NextGen for Airports, Volume 5: Airport Planning and Development (2017)

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128 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents This appendix summarizes the results of the research team’s review and critique of the current knowledge, practice, and data relative to NextGen capabilities and airport planning. Included is an annotated bibliography of relevant existing literature for consideration by airport planners. E.1 General Sources and References This section includes a description of general sources and reference documents describing NextGen capabilities, priorities, and current status, as outlined below: 1. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen Documents The FAA Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) website provides many resources that would be of interest to airport planning practitioners. Of particular interest is a separate page on “NextGen for Airports,” which includes a list of frequently asked questions by operators of airports of all sizes with helpful answers. Below is a link to the FAA NextGen website: http://www.faa.gov/ nextgen/. In June 2016, the FAA published an updated PBN strategy document titled “PBN NAS Navigation Strategy 2016,” which refocuses FAA priorities and milestones to transition to a PBN-centric NAS, that is, an NAS where PBN is used as the basis for daily operations. It describes a pathway to linking to- gether many interdependent elements necessary to deliver PBN. This document is available at https:// www.faa.gov/nextgen/media/PBN_NAS_NAV.pdf. 2. FAA Airport Planning Advisory Circulars and Air Traffic Control Orders These documents are updated periodically, and drafts of the updates are made available to industry organizations for review and comment. In addition, individuals can sign-up to receive email notifica- tions of drafts and updated ACs from the FAA. The following FAA websites provide further information regarding FAA Advisory Circulars and Orders: http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/ http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/ http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/ FAA rules and procedures for conducting air traffic control (ATC) and for operating in the National Airspace System (NAS), which usually are intended for air traffic controllers and pilots, are published as FAA Orders, Manuals, Bulletins, or Notifications. These documents are helpful because they con- tain the current standards for aircraft separations and parallel runway spacings, many of which are E

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 129 expected to change with the implementation of NextGen. The following FAA website provides further information regarding air traffic plans and publications: http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/. The FAA will periodically publish guidelines for the methodologies, parameters, and assumptions to be used in NextGen-related airport planning and development studies. These publications tend to be issued irregularly when there are major changes in parameters, criteria, or methodologies. The various databases maintained by FAA are kept up to date and are available for use by the public with an FAA provided username and password. For example, the following FAA website includes various databases and information sources that are very helpful for conducting NextGen-related airport planning studies: https://aspm.faa.gov/. 3. Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO), Interagency Planning Office (IPO), and the NextGen Institute Reports Analyses and Reports NextGen was enacted in 2003 by President Bush and Congress under VISION 100—Century of Avia- tion Reauthorization Act (P.L. 108-176). Under this initiative, Congress created the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) to manage the partnerships designed to bring NextGen online. These partnerships include private-sector organizations, academia, and the following government depart- ments and agencies: Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Commerce (DOC), Depart- ment of Defense (DOD), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), and Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). In January 2014 the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76), eliminated funding for the JPDO. To replace JPDO, the FAA has created the new Interagency Planning Office (IPO), which falls under the purview of the FAA office of NextGen. The NextGen Institute, which was formed in March 2005, uses its Web site and the FAA communications network to reach out to participants and inform them of FAA NextGen public meetings, study teams, and contractual work. Below is a link to the Next- Gen Institute website: http://nginstitute.org/library/documents/. 4. Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) NextGen Reports The Transportation Research Board of The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine manages ACRP, which is an industry-driven, applied research program that develops near-term, practi- cal solutions to problems faced by airport operators. NextGen is one of many topics undertaken by ACRP, which also include topics related to NextGen such as airport planning, airfield capacity evalua- tion, and aircraft delays. Below are a few relevant projects (in addition to the ongoing ACRP NextGen Initiative Projects 01-27, 01-28, 03-33, 03-34, and 09-12): • ACRP 03-13, “Understanding Airspace, Objects, and Their Effects on Airports”; • ACRP 03-17, “Evaluating Airfield Capacity”; • ACRP 03-20, “Defining and Measuring Aircraft Delay and Airport Capacity Thresholds”; and • ACRP 10-19, ”Advancing Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) at Airports.” The following TRB website provides further information regarding ACRP projects and publications: http://www.trb.org/acrp/acrp.aspx.

130 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 5. NextGen Publications by Manufacturers/Vendors/Suppliers/MITRE/ Other Contractors/Magazines Various contractors and vendors have prepared documents on NextGen related to airport planning and development either for FAA or the NextGen Institute, or as their own publications. For example, TRB has published a paper on NextGen through its TR News magazine (http://trid.trb. org/view.aspx?id=1125059). An example of a contractor source is MITRE Corporation, which does extensive research on Next- Gen for the FAA and publishes its results as technical papers or fact sheets. Please see link below: http://www.mitre.org/centers/center-for-advanced-aviation-system-development/where-we-focus/ transforming-the-national. 6. NextGen Publications by Industry, Professional, and Academic Organizations This category includes industry and academic journal articles, and conference presentations. This category often includes research that ultimately becomes part of one of the foregoing publications. Industry associations that are helpful resources for publications and presentations include the Ameri- can Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA), the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The following sample websites provide further information regarding the various industry and professional NextGen programs: • Annual AAAE Conference and Exposition – http://www.aaae.org/meetings/meetings_calendar/ mtgdetails.cfm?Meeting_ID=150501. • AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference – http://www.aiaa.org/ EventDetail.aspx?id=16562. • ACI-NA Annual Conference and Exhibition – http://annual.aci-na.org/. • ASCE Transportation & Development Institute (TDI) – http://www.asce.org/tdi/Content. aspx?id=25769809718. • ATCA Annual Conference & Exposition – http://www.atca.org/59Annual. • TRB Annual Meeting – http://www.trb.org/AnnualMeeting2015/AnnualMeeting2015.aspx. 7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NextGen Research Publications NASA performs foundational research to support the modernization of the National Airspace System (NAS) through its Airspace Systems Program (ASP). ASP has a leadership role in NASA’s partnership with other agencies supporting the Interagency Planning Office (IPO). Once they have been devel- oped and established, the products of NASA’s research are transferred to FAA. Recent examples of such technology transfer include the Precision Departure Release Capability (PDRC) and the Termi- nal Sequencing and Spacing (TSS) tool. The following NASA website provides further information regarding the various NASA NextGen research programs: http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_ asp.htm.

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 131 8. Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA)/NextGen Advisory Committee (NAC) Reports The NAC is a 28-member federal advisory committee formed to provide advice on policy-level issues in implementing NextGen. It includes a cross section of executives from the airlines, airports, general aviation, pilots, air traffic controllers, the Department of Defense, environmental interests, interna- tional interests, and providers of air traffic control technology. In response to tasks from the FAA, the NextGen Advisory Committee issues reports that are made available to the public. Further information on available documents can be found at the following RTCA websites: http://www.rtca.org/store_list.asp. http://www.rtca.org/content.asp?pl=33&sl=61&contentid=61. 9. Government Accountability Office (GAO) Reports The GAO is an independent, nonpartisan agency that conducts investigative audits at the request of Congress. GAO conducts interviews with officials from FAA and industry and reviews agency docu- ments to provide an objective assessment of the key issues and challenges of implementing NextGen and provide recommendations focused on accountability and performance of FAA’s processes. Based on the work GAO has conducted, they have published several reports summarizing their findings. These reports can be found at: http://www.gao.gov/browse/topic/Transportation/Aviation/. Annotated Bibliography of Relevant Airport Planning Documents This section includes a description of the key relevant documents, particularly those focusing on im- pacts of NextGen on airport planning and development. The documents are organized by the poten- tial areas of airport planning that will be impacted, as outlined below: 1. General NextGen Guidance with Airport Planning Elements These documents provide a high-level description of selected capabilities that are relevant to airports, as well as the airport site locations where the capabilities are already in operation or planned to be operational in the near-term. The GAO documents outline the key challenges in rolling out some of these implementations. Federal Aviation Administration (May 2015). NextGen Implementation Plan 2015. https://www.faa. gov/nextgen/media/NextGen_Implementation_Plan-2015.pdf. This document is an update of the NextGen Implementation Plan, which has been published annually since 2008. It is divided into two sections: key programs and milestones (ADS-B, Data Comm, ERAM, TAMR, NVS, SWIM), and implementation portfolios. Each portfolio includes a description of the target users, target areas, and anticipated benefits. Those related to airport planning are: Improved Surface Operations, Improved Approaches and Low-Visibility Operations, Improved Multiple Runway Opera- tions, Performance Based Navigation (PBN), Time Based Flow Management (TBFM), Collaborative Air Traffic Management (CATM), and Separation Management. Federal Aviation Administration (October 2014). NextGen Priorities Joint Implementation Plan. http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/media/ng_priorities.pdf.

132 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT The priorities referred to in this plan originated with the RTCA NextGen Advisory Committee (NAC), its Subcommittee (NACSC), and various working groups. Based on the work of meetings among FAA subject matter experts and aviation industry representatives, this document summarizes the high-level commitments to which the FAA and the aviation community have agreed, and provides a timeline of capability milestones and airport site locations where they collectively committed to accomplish- ing these milestones within the next three years. The plan is organized into four focus areas: Multiple Runway Operations, Performance-Based Navigation, Surface Operations and Data Sharing, Data Communications. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). NextGen for Airports Brochure. https://www.faa.gov/ nextgen/media/nextgenForAirports.pdf. This document is divided into two parts: General Aviation (GA) airports and commercial airports. It outlines the current implementation status of key, relevant NextGen technologies. For example, both GA and commercial service airports can benefit from WAAS/LPV Options for Low Visibility Ap- proaches, and information provided freely via TIS-B and FIS-B. For commercial airports with ASDE-X/ Multilateration installations, they can benefit from sharing of real-time surface surveillance data, al- lowing them to keep track of ground vehicles and enabling surface collaborate decision making; PBN procedures and OAPM; and closely spaced parallel runway operations. RTCA NextGen Advisory Committee (NAC) (October 2014). NextGen Integration Working Group Final Report. http://www.rtca.org/content. asp?pl=33&sl=61&contentid=61. It summarizes the work by the NextGen Integration Working Group in developing top priority ca- pabilities and industry recommendations for the four focus areas: Closely Spaced Parallel Runways/ MRO, Data Comm, PBN, and Surface and Data Sharing. Recommendations for each focus area include detailed implementation plan, expected benefits, identified airport locations and timing, as well as relevant metrics to be used in evaluation. Air Traffic Control Association (Fall 2014). Key NextGen Achievements in the First 10 Years, Journal of Air Traffic Control. http://www.atca.org/Journal-of-Air-Traffic-Control. This article summarizes operational improvements that are about to be completed. These include ADS- B, En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM), the FAA telecommunication infrastructure, perfor- mance-based navigation (PBN), transoceanic initiatives, safety, and collaboration. Government of Accountability Office (2012). Next Generation Air Transportation System: FAA Faces Implementation Challenges. http://www.gao.gov/assets/650/648122.pdf. One of the key challenges highlighted in the report was FAA’s current process for implementing or amending flight procedures, resulting in the implementation of low or no-benefit flight procedures that have to be reworked or amended. Moreover, the report suggested that NextGen alone is not likely to sufficiently expand the capacity to meet ongoing and planned demand. The airports have to continuously look for other ways to expand capacities, for example: (1) certifying and approving standards for using closely spaced parallel runways; (2) developing policies to address situations where demand exceeds capacity (e.g., pricing, administrative rules, service priorities); (3) planning infrastruc- ture projects to increase capacity as they can be a lengthy process and will require substantial advance planning and cost analyses; and (4) understanding that improved runway and airspace capacity from NextGen may exacerbate capacity constraints in other areas, such as taxiways, terminal gates, or park- ing areas. Government of Accountability Office (2013). FAA Has Made Some Progress in Midterm Implementa- tion, but Ongoing Challenges Limit Expected Benefits. http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653626.pdf. This report recommended that FAA should better develop processes for selecting new PBN procedures that will provide the maximum benefits (e.g., relieve congestion and improve efficiency) and not rely

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 133 on requests from airlines and other stakeholders. The report also discusses the lengthy environmental reviews which have been identified as an obstacle to timely implementation of PBN, and the cur- rent challenges with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for the development of new flight procedures. The MITRE Corporation (October 2014). NextGen Independent Assessment and Recommendations. http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/media/MITRE_NextGen_Independent_Assessment_and_ Recommendations.pdf. The report provides an independent assessment of the NextGen progress to date, and identifies key fundamental challenges and remaining gaps for moving NextGen forward. The largest gap is that more effective transition planning is needed for maturing NextGen capabilities (e.g., including the de- velopment of procedures and best practices). It is also expected that the aviation community will not meet the 2020 mandate for ADS-B at the current pace of equipage. As a result of lack of user adop- tion of required avionics, Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO) implementation should be deferred. The report provides recommendations for moving NextGen forward for 2020 and beyond, which include (but are not limited to): maximizing operational use of available aircraft and ground capabilities, as well as procedurally permit initial operations of new entrants (e.g., UAS) leveraging existing policy and introduce new rules to enable their evolving operations. The Appendix includes more detailed descrip- tion of the NextGen capabilities implemented to date (e.g., closely spaced parallel operations, wake turbulence separation reductions, oceanic airspace operations, airspace redesign, PBN procedures, better leveraging of existing automation). 2. NextGen Guidance Documents Relevant to Potential Airport Planning Areas 2.1 Master Planning Federal Aviation Administration: Office of Airport Planning & Programming, Planning & Environ- mental Division (2015). Advisory Circular 150/5070-6B – Airport Master Plans. http://www.faa.gov/ documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5070-6B-Change-2-Consolidated.pdf. This document provides guidance to prepare master plans for airports of a range of sizes and func- tions. In particular, the section on airfield and airspace requirements contains best practices for capac- ity analysis and runway requirements as part of a master plan. Guidance is given on the threshold for annual average delay as a measure for determining the practical capacity of an airfield. 2.2 Regional Airport System Planning Federal Aviation Administration (2014). Optimization of Airspace & Procedures in the Metroplex (OAPM). https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/procedures/oapm/. Rather than focusing on a single airport or set of procedures, the FAA has identified 21 sites that include several commercial and general aviation airports in close proximity serving large metropolitan areas, and putting integrated NextGen capabilities in place to improve air traffic flow for an entire region, or Metroplex. The website includes the scheduled plan regarding selected OAPM sites, as well as detailed information for the current and completed Metroplexes. 2.3 Airfield and Airspace Planning Federal Aviation Administration (1995). Advisory Circular 150/5060-5 – Airport Capacity and Delay. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5060-5/150_5060_5.pdf.

134 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT This document contains methods to compute the hourly airport capacity and annual aircraft delay for airport planning and design purposes. This circular is primarily intended for airport planners and is the primary resource from FAA on the subject of capacity and delay. The circular includes lookup tables in Chapter 2 and charts and nomographs in Chapter 3 for calculating hourly runway throughput based on runway layout and fleet mix. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). Advisory Circular 150/5300-13A – Airport Design. http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.current/ documentNumber/150_5300-13. This document contains the FAA’s standards and recommendations for airport design. Most relevant to capacity and delay are the sections on runway design, parallel runway separation requirements, and taxiway design. Federal Aviation Administration (2007). Advisory Circular 150/5300-16A – General Guidance and Specifications for Aeronautical Surveys: Establishment of Geodetic Control and Submission to the National Geodetic Survey. http://www.faa.gov/documentlibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5300- 16a/150_5300_16a.pdf. This document has been established for engineering and airport sponsors and explains the specifi- cations for establishing geodetic control on or near an airport. It also describes how to submit the information to the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) for approval and inclusion in the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) in support of aeronautical information surveys. Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Advisory Circular 150/5300-17-C – Standards for Us- ing Remote Sensing Technologies in Airport Surveys. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/ Advisory_Circular/150_5300_17c.pdf. This document applies to airport proponents contracting airport surveying services utilizing remote sensing technologies, such as aerial or satellite imagery or Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), which are used as part of aeronautical surveys associated with Performance Based Navigation (PBN) instru- ment flight procedures. The AC outlines guidance regarding the use of remote sensing technologies in the collection of data describing the physical infrastructure of an airport. This AC describes the accept- able uses and standards for use of different remote sensing technologies in the data collection process. This AC also provides data providers the standards and recommended practices for using remote sens- ing technologies in the collection of airport data. Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Advisory Circular 150/5300-18B – General Guidance and Specifications for Submission of Aeronautical Surveys to NGS: Field Data Collection and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Standards. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_ Circular/150_5300_18b.pdf. This Advisory Circular (AC) provides the specifications for the collection of airport data through field and office methodologies in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It also explains how to submit data to the FAA, who will forward the safety-critical data to the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) for independent verification and validation. The primary purpose of these general guidelines and specifications is to list the requirements for data collection conducted at airports in support of the FAA Airport Surveying – Geographic Information System (GIS) Program. The standards covered in the document provide critical information for the operation and safety of the National Airspace System (NAS) and are classified as critical by the International Civil Aviation Organi- zation (ICAO). Most of this information is source data, acquired by field survey and/or remote sensing methods. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). Order JO 7110.65W, Air Traffic Control. http://www.faa. gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/ATC.pdf.

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 135 This order prescribes air traffic control procedures and phraseology for use by persons providing air traffic control services. It covers procedures for various types of flights, flight plan information (its needs and type of information), flight strips, communications, signals, and reporting information. Of particular interest is Chapter 3, Airport Traffic Control—Terminal, which covers departure and arrival procedures and separation. Federal Aviation Administration (2015). Order JO 7110.308A, 1.5-Nautical Mile Dependent Ap- proaches to Parallel Runways Spaced Less Than 2,500 Feet Apart. http://www.faa.gov/document Library/media/Order/Order_7110.308A.pdf. This order describes the use of 1.5-nautical mile dependent staggered approaches for closely spaced runways less than 2,500 feet apart at selected airports. This order is for aiding air traffic management and air traffic control personnel. Federal Aviation Administration (2015). Order JO 7110.659B, Wake Turbulence Recategoriza- tion. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/ documentID/1026926. This order supplements 7110.65 by defining separations for different classes of heavy aircraft. The order defines six classes of aircraft, based on maximum takeoff weight and wingspan, and the updated requisite spacing behind each based on recent studies of wake turbulence characteristics. Federal Aviation Administration (2013). Order N JO 7110.625, Simultaneous Independent Close Parallel Approaches – High-Update Radar Not Required. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/ Notice/N_JO_7110.625.pdf. This order supplements 7110.65 by reducing the separation needed between parallel runways to support simultaneous independent approaches. The order allows runways with centerline spacing of 3,600 feet to be authorized for simultaneous independent approaches without the use of a high- update radar, but a high-resolution color monitor with alert algorithms, such as the Final Monitor Aid (FMA), must be used to monitor the close parallel approaches. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). Order N JO 7110.652, Converging Runway Operations. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Notice/N_JO_7110.652_Converging_Runway_ Operations.pdf. This order has been cancelled as of January 14, 2015. Please refer to FAA Order JO 7110.65W, Change 1, Paragraph 3-9-9, NONINTERSECTING CONVERGING RUNWAY OPERATIONS, MAY 26, 2016. Federal Aviation Administration (2012). Order 8260.49A, Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach (SOIA). http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/8260.49A%20CHG-1%20Consolidated. pdf. This order provides criteria and guidance for constructing and operating simultaneous offset instru- ment approaches to parallel runways spaced at least 750 feet apart, and less than 3,000 feet apart at airports identified by the FAA for SOIA. This order establishes criteria for conducting closely spaced parallel operations, and identifies procedural requirements to ensure safety. Implementation of SOIA procedures requires additional analysis and study at most locations. Federal Aviation Administration (2015). Aeronautical Information Manual: Official Guide to Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures. https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/aim.pdf. The Aeronautical Information Manual provides basic flight information and explanation of ATC procedures for use in the United States. Of particular interest here are sections 3-1 (General) which highlights VFR minimums, 3-2 (Controlled Airspace) which highlights the operating rules for various airspaces, 4-4 (ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation) which identifies role of pilot for implementing separation, 5-2 (Departure Procedures), 5-3 (En Route Procedures), 5-4 (Arrival Procedures), and 5-5 (Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities).

136 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Federal Aviation Administration (2016). Order 8260.58A, United States Standards for Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Instrument Procedure Design. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/ orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1029267. This document provides a consolidated United States Performance Based Navigation (PBN) procedure design criteria. Procedures design criteria is provided for all segments of Standard Instrument Arrivals (STARs), Standard Instrument Approach Procedures (SIAPs), and Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs). Procedure design criteria is based on multiple Area Navigation (RNAV) navigational systems, including Lateral Navigation (LNAV), Lateral/Vertical Navigation (LNAV/VNAV), Required Navigational Performance (RNP), RNP Authorization Required, Localizer Performance (LP), and Localizer Perfor- mance with Vertical (LPV). Federal Aviation Administration (2010). Order 6884.1, Siting Criteria for Ground Based Augmenta- tion System (GBAS). http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/6884_1.pdf. This order establishes procedures for determining, evaluating, and approving the siting requirements for the installation of a Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Ground Facility supporting Category I, II, and III precision instrument approach. GBAS is not fixed by function (e.g., proximity to runway centerline) increasing the siting location options and potentially reduces the need for an ex- tensive site preparation effort typically associated with ground-based precision approach and landing systems. This criteria enables the selection of the optimum siting of the GBAS Ground Facility as part of the planning and development of the system. The document covers installation requirements, facil- ity requirements for the installation, and requirements for maintaining the areas around the antennas associated with the GBAS Ground Facility. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). Order 7100.41, Performance-Based Navigation Implemen- tation Process. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/FAA_JO_7100.41_Performance_ Based_Navigation_Implementation_Process.pdf. This order provides a standardized five-phase implementation process related to Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) routes and procedures, referred to as the “Performance Based Navigation Imple- mentation Process,” which has been deemed compliant by the Office of Safety and meets the require- ments set forth by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Organization’s (ATO) Safety Management System (SMS). This order applies to the development and implementation of PBN procedures and routes; specifically, Area Navigation (RNAV)/Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Standard Instrument Departures (SID), RNAV/RNP Standard Terminal Arrivals (STAR), and RNP Authorization Required (AR) Standard Instrument Approach Procedures (SIAP), Q, Tango or “T,” and TK (helicopter) Routes, and RNAV/RNP transitions to SIAPs. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). Airport Capacity Profiles. http://www.faa.gov/airports/ planning_capacity/profiles/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/profiles/media/Airport- Capacity-Profiles-2014.pdf. The capacity profiles provide a high-level assessment of airport runway capacity now and in the future (with assumptions of NextGen improvements), replacing the previous Airport Capacity Benchmark Re- port (2004). The airport capacity profiles also provide context for strategic infrastructure discussions by providing a succinct estimate of the current and future state of capacity at the nation’s major airports. The capacity profiles serve as a basis for the Future Airport Capacity Task 3 (FACT3), an in-depth evalu- ation of airport capacity needs. RTCA NextGen Advisory Committee (NAC) (October 2014). Blueprint for Success to Implementing PBN. http://www.rtca.org/content.asp?pl=33&sl=61&contentid=61.

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 137 As a follow-on response to FAA’s request to analyze lessons learned from prior PBN implementa- tions, this blueprint covers the entire lifecycle, from planning to execution, and both technical and non-technical components, and serves as a checklist for future success in PBN implementations. It is emphasized that collaboration with airport authorities, including representatives from airport planning and development, airport operations, airport noise abatement office, community affairs/public rela- tions, and the airport owner (e.g., city, county, state, or authority), is critical during all project phases. 2.4 Airport Environmental Planning Federal Aviation Administration (2013). Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports. http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.current/ documentNumber/150_5020-1. This document provides general guidance for noise control and compatibility planning for airports as well as specific guidance for preparation of airport noise exposure maps and airport noise compatibil- ity programs by airport operators for submission under Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 150, and the Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1979. Federal Aviation Administration (2006). Federal Aviation Administration Order 1050.1E, Environ- mental Impacts: Policies and Procedures, CHG 1, March 20, 2006. http://www.faa.gov/document Library/media/Order/1050.1E.pdf. This order describes the FAA agency-wide policies and procedures for compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and implementing regulations issued by the Council on Environmen- tal Quality (40 CFR parts 1500-1508), as applied to federal actions undertaken by the FAA (2006). Airport Cooperative Research Program (2009). ACRP Synthesis 17: Approaches to Integrating Air- port Development and Federal Environmental Review Processes. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/ acrp/acrp_syn_017.pdf. This document examines why the disconnect occurs between the NEPA process and steps that pre- cede it, and provides guidance for airport sponsors to integrate FAA’s environmental review processes into airport planning efforts. The study presents case studies for 17 projects. Each case study includes a description of the proposed project, an identification of the key planning and environmental issues, and strategies and other factors that were used to integrate the planning and environmental processes. Airport Cooperative Research Program (2009). ACRP Report 15: Aircraft Noise: A Toolkit for Managing Community Expectations. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_015.pdf. This project was focused on developing a toolkit that airport decision makers can use to manage expectations related to aircraft noise within the community, based on reviews of relevant literature, as well as surveys from airports ranging in different sizes and categories. Chapter 8 summarizes flight management techniques to abate the noise of aircraft in flight, which includes evaluation of Continu- ous Descent Approach (CDA). Airports Council International – North America (2013). Integrating Planning and NEPA Processes for Airport Development Projects. http://aci-na.org/sites/default/files/integrating_nepa_and_planning_ document_5.13.13.pdf. This report, an outcome of the ACI-NA Task Force efforts, provides airport operators and their consul- tants with practical recommendations regarding how to improve the integration of airport planning and NEPA review processes.

138 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Airports Council International – North America (2013). Airports’ Role in the Development and Implementation of Performance-Based Navigation Procedures. http://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/ files/aci-na_pbn-paper-version_1.1_7mar13.pdf. This paper, developed by the ACI-NA’s NextGen Working Group, emphasizes the need for airports to be actively involved in the design and implementation of PBN procedures. Airports should posi- tion themselves as a critical resource for the FAA ATO and other industry stakeholders to ensure local expectations are understood and respected. 2.5 Airport Financial and Strategic Planning Federal Aviation Administration (2013). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) 2013– 2017. http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2013/npias2013Narrative. pdf. This is an annual report submitted to Congress summarizing capital development needs of the public- use airports in the United States. Of particular interest is the section on capacity, which addresses FAA guidance on triggers at which construction of capacity projects should begin and alternative capacity enhancement methods aside from capital development. Federal Aviation Administration (1999). FAA Airport Benefit Cost Analysis Guidance. http://www. faa.gov/regulations_policies/policy_guidance/benefit_cost/media/1999_FAA_Airport_Benefit_Cost_ Analysis_Guidance.pdf. This guidance provides the methodology for airport sponsors to prepare a project-level benefit-cost analysis for capacity-related projects. The quantification of capacity benefits and monetization of air- field delay savings are discussed. Federal Aviation Administration (2013). NextGen, The Business Case. http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/ media/Business_Case_for_NextGen_2013.pdf. This report presents the FAA’s business case for NextGen, which focuses on direct benefits to aircraft operators, passengers, and taxpayers from the rollout of NextGen improvements. This includes mon- etary benefits from avoided delay, reduced flight time, fewer flight cancellations, and reduced emis- sions. It is worth noting that this business case is conducted at the national level, and not focused on benefits or costs specific to airport operators. Federal Aviation Administration (2014). NextGen Investments for Operators and Airports. http:// www.faa.gov/nextgen/media/investments.pdf. This pamphlet outlines the investments for operators and airports, and provides an overview of exist- ing and planned capabilities. Of particular note, airport enhancements are described. 3. Specialized Airport Planning Guidance Documents with Impacts on: 3.1 General Aviation and Small Airports Federal Aviation Administration (2014). NextGen for General Aviation. https://www.faa.gov/ nextgen/media/generalAviation.pdf. This document highlights the benefits of NextGen for General Aviation (GA). It describes NextGen ac- complishments to date that have directly benefitted GA and small airports, e.g., ADS-B-enabled TIS-B and FIS-B, WAAS-enabled approach procedures.

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 139 3.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) UAS are aircraft and associated equipment that do not carry a pilot aboard, but instead operate on pre-programmed routes or are manually controlled by pilot-operated ground stations. Although current non-military, domestic uses of UAS are limited to activities such as law enforcement, forensic photography, border security, and scientific data collection, UAS have a wide range of other potential commercial uses and the market for UAS use is expected to grow. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) maintains a website to keep the industry updated of the progress and regulations regarding UAS. The website can be accessed at https://www.faa.gov/uas/. Of particular interest: Federal Aviation Administration (2013). UAS Comprehensive Plan. https://www.faa.gov/about/ office_org/headquarters_offices/agi/reports/media/UAS_Comprehensive_Plan.pdf. This document outlines the nation’s UAS goals and objectives. Of particular interest, Section 332 requires recommendations for airspace designations and establishment of a process to develop flight standards and air traffic requirements for unmanned aircraft systems to be made before September 30, 2015. Federal Aviation Administration (2013). UAS Roadmap. https://www.faa.gov/uas/ legislative_programs/uas_roadmap/. This document outlines the tasks and considerations necessary to achieve UAS integration into the NAS. First published in 2013, subsequent publications will incorporate lessons learned and related findings, which will further define goals, metrics, and target dates for the five-year Roadmap. Federal Aviation Administration (2013). FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2013, Section 333. https://www.faa.gov/uas/legislative_programs/section_333/. Section 333, “Special Rules for Certain Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” provides FAA the authority to establish an interim policy that bridges the gap between the current state and NAS operations before the UAS rules are finalized. In September 2014, the FAA has granted exemptions to six aerial movie production companies for commercial UAS operation in the NAS, under Section 333. Department of Transportation (June 2014). Office of Inspector General Audit Report: FAA Faces Significant Barriers to Safely Integrate Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System. https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Oversight%20of%20Unmanned%20Aircraft%20 Systems%5E6-26-14.pdf. The report describes the background and current status of integrating UAS into NAS. One of the key challenges is that FAA has not established a regulatory framework for integrating UAS into the NAS, such as when and how UAS are authorized to operate in U.S. airspace. Instead, FAA currently allows UAS operations on a case-by-case basis, and only separates UAS into two classes (under and over 55 pounds). In March 2013, a UAS rulemaking committee recommended that FAA apply weight distinctions that are currently established for manned aircraft; however, no consensus was reached for the need for additional classifications. UAS Integration Office will need to interface with personnel in ATO who must develop airspace policy that considers the operational needs of both manned and unmanned aircraft, as well as reaching out to FAA NextGen office and other organizations. 4. NextGen Airport Planning and Environmental Studies Puget Sound Regional Council (May 2013). Preparing Busy General Aviation Airports for Next Gen- eration Technologies. http://www.psrc.org/assets/7340/NextGen.pdf. Preparing the Region’s Busy General Aviation Airports for NextGen Technologies is a first of a kind effort funded by FAA Airport Improvement Program. It presents a regional/system planning approach

140 | AIRPORT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT to identifying the General Aviation benefits in the Puget Sound metropolitan area that can be real- ized through the deployment and implementation of the Federal Aviation Administration’s NextGen program. The premise of the PSRC NextGen study is to help the region’s airports get ready for emerging avia- tion technology. Taking advantage of new technology will require airports to meet FAA design stan- dards. The report includes a system planning analysis for five tasks: 1. Identification of busy general aviation airports where NextGen technology could be beneficial. 2. Inventory preparation of these airports to determine their preparedness to implement NextGen. 3. Identification of airport design and operational deficiencies (“gap” analysis) showing the difference between existing airport conditions and FAA design requirements to meet NextGen criteria. 4. Development of a capital improvement plan (CIP) for each airport listing improvements to imple- ment NextGen. 5. Identification of individual airport NextGen strategies and PSRC system applications. The report ultimately serves as a regional system plan identifying opportunities and priorities for Next- Gen implementation supporting General Aviation. Federal Aviation Administration (2012). Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) and the Record of Decision (ROD) for the Implementation of RNAV/RNP Procedures at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Greener Skies over Seattle). http://www.greenerskiesea.com. This document serves as the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Finding of No Significant Impact and Record of Decision (FONSI/ROD) and provides final agency determinations and approvals for the proposed action, namely utilization of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) by implementing new Area Navigation (RNAV) procedures, including Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and Opti- mized Profile Descent (OPD) at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA). The proposed routes and procedures are designed to improve the safety and efficiency of the SEA airspace, which includes the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) as well as high-altitude Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) airspace. This FONSI/ROD is based on the information and analysis contained in the Final Environmental Assessment (Final EA) dated October 2012. Federal Aviation Administration Environmental Reviews. http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/ environmental_issues/ared_documentation/. Environmental reviews are a critical element in FAA’s efforts to manage airspace capacity. FAA pro- vides environmental reviews for all of FAA’s airspace redesign and RNAV/RNP procedure development projects concerning air space use and air traffic. Environmental reviews of air traffic projects are conducted under the guidelines and regulations of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and related statutory and regulatory environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act and National Historic Preservation Act, as well as internal FAA environmental regulations: • FAA Order 1050.1E (Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures). • FAA Order 7400.2K (Chapter 32) (Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters). Airspace Redesign Environmental Reviews • Las Vegas Area Optimization of Airspace and Procedures. • New York/New Jersey/Philadelphia Airspace Redesign. • Houston Area Air Traffic System (HAATS).

Appendix E: Relevant Airport Planning and NextGen References and Guidance Documents | 141 Metroplex Environmental Reviews • Final Environmental Assessment – FONSI/ROD for Atlanta, Georgia; Optimization of the Airspace and Procedures in the Metroplex (signed July 31, 2014). • Final Environmental Assessment – FONSI/ROD for Northern California; Optimization of the Airspace and Procedures in the Metroplex (signed July 31, 2014). • Final Environmental Assessment – FONSI/ROD for North Texas Optimization of the Airspace and Procedures in the Metroplex (North Texas OAPM) (June 2013). • Final Environmental Assessment – FONSI/ROD for the DC OAPM Project (signed December 30, 2013). • Final Environmental Assessment – FONSI/ROD for the Houston Optimization of Airspace and Proce- dures in the Metroplex (OAPM) (signed June 13, 2013). Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Environmental Reviews • Boston Runway 33L, PBN. • Final Environmental Assessment – FONSI/ROD for the implementation of a new air traffic control Area Navigation (RNAV) standard instrument departure (SID) procedure on Runway 33 Left (33L) at Boston-Logan International Airport (signed June 4, 2013). • Chicago-Midway PBN. • Denver PBN. • Greener Skies Over Seattle.