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 11.53 20.41 35.24 67.77 NOX 16.31 29.33 70.60 258.65 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.45 0.60 0.76 1.16 Table 49. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 1: CS Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 3.18 11.88 31.54 68.78 NOX 5.42 15.45 49.75 207.57 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.42 0.60 0.75 15.20 Table 50. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: AQ Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 0.12 0.98 3.81 32.05 NOX 0.12 0.98 3.99 56.07 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.98 1.0 1.0 14.18 Table 51. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CE Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 8.04 12.13 18.90 42.77 NOX 8.29 12.92 22.53 97.00 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.80 0.92 1.01 1.21

B ‐ 41  Table 52. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CN Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 7.91 13.11 19.42 46.47 NOX 8.5 14.47 22.66 69.45 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.62 0.77 0.91 6.35 Table 53. Interquartile Ranges: LAXAQSAS: Season 2: CS Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 1.02 2.36 5.28 29.44 NOX 2.71 4.16 7.20 65.17 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.32 0.50 0.64 0.90 2.1.2.3. LAXSPAS Table 54. Interquartile Ranges: LAXSPAS. Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 2 11 28 77 NOX 4 11 31 272 Ozone 13 30 41 86 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.50 0.67 0.83 1.0 2.1.2.4. YUL Table 55. Interquartile Ranges: YUL: 2009-2011. Parameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 NO2 0 4.27 7.96 14.57 NOX 0 4.86 9.23 17.83 Ozone 0 13.39 23.11 32.40 NO2:NOX Ratio 0.05 0.74 0.87 0.96

2.1.3. Box and 2.1.3.1. Whisker Plo ADL FIGURE 48 FIGUR ts . ADL NO2, E 49. ADL N B ‐ 42  NOX, AND O O2/NOX RA ZONE BOXP TIO BOXPLO LOTS. T.

2.1.3.2. FIGU FIGU LAXAQSA RE 50. LAX RE 51. LAXA S AQSAS SEA QSAS SEAS B ‐ 43  SON 1 AQ N ON 1 AQ NO O2 AND NOX 2/NOX RAT BOXPLOTS IO BOXPLOT . .

FIGU FI RE 52. LAX GURE 53. LA AQSAS SEA XAQSAS S B ‐ 44  SON 1 CE NO EASON 1 CE 2 AND NOX NO2/NOX B BOXPLOTS. OXPLOTS.

FIGU FIGUR RE 54. LAX E 55. LAXA AQSAS SEA QSAS SEAS B ‐ 45  SON 1 CN NO ON 1 CN NO 2 AND NOX 2/NOX RATI BOXPLOTS. O BOXPLOT S.

FIGU F RE 56. LAX IGURE 57. LA AQSAS SEA XAQSAS S B ‐ 46  SON 1 CS NO EASON 1 CS 2 AND NOX NO2/NOX B BOXPLOTS. OSPLOTS.

FIGU FI RE 58. LAX GURE 59. LA AQSAS SEA XAQSAS SE B ‐ 47  SON 1 AQ N ASON 2 AQ O2 AND NOX NO2/NOX B BOXPLOTS OXPLOTS. .

FIG FI URE 60. LAX GURE 61. LA AQSAS SEA XAQSAS S B ‐ 48  SON2 CE NO EASON 2 CE 2 AND NOX NO2/NOX B BOXPLOTS. OXPLOTS.

 FIGU FIGU RE 62. LAX RE 63. LAXA AQSAS SEA QSAS SEAS B ‐ 49  SON 2 CN NO ON 2 CE NO 2 AND NOX 2/NOX RAT BOXPLOTS. IO BOXPLOT .

FIGU F RE 64. LAX IGURE 65. LA AQSAS SEA XAQSAS S B ‐ 50  SON 2 CS NO EASON 2 CS 2 AND NOX NO2/NOX B BOXPLOTS. OXPLOT.

 2.1.3.3. F LAXSPAS IGURE 66. L FIGUR AXSPAS NO E 67. LAXS B ‐ 51  2, NOX, AN PAS NO2/N D OZONE BO OX BOXPLO XPLOTS. T.

2.1.3.4. YUL FIGURE 68 FIG . YUL NO2 URE 69. YU B ‐ 52  , NOX AND O L NO2/NOX ZONE BOXP BOXPLOT. LOTS.

 2.1.4. Histogra 2.1.4.1. ms ADL FIG FIG URE 70. HIS URE 71. HIS B ‐ 53  TOGRAM OF TOGRAM OF ADL NO2. ADL NOX.

FIGU FIGURE 7 RE 72. HIST 3. HISTOGRA B ‐ 54  OGRAM OF A M OF ADL N DL OZONE. O2/NOX RA TIO.

 2.1.4.2. FI FIGURE LAXAQSA GURE 74. HI 75. HISTOGR S STOGRAM O AM OF LAX B ‐ 55  F LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 SON 1 AQ N AQ NO2. O2/NOX RA TIO.

FIGURE F 76. HISTOGR IGURE 77. HI AM OF LAX STOGRAM O B ‐ 56  AQSAS SEA F LAXAQSA SON 1 AQ N S SEASON 1 O2/NOX RA CE NO2. TIO.

 F FIGURE IGURE 78. HI 79. HISTOGR STOGRAM O AM OF LAX B ‐ 57  F LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 SON 1 CE N CE NOX. O2/NOX RA TIO.

FFI IGURE 80. HI GURE 81. HI STOGRAM O STOGRAM O B ‐ 58  F LAXAQSA F LAXAQSA S SEASON 1 S SEASON 1 CN NO2. CN NOX.

FIGURE F 82. HISTOGR IGURE 83. H AM OF LAX ISTOGRAM O B ‐ 59  AQSAS SEA F LAXAQSA SON 1 CN N S SEASON 1 O2/NOX RA CS NO2. TIO.

FFIGURE IGURE 84. HI 85. HISTOGR STOGRAM O AM OF LAX B ‐ 60  F LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 1 SON 1 CS N CS NOX. O2/NOX RATIO.

 FI FI GURE 86. HI GURE 87. HI STOGRAM O STOGRAM O B ‐ 61  F LAXAQSA F LAXAQSA S SEASON 2 S SEASON 2 AQ NO2. AQ NOX.

FIGURE F 88. HISTOGR IGURE 89. HI AM OF LAX STOGRAM O B ‐ 62  AQSAS SEA F LAXAQSA SON 2 AQ N S SEASON 2 O2/NOX RA CE NO2. TIO.

 F FIGURE IGURE 90. HI 91. HISTOGR STOGRAM O AM OF LAX B ‐ 63  F LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 2 SON 2 CE N CE NOX. O2/NOX RA TIO.

FFI IGURE 92. HI GURE 93. HI STOGRAM O STOGRAM O B ‐ 64  F LAXAQSA F LAXAQSA S SEASON 2 S SEASON 2 CN NO2. CN NOX.

 FIGURE F 94. HISTOGR IGURE 95. HI AM OF LAX STOGRAM O B ‐ 65  AQSAS SEA F LAXAQSA SON 2 CN N S SEASON 2 O2/NOX RA CS NO2. TIO.

FFIGURE IGURE 96. HI 97. HISTOGR STOGRAM O AM OF LAX B ‐ 66  F LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA S SEASON 2 SON 2 CS N CS NOX. O2/NOX RATIO.

 2.1.4.3. LAXSPAS FIGUR FIGUR E 98. HISTO E 99. HISTO B ‐ 67  GRAM OF LA GRAM OF LA XSPAS NO XSPAS NO 2. X.

FFIGURE IGURE 101. 100. HISTOG HISTOGRAM B ‐ 68  RAM OF LA OF LAXSPA XSPAS OZO S NO2/NOX NE. RATIO.

  2.1.4.4. YUL FIG FIG URE 102. HIS URE 103. HIS B ‐ 69  TOGRAM OF TOGRAM OF YUL NO2. YUL NOX.

FIGU FIGURE 10 RE 104. HIST 5. HISTOGR B ‐ 70  OGRAM OF Y AM OF YUL UL OZONE NO2/NOX R . ATIO.

 2.2. Scatterplots: 2.2.1.1. FIG Inter-Variab ADL URE 106. AD F le Influence L NO2 - NO IGURE 107. B ‐ 71  X – OZONE S ADL NO2 A CATTERPLO ND NOX. T MATRIX.

FI FIGURE GURE 108. A 109. ADL N B ‐ 72  DL NO2 AN O2 AND NO D OZONE. 2/NOX RATIO.

 F FI IGURE 110. GURE 111. A B ‐ 73  ADL NOX A DL NOX AN ND NO2. D OZONE.

FIGURE FI 112. ADL N GURE 113. A B ‐ 74  OX AND NO DL OZONE 2/NOX RAT AND NO2. IO.

 FI FIGURE GURE 114. A 115. ADL O B ‐ 75  DL OZONE A ZONE AND N ND NOX. O2/NOX RATIO.

FIGURE FIGURE 116. ADL N 117. ADL N B ‐ 76  O2/NOX RA O2/NOX RA TIO AND NO TIO AND NO 2. X.

 2.2.1.2. L FIGURE AXAQSAS 119. LAXA FIGURE QSAS SEASO 118. ADL NO N 1 AQ: NO B ‐ 77  2/NOX RAT 2 - NOX - NO IO AND OZO 2/NOX RAT NE. IO SCATTER PLOT MATRIX.

FIGUR FIGURE 120 E 121. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 78  S SEASON 1 SON 1 AQ N AQ NO2 AN O2 AND NO2 D NOX. /NOX RATIO.

 FIGUR FIGURE 122 E 123. LAXA . LAXAQSA QSAS SEA B ‐ 79  S SEASON 1 SON 1 AQ N AQ NOX AN OX AND NO2 D NO2. /NOX RATI O.

FIGUR FIGUR E 124. LAX E 125. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 80  SON 1 AQ N SON 1 AQ NO O2/NOX RA 2/NOX RAT TIO AND NO IO AND NOX 2. .

 FIGURE 126. LAXAQSAS SEAS FIGURE 127 ON 1 CE NO . LAXAQSA B ‐ 81  2 - NOX - NO S SEASON 1 2/NOX RAT CE NO2 AN IO SCATTER D NOX. PLOT MATR IX.

FIGURE 128. LAX FIGURE 129 AQSAS SEA . LAXAQSA B ‐ 82  SON 1 CE N S SEASON 1 O2 AND NO2 CE NOX AN /NOX RATIO D NO2. .

 FIGUR FIGUR E 130. LAX E 131. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 83  SON 1 CE NO SON 1 CE NO X AND NO2 2/NOX RAT /NOX RATIO IO AND NO2 . .

FIGUR FIGUR E 133. LAXA E 132. LAX QSAS SEAS AQSAS SEA ON 1 CN NO B ‐ 84  SON 1 CE NO 2 -NOX - NO 2/NOX RAT 2/NOX RAT IO AND NOX IO SCATTER . PLOT MATRIX.

 FIGUR FIGURE 134 E 135. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 85  S SEASON 1 SON 1 CN NO CN NO2 AN 2 AND NO2 D NOX. /NOX RATIO .

FIGUR FIGURE 136 E 137. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 86  S SEASON 1 SON 1 CN NO CN NOX AN X AND NO2 D NO2. /NOX RATIO.

 FIGUR FIGUR E 138. LAX E 139. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 87  SON 1 CN NO SON 1 CN NO 2/NOX RAT 2/NOX RAT IO AND NO2 IO AND NOX . .

FIGURE 140. LAXAQSAS SEAS FIGURE 141 ON 1 CS NO . LAXAQSA B ‐ 88  2 - NOX - NO S SEASON 1 2/NOX RAT CS NO2 AN IO SCATTER D NOX. PLOT MATRIX.

 FIGURE 142. LAX FIGURE 143 AQSAS SEA . LAXAQSA B ‐ 89  SON 1 CS NO S SEASON 1 2 AND NO2 CS NOX AN /NOX RATIO D NO2. .

FIGU FIGU RE 144. LAX RE 145. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 90  SON 1 CS NO SON 1 CS NO X AND NO2 2/NOX RAT /NOX RATIO IO AND NO2 . .

 FIGURE FIGU 147. LAXA RE 146. LAX QSAS SEAS AQSAS SEA ON 2 AQ NO B ‐ 91  SON 1 CS NO 2 - NOX - NO 2/NOX RAT 2/NOX RAT IO AND NOX IO SCATTER . PLOT MATRIX.

FIGUR FIGURE 148 E 149. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 92  S SEASON 2 SON 2 AQ N AQ NO2 AN O2 AND NO2 D NOX. /NOX RATIO.

 FIGUR FIGURE 150 E 151. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 93  S SEASON 2 SON 2 AQ NO AQ NOX AN X AND NO2 D NO2. /NOX RATIO .

FIGUR FIGUR E 152. LAX E 153. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 94  SON 2 AQ N SON 2 AQ NO O2/NOX RAT 2/NOX RAT IO AND NO2 IO AND NOX . .

 FIGURE 154. LA FIGUR XAQSAS S E 155. LAX EASON 2 CE AQSAS SEA B ‐ 95  NO2 - NOX - SON 2 CE NO NO NO2/NOX S 2 AND NO2 CATTERPLO /NOX RATIO T MATRIX. .

FIGURE 156. LAX FIGURE 157 AQSAS SEA . LAXAQSA B ‐ 96  SON 2 CE NO S SEASON 2 2 AND NO2 CE NOX AN /NOX RATIO D NO2. .

 FIGUR FIGUR E 158. LAX E 159. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 97  SON 2 CE NO SON 2 CE NO X AND NO2 2/NOX RAT /NOX RATIO IO AND NO2 . .

FIGURE FIGUR 161. LAXA E 160. LAX QSAS SEAS AQSAS SEA ON 2 CN NO B ‐ 98  SON 2 CE NO 2 - NOX - NO 2/NOX RAT 2/NOX RAT IO AND NOX IO SCATTER . PLOT MATRIX.

 FIGUR FIGURE 162 E 163. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 99  S SEASON 2 SON 2 CN NO CN NO2 AN 2 AND NO2 D NOX. /NOX RATIO .

FIGUR FIGURE 164 E 165. LAX . LAXAQSA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 100  S SEASON 2 SON 2 CN NO CN NOX AN X AND NO2 D NO2. /NOX RATIO.

 FIGUR FIGUR E 166. LAX E 167. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 101  SON 2 CN NO SON 2 CN NO 2/NOX RAT 2/NOX RAT IO AND NO2 IO AND NOX . .

FIGURE 168. LAXAQSAS SEAS FIGURE 169 ON 2 CS NO . LAXAQSA B ‐ 102  2 - NOX - NO S SEASON 2 2/NOX RAT CS NO2 AN IO SCATTER D NOX. PLOT MATRIX.

 FIGURE 170. LAX FIGURE 171 AQSAS SEA . LAXAQSA B ‐ 103  SON 2 CS N S SEASON 2 O2 AND NO2 CS NOX AN /NOX RATIO D NO2. .

FIGU FIGU RE 172. LAX RE 173. LAX AQSAS SEA AQSAS SEA B ‐ 104  SON 2 CS NO SON 2 CS NO X AND NO2 2/NOX RAT /NOX RATIO IO AND NO2 . .

 2.2.1.3. L FIGU AXSPAS FIGUR RE 174. LAX E 175. LAXS AQSAS SEA PAS NO2 - B ‐ 105  SON 2 CS NO NOX - OZON 2/NOX RAT E SCATTERP IO AND NOX LOT MATRI . X.

FIG FIGU URE 176. LA RE 177. LAX B ‐ 106  XSPAS NO2 SPAS NO2 AND NOX. AND OZONE.

 FIGURE 1 FIG 78. LAXSPA URE 179. LA B ‐ 107  S NO2 AND N XSPAS NOX O2/NOX R AND NO2. ATIO.

FIGU FIGURE 18 RE 180. LAX 1. LAXSPA B ‐ 108  SPAS NOX S NOX AND AND OZONE NO2/NOX R . ATIO.

 FIGU FIGU RE 182. LAX RE 183. LAX B ‐ 109  SPAS OZON SPAS OZON E AND NO2 E AND NOX . .

FIGURE 184 FIGURE 1 . LAXSPAS 85. LAXSPA B ‐ 110  OZONE AND S NO2/NOX NO2/NOX R RATIO AND ATIO. NO2.

  FIGURE 18 FIGURE 187 6. LAXSPA . LAXSPAS B ‐ 111  S NO2/NOX NO2/NOX R RATIO AND ATIO AND O NOX. ZONE.

2.2.1.4. YUL FIGURE 188. YU F L NO2 - NO IGURE 189. B ‐ 112  X - OZONE S YUL NO2 A CATTERPLO ND NOX. T MATRIX.

 FI FIGURE GURE 190. Y 191. YUL N B ‐ 113  UL NO2 AN O2 AND NO D OZONE. 2/NOX RATIO.

Figure 192. Figure 193. Y B ‐ 114  YUL NOx an UL NOx and d NO2. Ozone.

 Figure 194. YUL Figure 195. Y B ‐ 115  NOx and NO UL Ozone a 2/NOx Ratio nd NO2. .

Figure Figure 196. Y 197. YUL O B ‐ 116  UL Ozone a zone and NO nd NOx. 2/NOx Ratio.

 Figur Figur e 198. YUL e 199. YUL B ‐ 117  NO2/NOx Ra NO2/NOx Ra tio and NO2 tio and NOx . .

Figure 200. YUL N B ‐ 118  O2/NOx Ratio and Ozone.