Racial Equity Addendum to Critical Issues in Transportation (2021)

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racial equity addendum to critical issues in transportation 11 endnotes 1. Hu, L., and G. Giuliano. 2017. Poverty concentration, job access, and employment outcomes. Journal of Urban Affairs 39:1. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/juaf.12152. 2. Blumenberg, E. 2017. Social equity and urban transportation. Chapter 13 in The geography of urban transportation, fourth edition, S. Hanson and G. Giuliano (eds.). The Guilford Press. 3. McKenzie, B. S. 2013. Neighborhood access to transit by race, ethnicity, and poverty in Portland, OR. City and Community 12(2):134– 155. 4. Sanchez, T. W., R. Stolz, and J. S. Ma. 2003. Moving to equity: Addressing inequitable effects of transportation policies on minorities. Center for Community Change and The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University. https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/ research/metro-and-regional-inequalities/ transportation/moving-to-equity-addressing- inequitable-effects-of-transportation-policies- on-minorities/sanchez-moving-to-equity- transportation-policies.pdf. 5. Probst, J. C., S. B. Laditka, J.-Y. Wang, and A. O. Johnson. 2007. Effects of residence and race on burden of travel for care: Cross sectional analysis of the 2001 U.S. National Household Travel Survey. BMC Health Services Research 7:40. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-40. 6. Boyles, B., E. Brinton, A. Dunning, A. Mathias, and M. Sorrell. 2006. Native American transit: Current practices, needs, and barriers. Transportation Research Record 156(1):103– 110. 7. Blumenberg, E. 2017. Social equity and urban transportation. Chapter 13 in The geography of urban transportation, fourth edition, S. Hanson and G. Giuliano (eds.). The Guilford Press. 8. Kneebone, E., and N. Holmes. 2015. The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America. Metropolitan Policy Program, The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2016/07/Srvy_JobsProximity.pdf. 9. Morris, E., E. Blumenberg, and E. Guerra. 2020. Does lacking a car put a brake on activity participation? Private vehicle access and access to opportunities among low-income adults. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 136:375–397. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.03.021. 10. Perry, A. 2018. The route school buses can take toward racial equity. The Hechinger Report, June 19. https://hechingerreport. org/the-route-school-buses-can-take- toward-racial-equity. See also Urban Institute. 2018. The road to school: How far students travel to school in the choice-rich cities of Denver, Detroit, New Orleans, New York City, and Washington, DC. Urban Institute Student Transportation Working Group. https://www.urban.org/sites/ default/files/publication/97151/the_road_ to_school_6.pdf. 11. Blumenberg, E., and T. Thomas. 2014. Travel behavior of the poor after welfare reform. Transportation Research Record 2452(1). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.3141/2452-07. 12. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2011. Percent and characteristics of zero-vehicle households. https://www.bts.gov/archive/ publications/highlights_of_the_2001_ national_household_travel_survey/table_ a04. 13. Sanchez, T. W., Q. Shen, and Z-R. Peng. 2004. Transit mobility, jobs access and low-income labour participation in U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban Studies 41(7):1313–1331. 14. Tomer, A., E. Kneebone, R. Puentes, and A. Berube. 2011. Missed opportunity: Transit and jobs in metropolitan America. Metropolitan Policy Program, The Brookings Institution. https:// www.brookings.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2016/06/0512_jobs_transit.pdf. 15. Butler, A. W., E. J. Mayer, and J. P. Weston. 2021. Racial discrimination in the auto loan market. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3301009. 16. U.S. Department of Justice. 2015. Justice department and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau reach groundbreaking settlement to resolve allegations of auto lending discrimination by Honda. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice- department-and-consumer-financial- protection-bureau-reach-groundbreaking- settlement. 17. Angwin, J., J. Larson, L. Kirchner, and S. Mattu. 2017. Minority neighborhoods pay higher car insurance premiums than white areas with the same risk. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/ minority-neighborhoods-higher-car- insurance-premiums-white-areas-same- risk. TRB and its community of volunteers strive for a fairer and more equitable society by examining and acknowledging the ways in which transportation contributes to racial inequalities, can work to change them, and can be part of the solution. This addendum is only one part of the overall effort. TRB intends to work to improve racial equity in the coming years and decades through inclusion of these research topics in workshops, pooled-fund studies, and consensus study reports. TRB will also work with its colleagues throughout the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with colleagues throughout and beyond the transportation industry, to achieve a fairer and more equitable society.

trb | transportation research board12 18. National Fair Housing Alliance. 2018. Discrimination when buying a car: How the color of your skin can affect your car-shopping experience. https:// nationalfairhousing.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/01/Discrimination-When- Buying-a-Car-FINAL-1-11-2018.pdf. 19. Pendall, R., E. Blumenberg, and C. Dawkins. 2016. What if cities combined car-based solutions to improve access to opportunity? Urban Institute. https:// www.urban.org/research/publication/ what-if-cities-combined-car-based- solutions-transit-improve-access- opportunity. 20. Gehr, J. 2018. Eliminating asset limits: Creating savings for families and state governments. Policy Brief, Center for Law and Social Policy. https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/ files/publications/2018/04/2018_ eliminatingassetlimits.pdf. 21. The Pew Charitable Trusts. 2016. 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Transit is essential for essential workers. State Smart Transportation Initiative, December 8. https://ssti.us/2020/12/08/transit-is- essential-for-essential-workers. 26. TransitCenter. 2020. Transit is essential: 2.8 million U.S. essential workers ride transit to their jobs. https://transitcenter. org/2-8-million-u-s-essential-workers- ride-transit-to-their-jobs. 27. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Special Report 337: The role of transit, shared modes, and public policy in the new mobility landscape. The National Academies Press. http://doi. org/10.17226/26053. 28. Shaheen, S, C. Bell, A. Cohen, and B. Yelchuru. 2017. Travel behavior: Shared mobility and transportation equity. U.S. Department of Transportation. Report # PL- 18-007. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ otps/shared_use_mobility_equity_final. pdf. 29. Hoffmann, M. L. 2016. Bike lanes are white lanes: Bicycle advocacy and urban planning. University of Nebraska Press. 30. Flanagan, E., U. 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