Digest of Literature on Dielectrics: Volume XI (1947)

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1 IE~ECTF::LC~: 33~_TT;~.~ Aft T ~01~ITCAL By A,, fir,, Again and :~. .~r~xanovich irrational Bureau of Starboards `~<ias'>ingto;l, A). C. Ate Senegal a-nc3. thoo'7et-@ Cal section of tilts direst includes With contain excep' ions, -~al.niv the tape of material incl~ctod in last yearts Digest under the hoaxing ~'Eloctr~ca1 Properties of ~ I'~at:;er." The cYcop~io:~s are items on T.~thods and Ins t - Wonts, Dive metric Bro~kdo~rn, an] I~`i~rowave Pher~o.~ona, oa.c4~ of -which .'~as a section of its owes this ~'car. Tn a~ lion, it has boon agreed the i~ maters a? in the ra:?id'y~growin~ ~1 o. of t?~;ri~° ~Conductors, will not be included in. the Digest tI.is ~roar. Tic breakdown of -,-~La=orial ~,i-~h~°.n tons Icon follol-~'s :;or~crally the nacho c`mployc~ last four,. The sub-~-~din:;s inched (1) Thoorics of Dloloctric Polarization and Absorption, (2) Di_ cicctric Cons cant and Dioico-.,r~c Loss ~ (3) Dipole Morns and strUCtUTIC, (try Conductivity, (5) Cap~.c~tors, (6) Eloctrcts arid (7) Eloc~x~o_~riscosi,.y offccts. Thc ase4~n^..lont of a pacer paper to a subhead ng is, in ~ one cas cs, qua ~ Tic we'd itrar,~ but usually the grouping is clear curt. In Coral, p~,rcly thcorct.~cal p a ? c rs a fo in the fi rs ~ sublet: ad. in:; flu t man fir O f t'' ~,2 p al c is uncle r talc otI:cr subl~cad.~ngs inc T^d ~ cords ~ dorab' c ~corc ~ . cal or ar~alyt~- ca2 matcria1 . Th-.rc are al so o~hor cordorlinc cases -hero -1atcria is inclu~cd in this scotion Author t'r-an in a following soction,. Or vice ~rcrsaO Ir fc-~ cases papers a-~ ~nclu~cd in snore than one section. An exccptior~a].~:r good co~.~`pi: atI on of papers on gen~r.~:T, thoorot-'cal, and r.~any spccif~ c aspects of dice octal` c p':onor,~-na was mado av~labIc wraith the publication in one vo'ur!,C of tic pape rs ~ togs the r filth cons idorab Ic discus s ion ~ ~ tic s cr:tcd at tho symposium on d~octr~cs held at rho Univcrsity of Bristol in ApriTl 1946. Most of the Bristol papers arc rofc~rod to-in- d~ridually Cal thor in tI: ~ s or one -of thin for lowing soc i-` ons . The Bristol papers arc grouped under sour headings wit Oh goncral do scussion fo] long each group. The groups inclu~c 0 Gcnert.1 Thcoro~lcal (6 Vapors ) g Thoory of Rclax~tion Timos (5 papers ) B:~cakdov~n (1 paper by Van Xippc1 with discussion), I.~casuroment To chnology and To rnli.nolo:;y ( 9 pa;p c is Dana only on mic no- a arc r~casurcn1c~ts), Appilcacions (9; papors ), Lone; Chin Compounds (4 papers ) and Solids (3 papers ) . a;

2 Tk~eo~ics of Die]cctr~c ~ol~r~ization bird Absorption ~ number of ~T~'ga''ors havo ~,`~cn r`'otiv.~-vca b-, the ~n- adcquac~°cs of con,~r~nlt~orlal-~ct:~oc'.s of co~n~?~~,J~.n:; dl~cicc~ric .~olar:Lzatio~ part~cu~',~.rI~ b<~ca-lls~ of ;shortcor~iin,:,s of ,~ct~od.s of chin -renal faced ~n poller s~'r~sta`~:cos. Sc~7c~a: Arcs Groin thc 3~° s tol s~f)~.POS iUlll: 44!,'-~ ~ ~ Vet] EVE Uh~ s and real ~ J6C6. p~O,l`)lCl'l~ ~ Froh1~ calm d~ sc-~sscd Hi- ~ c '=;~octs of dipole ~ ret tJcract ~ on on rc3sult~t . . . polar cation and cor.~r~arod't:-c r.~thods of - cork 3~-1 on of Dob~-c- Clausius_~Tosott~, Onsag~r9 and iTirl~wood (for. lends ) '`r'T~-'' ~-~.1s own (for can sl:ror:Lg1,, aniso~ro:?~c sol Ails ~ ~ rho, s'.;^.ow~(l 'to Sac first Biro r~c~hods arc basics. on ass'.'l^;;pt~.ons :-.'hici ~ I t3.~.ir ran ;c of v~ id ~ to- anc3 that ~irk-~.?ood's ~or~.~ula, Slough accurate, ~ nvol;~cs conlpilration d~ ff-- cults cs . IN c OilC ~l~fli~ d that the cocci of d;i:?o<~o i r~tcr-~+n off on c1~ cicr-tr~c cons Cant Was app;~cc~ Abe ~, elf .~c~crlt for s olids than for Abounds .: Ad: the 1 attor c. s c, dipo]c in=~ract~°on Icons loo `1 n q-,.~ti:7c tr`~raturc ~0Of~ornt . . .. and in the for-:cr an or~crc~ st~66 pick o~r~°r.~tos ~:it2~ Bit ~cr pcrria~c~t polarization or a p.os~ti~7~-toin-~raturc coofficio-:lt for diclc~tric constant. TV_ feather concluded that joint il.~NT-.st~;a- tio.ns of. structure Lund di-~ccti~c .prop--r-~cs are (~ss~;nt:~1 loo inc~casod und~rs~t~nding of thc'n~tu;~ of d~polc int~actior1 in vet rious sounds ', Kir3~rv~ood3 roars card his l-JC1 1_l:DoT-;j~ ';.lCt~Q.d Ot cor-1puting pola.rizatiQn in polar liquids -which .~13 arts fro-1 th,= Loront-z -local field (F= ~ ~ -I..; W~ ;'` ) and uses statistical arc charL is S r.:c thod ~ into s ~- owe.. ~ Ma pro rob lo c ok ~ ~ i s on ~ c t\~7C o t1 ob - serv~d a~d COi~lputG? valuc3 for war and tic r.1orc co+;~lor~ alcohols,,: Tic pointcrl out the t iris Icon accounts fo ~ var$atlo;.~s of did- ~ c lo c.l.rip -.c on;s Stint -`i:l ~ t3~ to: ~ ra ~7 ~ no bug Nina 'J ~ ~ no cds c ons idc rat lc : c~tc?.lsion to dosGro'~?o disl?crsion p'~cno:~on~,, Baucr] wrath 7,~assi~non rc~ic~cd iris Good of col^:putl~g cr'-~st~l~no ficlds which Is coscr~bod in. Section ~ ~ ~ or Cast Scarfs i) ~ Scat and C Ci^.~p `~ ro d ~ '~ w i th the; Deb ;-~- and Ons ~ tic ~ mo tl':~ I S O Bo t t ch- -0 rc viowesd. 'lolls contribution: -to intor-~ai field thcor~T whl.ch Alas Also rovic~cd in part in last yoarts Oigost. Tales r~ctI~o] ~n- ~rolvcd the art Cc of consic~cring tic ~no'ccuic in Who t?classical cavity to bc r~on-pol~~r but of trio §~mc ~?ol,ar~zab=l ~ to as ~ -Jo . ~. Polk molcoulo uncor cons aeration. By this tccl~rlic;io ~lCl unwire; : Gns a:;c r ~ s Tic omputa ~ ~ oils f or Sac t ion ~ f fc c ts, 'ARC c onc Ludlow d t'-a t : do vic.t i ons fro.-.1 the Deb Tic -C laus ins -Mos ot t i .for~u lets foil the pros sure dopcudencc of talc molecular p Olsen zati on of gas as and the dcp c Ada no c o f mo la r ro Bra c t i or: of ag u p Otis c ic c t r~ lo! ic solutions on ct~ccntr~-tion can. be cxp~ain-~. ~ant: compared . .. . . . . . . . . crate cally Ot~sa~cr ' s abet: Dcb~c ~ ~ th~.orics and conclu,~cd tho.t talc l=ttcrts.~ be irlaccuratc but ~hc form¢rts ccrt~irI-~r Ask Tic further corlcPuded that Dcb.~ c ~ s ~ hoary caner ~ be Acre f`~- strong;`, HO sug:;cs -ted tile Dcb~yO_!~ lotus lUS _Mos otti ~cl~n~t:L on be cor,3~.i~cd to the ideal Is law ~ tacit the ac dual d~cloc-~- boor .. , - . .~ of polar subst`Q.~nocs be cons~dcrc~- as dcv~°~ ons Boom the ~deal.

3 In ~ second paper uranic prcsontod sores rnathc~i-,~a~cical Ohs roprcsc-nting polar r.:oicculos in crystals in which various rostric- tions or rf~olocular orientation in a crystal wore considorcd and the resulting tc~npora Arc dopcncIenco of die] cctric polar~zability on scrimp craturc as ccrtair~cd. Kruissink[3 ~;avc ~ critical rc~riow of thcorics of dicicctric po~arizatior~ and strcesod that a satisfactory cor.~prchonsi~c thoory is lacking. Ha who; that thc ~nodcl off KirI~ood (~* Corns Phys ice 4., 592_60:L ~1936 ~ ~ can- be modified to "produce for:;~ul~s identical Title those of Onsa~;cr (10 Am, Chcm. Socials, -36-93 ( 1936 ) ~ teas ed on a " c ontinuous Tic ic c tr lo t' c onoop t ,, Ho sl^- offs od further that the scruff cup! rascal formulas of 30~tch~r -,,ricld good agrcomcnt with cxporin~cnt and c~phasizcd hoary canard it is to talro into account tic structure of liquids as undc.~atood tod.~. Y~c concluded that the formulas of Ki.-kv~cod dca1 with polar liquids ill a tllcorctically acceptably very, but aro difficult to apply* An early paper of Bottchorts apocarod in tic abstracts in 1947. This papor dealt witn computations of reran internal field but tho results prodatc later papers along the sar.:c lines Which wore co~crcd in last Scores ]:)igost and in roforoncc (5~' 7KulT'^.rni Jat7~ar, Yathira,] 17cngar; and Sathc)O discuesod tho inad~qu.acios of the Dcbyc_Clau.si~-~`:os?tti creation and Acing thcir own ~ vows ion of it O Cons Curing thc dipole as a long, chin cyIindor, they obtained tho following; c~prcssion (~.--1) ~//d= an IT (~\E I: A<.) where the tcrri~s ilk their usu~1 ri~canin.,s O TIlis cxprcssionj d~r~Tcd c:Lass°cali=, was s'~>o'.~'n cqui~=lc-nt to tI:c Core goncr~l quantum rclaticn, (- - tt `~l = ^,;i ;~/~.--.~ i..' ~iI~:~NT3;` '-~,.iz) 1 for the case considcrod, in which tile Gigolo icy r~codlc Shaped and has only two possible settings fin thc cloctrical flold. Poldo r and Van Santonll ca lculato d tho c f~c c t ~ arc dic loo trio cor~stant for a r-~atcrial consi;~g of a mcdiu:~ in which c1lipsoidal solid particles or cr~:pty holes with various dicloctr~c constants arc packed togc~hor. Thc calculation was based on art a~?proxtrna- tion which in the case of sphor~cal particles gate results identical with Bottchorts n~c~hodg. Choir paper ~nc~idcs ~ dis- cussion on the ctfcct of the shape of the ellipsoids. In a lator paper Poldorl2 gas a short ro:Tiow covcrir~g Cuss of compIcx quantities in ~c~c~ibing dicIcctric propcrtics, ~ omc phonomcna leading to mc~hods of mcasur~ng talc dicloc-~c constant and lass factor, the dopor~oncc; of twos propcrtics or ration fiance ~ and the success of ccrtair~ novels- ire intcrprct~ng to facts. Lowin:3 has computed the pluck of dicicctric constant and por~ncabi1 its of a mixture consisting of ~ homogoncous xnatcrial in whic'n particice arc i~.~bcd~cd. Fo=.~las arc found -which. arc valid at high frogu¢r~cics, so long as tho size of the particle ~s ~ small compared to the wa~rcicngth and tic packing is not too Arcs t. Special caves trcatcd.arc iron dust corce and cxpandcd diol¢ctrics

4 ire which the t'~?articics"; are Fib bu~i~h~'cto For Lcrrc';.:a:;nc=~.c r.atorl-ls, ~i-i-al" flocks LIT arc assuricd. so Chit tI:o rcs'~l'~s rcfcr to initial pcr~lcabi] °' ~ >~ of fllc J~ixturo ~ 1~hc pc3rmca'~il~ t-, On ~`cco~.~;~t Of Ever '~c~vcr:.£~cncit~J ~ -r;ia-v;7- ~be c 3-r;:c " ~ os s; y" ( :f ~ o 3 ~ ~.~; bc c -;:r.~p ~ cx ' O Even ~v:~an ~h~ subs ta-~cos ~rc al1 no~l-.~crro'~.1a:~;1~; = ~ c, tho p cr^~;~caL il~t `'r of thc mixture r.:a~ ~cpart f' ~ o~ unit' or bc com:p~ox`' ~.c f(;rr~ula fo~ tL~o (lioicctric cons u~nt of i',~c r.:i~xtu;~o was ,,i~Ton as ~ _ c/~+ .~F _\ ~-~ ~ .~ -iF j where ~ = ratio of vol~c of par - G~ cics to thc t~ta~ l701unc cf t~c mixtul~c and (.i 2nd (~ arc tr,c dicloctric const2nts of tl1o materials in wh~c,: tI~c partic3es arc c~ispcrscd and ~rom w~.c'': -ubc p~rticGLcs arc for,.~c~, r~s~?octivcly', TI~c equat~or is c9%cvolopcd for sphcr~cal particlos whoso rad=~s is loss than ~hc w~,,~::gth. It ~r~o'ds up to F - l/2 and ~.s S~Gill useful ~r~ s ~r.:c c~scs for l.~r£or va ~ucs of f~,, ~ Thc sar~c equatio~s ap~. ,1-,: tor pc ~oab$ ~ ty. A fivc--,~car-oic4. pa~cr b-; I`rubo)4 bec~ri~c ava~1c during 1047. In thc papor ~L'C'Sl':O\r]S t'~t with p,:-r~or~cna such ~s ~bsorpt~or~ cf supc~sox~ic wavos9 dic~cctr~c l:'ss, and~; pa'>~magi~ctic dis~c~sio;~`, t'nc tino of r^lax^-ion l?~fS an i=~.Li~rt~n' l-~Ic. tn ~ L o)~'c'~isp~rs~ systcr^~,, ~n which vc.~. ous tines of rol~xat~on COCX1St.9 t6C ]lS- t~ibution f~nct ~ Qn of tli,~lC of :rclo.xat~on nuat bo k;~rJn. ll~lon thc Boltzr~ar1 cqu~tion cxprcssi~; tI~c tir.~c var~ ~tic)n 0f ~ho d~. s ~ribu~ tion f~nct~on of thc sys-or~ is ~,i~7on, t':~- t~rac' of rolax~'-ion ca.n bc obt~incd. as a s `:i~.tion of 4~Lc ~ropor_~aJuo .~oblo~' sorc in forl~tioi~ rc:;~.~din~, ~ho <~4 strtbution ol rclaxat~ on tir~cs can casily bc obta~cd. Tho resul~s ar~c ~,J1~36. to~ thc i~roblex~s of diclcotric loss and clcctrica' conduct7 on of :-Qotpls O F~lllic:~15 ,aas dcvc].oped a now thcor~ of abso~p~ion rar;,icu- larly aQ:?1 icablo to r~licrowa~rc 1>hononc:2a ~anc7. Brablc1 ;~as r.cvolr,pcd of lo~N ~rcqucnc~ rcs on~ nce O ~ -tJ~f~'rturlatc ly Q^1] y s~nor~ -.~; r ~.q~?~S Wc3~C 29~;~ ~blc ~ Frohllch showc: th~t a now tne or,-~ ab s trac ts 0 f ~ . thc Lor-ntz for~,1ula fcr tl~c sha:?c of abs o~p tion lin~s is irco-~rcct cxcopt ncar rosonancc, and a corroo ~ to~ula ,~F~aS do:~.vod ^.nd d~- cu3 s cc]. ~ : Ho ~ o] n tod out that thc nc~,l for: rl:la should bc -~scd w.~,cn consic~crin~ ultra-hi:;h froquc~cics. Brabici6 attributcd tho bo havior -o~ dicictr~c constar:t anc~ ~ oss-an~;lo at low '~cq~cncios to thc oscil:1ations of nea~ry particlos ~nd on th~s baa~°s ~ovc]~?~] his now~ theory of dioloctric ro-sonancc. ~ · ; . . Flv~ of tho Br~sto1 :?~?~-rs don1t ~-~h thoorics of' ro];axati~r~ t imo s in d ~ ~ lo c t r i c s . G ire rd ancl Ap ad ic :7 o,~.r.l~nc d clc v~ ~ t l ons b~t~v<~corl c-~pex~ir.~c-ntal ar~d theorotic~.l (Dcb~ ) d~s~c~si~n ci'r~cs f or s ~1ec ~cd ~?ure ~iqu ~!s, s o~ utions -and c ollol da1 ~.1~a . T1~e ~= c cnc 1l1de d tlla ~ the do via t ~ ons ~o 3~o nos ~ p r ob ab ~ ~; `~`u ~ t ~ suc~ thin£s as act~.~l r~olocular sha:?c as contrastod to six.~ple sp.',~cres

5 assumed in th`- thoor--, defor^~ahilit,,- of solutc x'cl;-culos by ~ soarers, an`] -unto dcpcn.dor~cc of ~ c':arac=,c~ist~'c bipolar st~cturo up on toTl:::ora~uro. Gc~l~rs c.nd du droll ~o T,loT.-vod studies ore .thc or f~.c~or Erect to'::pora=~uro coctf~cicn~ of sorts solid (.~i;~or~?~us dioloctr~csO choir i', wets b?SoCl Cal the assu=~?ticn of ~ statistic-l sco.~¢ring of the activation on~r~ics cictcr;~nin~ the p-~rossivc or rot~tior~.1 diffusion of thc idols and/Gr Is of the dice octric O Who-,; concluded 4~t in the Cal so of ar~o~?i~iolls d~cloctrics, ]:~aving r.~odoratc Volvos of dioloctric corned pi factors Band uherr.~2~] o~ nsion, the ratio between the te;~pera- turo cocff'iciont of the c~.olcctric constant arced talc power factor is appro~ir.~.~, 1~Ccpondont of tho na ~u ~ ~ of the c3.icloct~::~ic . Ti:Le procodii:~g route cannot ~bc coop lai read bar known the crick like those of tech arid V¢ragnc~r. G~.rtor~9 '~rosontod in ex,:~nation for the goner~-~-obsorvod fact thct in "£;°~'d" dioicctrics, two pc'v~or factor is essentially in~lc,:orldont of froquc~c,-.'r, Funda~lont`~.l- 1~9 a~1J oxiolanations based on ~ lir~ited c'istribution of title COll- stants must Icad tc' rosul~cs in accordanco with Dob,-,~e ~quntio-s, and a c ons bunt 71 os s angle del;~ds a dis tribu t-` on c:~tondin.£ bo ,,+~.'d theiwho~e range of const`~.nc,,-. Ho ~ssu'.~ed there thorn Q~'-iStS an exponential c'.istr~bution of tompor~r~- "thorma] walls" and that oscillations of dipoles or ionic Is take place botulin ther and the " :orr.nanent walls" associ~od wraith t Tic ~nJividua~ nolocular structure. Such a r.~echanis`~ w~ulcl Micro rive to a loss angle constant v'1th froqucnc,->r. Sach20 consid.orod the ~roblor.~ of the ~roquor~c; dcpondoncc Of the dicloctr~c constant of poller solids and pointed ant that tile Dob~,~c forr^llll~, wh.'cL1 oxpresscs the a-c diolectric constant for such solids in torr;:s of -ado value at cord. JOCKS and high frequencies, a rolaxation tin; and a f:~equ~nc-~r, dom not agree r;~.oll~->r -ah ¢~pcri~i~ental results in ttic cave of solic9.s. Thoso discrepancies right bo cxplc.~`ned Hans of a short range interaction botwoon ne~gL~borin:, dipoles,, Qu~nti- tative considoration of the one-~;~n~ens~onal problem shows I;; the Dob=,,~e formula still applies, but healer a stu-d,~,T of icons in 2 or 3 dimensions would retrial tile source of the d~scro,:ancies is left open. ~ ~ ,`~!h'tchead~i in a general analysis of dielectric measurements concluded that present diel ectric theories usual 1y load-to ap]?roxir.latel`~,T linear phenomena, giving rise to rotation and relaxation spectra ran`,in~ from story high to low froquenc;ies. As dielectric loss, absorption current, and loss angle ore ~nter- .related; equivalent results can be interred from the 5tU07 0= an, one, while a comparison of there rival- eliri:inato cordon parameters. the emplo~'rnent of time-dependent fields oilier than constant or s~nuso~l has '3articu~ar applications, especially where direc- t~° onal fields of short causation are required, and for the stud; of discontinuous nonlinear phenomena such as discharges. ?iekara22 cores ide red four effects of molecu7 ar orientation, namely=: (3~) Dielectric polarization, (2) saturation in a Strong field, (3) electric birefrin~;ence (KLerr effect), and (` ~ r.~agnetlc

6 birefringerice (C ot ~on-?.7outon o: fect, ~ 9.'1~e l.c. .` ~ ~ ~,'~.iocl was r~itrobenzer~e vihlc7a ,.-as c:~ssol~re~c7~ 13a a. no~-po'a:? s,:_~,rt. Irhe molar coxes tents for these fou ,~ effects ewe ceil cv-~ ~ Jeer 'a j orl the bas is of the cogent z Portia to. t2-.o local. fill ~ and (b ~ the Onsa:;er fic'd. The 1~3r a~x,~ed re`~;son~bl~ -~-Jo11 w' l;k a t',le orgy- bus od on three ~ -< Apes 0 ~ ~c~eculo ~ c cup ~ maria; 0 ~ ~ ~ J(~',.~.~_t 0, F~wler~Deb:7e ciue -~o t~.e cor~bincd. ac u~on c)f a ~,re=t nu:^nb~r cf surrou}:,din; 1;~on ecul es 9 (2 j ti3£ bans Ito;~= fo=~Y:~.~.~on of uns tab ~.e and non-ri:;id pairs v;'ith t.h~= nearest nei<,!.l'~o~.r~ ~lolc-~J-c, anc: (3~^ cou;-~lin~ c~ue to the r.~.tu,~x int:~7~nc-;~on o,= t;~o tr`~ns-' ;~cr.; ouas ~ _anti,.:ar~1 ~le:L ~airs fo~^:ed b-: the cru.p 1-ln~ o.= t`~,~,3<e (2 ~ . D:Lele~ ~ ~ic Cons tar~t arid ~ic' ectric :03S . US~ Q~ ~ . IJncer this 'l~-adl~n~ the i a~.rs wi~ic$~ h.ave boor. abstre.ctOc;L are ar-~an~ed ~cco.r~dinf, ~o Juho dio~octr~c un~ -ii]VOStig=~9 x~anelyo gasos, l4.qu] Q3 ~ solu=~Ons, cr~,rS ',~..S ~ titanates, r^,.=sco1.~- ~neol3s solid,s, and ~?hosL'hors. ~t~a.pors 5oc`:l~£ wi^3:~ ~'easure,;lents at r~icro-wave frefi~nc es are desc:~i'~ d ir1 scporato. sections ~ . . . . . (i~rc.ln23 r.~easlirecl the ci ° elec tr~ c cors -G^nts o~f 5~aT C.~lr, T~£~ter vc~..,por at 9340 ~me~ac~,~c7.es9 0°C~ anc ~ a=~mOQ~;D' or-o arc 0 ~ ,'09G530 +0 ~0 002 ~or ; dry~ai-' arid ~c01070 ~ O~OCO 05 fo~ of wa=~ va~ ~r as calculated ~ ~G^il ox~on aria ~ ~ . . ~ . . . J~ res s,~re, ~ T~ne va ~ ue s QL.ta ined o~~T.gen; i.~o(335r/2 ~~0~000 OC2 for wa.ter ~apor<, The d4?ole mo-~er~t the measurements ,s 1~840 ~ob.-,re . · . . . . . . . Ip a 13~-1 Japar~sso p~bl~cat~on j.~st recont' -, a~rai.1,~-ble, Suc3~.su,ci~4 do s c ribe~ t2;~e ~ rep ~ ra ~ i on and r~a t-~re o~ cl~ e~n.~-co. I. ~ ~ a.~d electrical!',,' stab~ c sunp~ur lioxafluoriCe :;as ,0 rll.le - cLielac ~c strength was found to be th~ee t_~os cilat of O.$r, Ho'~hbo~£ 5 more recent]-; testedvar~ous gases for '~1Se as clec,Jr~1 i~l'<u2ators and concl~J-ded that sulpL~ur hexaf:;iuoride ~n.'as t~e ,a.os t a~, lta ~3 1 e c A 1 though s e ~e ra ~ o the r gas e s sur~?as s tilis one in dxe 1o ~ tr ~ strerl:;~h a~ at--rospher~c pressure9 ~°ts low -bo~iing point al7~-~s much highor pressures ~o be usedO 1t is a~so o'~le;:-lcal~ s-!,able in the electric disc~a.~;~. Ij-se of SP~;po:~nitted; cor~s.~ruct~n o~ gas-tilled condensers up to a=OOO,,i~{, 4:0 :~v (~eak) at 1~3 megac t',T~ les 0 s . . . . In another recentl:T ava~ ]:able journal ~ t was lea,~rled tilat Van ItterbecI~ a:~cl Spael?en26 pucl~shed ~n 1942 data on ri~easu~.~er~er~s of the dielectr~c consJ~ant of liciu~d ~outeriurn (from 1&° - 22° t; ~ 0 The :"esliIt~s can be rep:resented' with~n ~2,~ b ',' the Glausius-~.fosotti fo~nula; The molar polar~zabil-~--, caDc~,l^:~ed b~ >-~his for-.r~ula gives 1~985:for deutet~m as compared '`rrith :L,g91 for hydroger Ithe accuracy clair.^ed ~s ,OS,%. -~^ . . . . IJs ~ n'~ ~ res or~an~,e ~nett.~od Paran jpe and ~ j -i ~ciar27 ~neasur6d the dielectric cons~tanJG of c~ilu-~e solut~cns of'p-opy1 bro-'n~de,

7 prop`~,T1 iodide, but;~1 chloride, betel bromide and but'-1 inclide in such solvents as hex:ane,he3?tar~arbon tetrachloride;and tolt?`ene The results he used ~o cat cud ate the apparent `- ~ echo c home in solution Osiris; the Debye equation and volume f;~act~ions~ Tile customary e:~trapolation tcE_ ~ for c=1culat:~ng the din one night of the ecu~valent gas failed to giver cons~s~er~t rests,, ~x~ra- polating~ho,-.ve~er' Cot _ l.7 genre values Rich were not only self consistent b~t also agreed With the exper::no~-detor~mi^ned Ache in the vapor state. Goss Is Forrest ;ave ~ better a ;rec~:ont than the re s ~ ~ Plessner and Rlcharcls28 have obtained curves of power factor vs frequency over a range of te~-pora-07~^ne~ for solutions of esters in three contrast~;.n~ ~iv~cLroca:ebon ~?o'-3~,1ers. polvisob~.tene, pol~- theme arid pol'~Ts~~ene'' All e~-h~'~^~ed maxima at radio frequencies. The breadth of the curares for pol~=so'~one and pv]~ther~e contain- in:; 2~' dioc~yl phthalate indicated a d~ str~.~ution of relaxa~;~ on tinges; ire I've case of pcl' serene, the b`~ead.th of the di$tri'~.~tion was `,ree.ter and the hey of the eat dropped snore rapidly as the tem~per.~ture~as decreased than in the case of po1~sobu~ene, aue probably tooths cr-~rs~a1line structure of po:L,,=t'~ene. At each ten~pex,~ture, the rela~xat~on Ayes were less for polytI~ene An for polyisobutene. Prom the areas under =~'e cur~,-es , ~ arrive of 205 - 2,,6 Dobbs units seas calculated for tI~e dispose moment of c3.iocty' pht'~alate. The activation energies of' dipole orientation for this ester in poly1~ob~tene and One was about 16 id Cal. and 15 K. Cal ., respectively. the power factors of the ?°1~=,~~ s t;-rene mixtures ATE corer than (loos e of the florid le p O:L-~,=~.~,~S ,, and ~3:~e activation energy calculated floors the c~ar~;e of' power factor with temperature was only about 5 K. cats The authors believed that dipole or~entari.on in -t'ac rigid po1,,styrene has a d~ f fe re nt one charism than ~ n the .~exib ~ e p 0 bane rs . Sharbau~;h, Schmelzer, Eckstrom and Kraus29 used a calori- n~etric method to determine ever<:,= absorption in an Of field for several quaternary and ternary amr.~oniur~ salts ire solvents of low dielectric constant. Tile dipole cond~ctivii:~ arch Toss factor for Cheese systems were calculated frown the e-~per~r!:enta~ C~`atac! The dielectric losses were e~;a~ni:~ed as & f~.nctior1 of frec~uenc~-; and co-ncentrati on and ~ nte~?reted accow-`ing tc the Debye theorizer. Critical frequencies, molecular radii, and dipole moments Greene e valuated wI~erev`-r feasible* Solutions of tri- °' soamyla~r=mor~m picrate in benzene and dipneny~ methane behaved as a monod~sperse system having ~ sirl:;le wel1-defined polar structure relatively independent of concentration. Corresi;onclin~ solutions of ~ ot:~- n-but~rla~nc)nillrn thioc~ar~a~e, in contrast, show a rearmed departure from the oretical bear for a monodispers e S~,Ts bees, liar i no; a broad Bistro buffs on of relaxation times and a high deduce of association stron ;~T dependent on concer~tration. Di-r~-'~u-y]dioc=~- aecyl-am~?lonium t;~:ioc-~nato sho:'ed r.:onodisporse behavior al ~ ow

con`^ontr~t orals I::3 th rlore p~ys-~ccll~ cold o2oc~r-.-ce.ll-,T dit~=nt polar bodice a:,?~`r~`i~g as -~n-- cor~c=~t:r`~.~.~or: ';~.s 4nc~-,.s`~(i. ~.o results Marc ~1~ r;~: -£rJe:.A;c-nt '-ire by poJa~izatlorl3, corld~lc=,arco, arid cryoscopic r:~s-~3~omc:~s for' u:~=so SEAS It ~S ~ ='cl=~allar;~ach30 ~rescn~c-1 Salts of invos-,= get Us of pi;;- fibs o f ~ oiar i- qu ~ cls c ores b in.: -~c ~ Coca bane to !,'~ o c o:.~= on -~c ~ - r~que of stu~>T~^-rl~ Briar liqueurs In nor-l:~?.=r SC)L1~TO;~4,SO '.~3 S~O~3~-CL that cures ~l~v7~~ ~hc cod ol octr~.c cor~stn.-£:';.,~ of be :~' X3't -A~:;l;urcs as ferric Lions of ~i,'fle tr-~?_r~ture aro nor::~a' 1~ -~'J0~ A, -~-~res so ~Jt~,<~ on only associ.a'~d GYM o~.iy -. 1i~.l6.S,~Ut ~O at 10- for r.~ix~-^rcs of associated' ~.Q'~ nOn-.~-SSOO.~Ot,e] -~-'ctu1"~;l~. 1~- t6O ~ atoner c Ask t2.~.` power factor IS cx''.:~. `it~l.l;~cr certain cir~ cur~stances.~;nro rnax=,n~O le so.,-; t'~= c7.:~;cct;~c -~v~.~r~t,:- in:Tr'lves Jar (.~7 · st~i~.r':ancc of r~r~--t~ v~7 -- Ic-~;c regions in '~hc ID ~ red tha-c c; ri~i-~iJu:rc fit ~,8~0~` U~ ~:1 -~:~-~=,S S'3~..t~d ~ ids 13 not r.~.li croscol).~ c~.lly Borg: I, Foreman find Crispy r.~cas':red to rho froq~l~nc=~- ao,sc)~:on. spectra or a n~;r.:bor of Mucous cloC-~?ol-JJ~a~c solute. ons anr~ fo1~;nct the to sill its in ~,cn`- Ale. l a, ^~ wont ,--: ~ tic t':o p rid -. A' c t $ oh- o ~ ~:C-b~,-e End li-al'~er~ha~n`, lioasu^~or,lonts ~.?c:-e ire Kilo a:~.~i>~.t;o .~-~- cluor~c~,- ionic ~ 30 to 3C)O I.G O.~Ct. of, r >,-; ~bsor;~s on is dcur3r:.~;~ec4- calo~imetr~ caller. _w he t32 s -~: ~ ~. od ~ the ~ ta to cf a:, ~;lo-.lc --all ~ ~ <~1~ of ~ ~ no l~-c i vat c.~ d particl~s,~;~rsod in o;q~.nic l~q1?~°!cts,3~-r ins GO =~ho d.~=,oc-~r:o con~,!~.nt ri~cas`..~rc~;~or~.ts of the ~o~tl)=r ~ -~:°! S <~at;3. S'-~401-] ° ~ P~ NO ~ noxl-sp lyrical parr;Lc'cs, ='~c cl-cloc ;~;7~^C constant of the c-l^.s:^r~ion is very cor:Lsidorabl7 ~l.i~ho~r than lc;^ SL3'1~1~2' Pa.~iC1OS C)CC~)',/1nG; - ~,2:e same 7-rO]~;~.~; tot; b'';e or or t-~-'c `~1CV~=JJ ~ on fry spi3~=:~4ca1 form, the hlgllor is the tic constant; teat in ~ d$~--rs~-,on at yes ~ al rlilic~ me ~i:Jar~iGif3 IS arc in t':o proc`'s~ of bu~1ain~ us, an ~ncrcas~°n~ cio3..ectric inculcates tno pro~:ssa me, for7,.~atio'~ of the p~r,,~cle strl-'cture. Data are given fall c3is p ~ is i ons of Zn, ~ l, m 102, and ca rb on b lack in l ins ~ .o d and rlins Ida l oils. A new motion of, O]octriC=41 dispors~or~ at loll fre.qil~r~£ies (103) has beer: observed in ionic orvstal.s by :Brockoil.r°~gst~ and Bye eloc~lica]: Spoors has icon st,~d~ed Us a :~nct~on .of both frca,~oncy and tomporaturo. Thc oficct was 'absor~Tod ire cr-~ta:Ls that had boon t~c~~'ucd to ~r~o~uco ~cl-~.~: l=.r`~o r~u,,?~?rs of I~.~61c~ defects c~nd it fleas b`3~,,.~ obsr~,rod in -ohs al'=- l~ 1~a~ -. dcs c.nd sir chl0-rido. The Affects Alas .~+-r°':1ltod to t'f~C JUDE) ing o ~ the p os 1 t ~ ve ~ ens ~ ~ ~7~ c <brat 1^ t tic ~ s ~ t c,` s Bard ~ If tan ; Influence of talc .~1~:l~ed f~° old ~ T'lls Jumping wars obscr~cd' as an anorl~lous dispersion producing (?. C1~1<'.~;C imp the c~ioicctr~, co;~s-~?-nt ',hlch was s,~r.~ll and r~cq~-rlil-'T ~,lt7~ n t'~l~ lids o' c~~~:?°Lr.=rLtal

9 carom of 1=on.~c~cut, <find c.-n ~ssoci~tcd v`~.-ti<~r inL:~vTcr rector WL.1C'Y) was rcadil,,~ r.~asur.-'c~c. 'this r~.xi~:n~r.~ of power factor Alas bcor~ stud-, od bolts as a function of frco.ucncy at a fixed tcr.~r~ turn ^.nd Lea a ~nct~:r~ of tol^~por?.turo at f:~od freq,~'r~c¢. i Fro'.: bloc ~..gn~ bucic or the pork arcs i ts pos3 tion on tile fr~qu.~nc-~= or tor.iJ-rature scc-'os, ~ ~ was poss~bic to calculo.tc thc r~,r of lattice defects prcs~nt in t1~o sam-~plc3 once two activ^~or~ ~nOrg",Ir for diffusion, U. of tho posl tivc ion in ~he cr,,r~al,, A kno~.~;c of ~ £~10Wod a soparo.tion of thc ~ct.~tion encrg~T fo~ cond.uction, (W/2) ,: U. into its cor,~porlonts, t'~:us (Lotormluins U/2, t'~.1C act~va- ~ion oner:`,- for holo fo~,~tion. t~att~l.' ~S, I.7crz ~.nd Schorrcr34 ropor' cd t'!lat all sa1 ts of t'l^.e type (X,Y) H2ZO~ isonor~i~ous wi-th .~2PO,~ that it has been t~ossiblc to p ropare show forro-e loc tric p rop =- rtics, whe ro Z is P or As .~.nd ~ ar~d Y are K, I,~ ~iLb, Cs, T!. Salts of th~s cor:position not isoraorphous with ~H2PO~ .~re not [~rro-~oc~ric. Crystals of t':e NX4 salt are ar~ornalous in =~.t t,-~cy are s~tcred b,r ~ rot?.~tion transto~notion at T;~` of about 147° K, the dielectric cormbant para.7lel to the a axis dro~?s from about 1~0 to about 10, and par=~1 el to tho c axi s fr-om about 25 to 2 at the same tempera- turo. As tl~o 1lH4 is replaced b~; T1, T.;~ drops '~learly lincarl,,+ tG about 92° i'or 20~ T1 passes t~lrough a -minimum at 25yo~ T1 and in- about 1055 at 3570 T1- Cr-`'stals witll .f~reatcr th2n 3.o Tlo Crystals witl1 ~roater th2n isomol~pl~ous wit'1 YGI~PO~. T`l~e :?iolonce o~ the trans. creases to about 105V at 3570 Tlo Crystals witl1 ~roater th2n T1 are not ~ ~^ for~nation decreases r~ii~i1 ncreasing 1'1 content, and cr~st~?.ls w~ over 25/ ~l do not st~attor and sho~ ne rely a rl~ax~m~ur~ in the dielectric constant, not ~ suddon drop ~ Curves ar~ given of the dielectric constants paral3~l to a and c anc~ t'i~o resor~;ance fre quencies of cr-ystc.1 plates- as a function of tem~?era~e and T! content. The resorla:,ce freauency s'~ov.,s a flat r.~axlr.lum at ~ temperature increas~g rogc~1arl. from 218': ~ for o,% mi tO 27-9O K for 35j: T1. .~e piezoelectric mod~lus d36 s'.lows an anoinal~,,r at 257 TI at room temperature; the r~odulus d~, showe onl-,,r a s li~;ht irregu~arity. The density shows a sudden incroase at the s~x~e concentration. Frora the ,measurer*~e~ts ar~ atte=~t is made to derive the forO-e &ction between TTH4 ions as a function of their dis tance apart. . ~ :;n a Japanese war-tir.'e publicat:Lon ~by Suita and hndo35 it is shown that the ~PO4 cr~-,rste.1 has a hi~;h d~electric constant which varies linearI;y v~ith the te^~perature in overy axial directi:on, Variation of the dielectric corstant w~ th frequer~cy is shQ`~'n from 50 to :10 Mc. At lo~r' temperatures ~G'~lE I~i4H~POa CrySta3 has a nox~nal a~electric character~st~c. At the transfer point an abnormal dielectric charo.cteristic is observed, i.e.,, the cr~tal is broken down to gra~ns. Variatior~ of dielectric cor~stant with temperature ~s showrl. It has been conf~ xmed that conduct-ion in this crystal ~ ~ caused ".Or~,tT the

10 bans Her of implore h~dro:;er~ ions ~ In a Preach war-~:ir.'e p~l'c]~ca~-ion, T..on35 repotted on measure dents of free ~rariat~n with ter^~-~a~re or BLIP dielectric coda arid absorption in tre mange 2,()~ - 250° i~ foe' about 25 c.~vstaQ p orders ~ T'llc behavior of T~InC4 and ALIT CI. ~M~C12 Scold be expanded qualitat:~ely by tile presence c; f sale depot es . Spor tane ous p olari za ~ ion be low ce :;:~ta ~ r1 ted ~ ra tribe s ~ had ~ o be - as sane to exp ~ awn the more CO-f,Jp ~ eX bo'~.avi-or o ~ W - PO4 ~ Midas OF ~ and 1~3Fe(CN jet F;~`l'H4~Oa=~2EI20 probably has a 2n] orate phase cleanse about 213° X, In a 1Russian maritime article SiRcrs~<llvq reported or1 tests of the relate on between elect,r~caQ concincti~rit~? acid the dielectric -loss o~ the O~de_Coolic'.ge motl-.~d at a- ~ve'e~gt~l of ^00 en., for ACT and T\i as ropreson~ative of 'tonic crests ~=e''cc~r~cs, fry. room. temperature Alp to 220°C ~ bide conduc~vit~; increased seve.~a2 'untrod times in 'this =omperatu:re ink, tne ~ oss ar^~;le was found practically constant, OoO027 ad Q~,007~5 foil KCl and!. '~.T respects vely. conseq'~entI~ he concludes chaff in homogeneous d~i- e~ectr~cs Briny a simple crystal lattice, ionic electrical c;or~duc- t=vitv is ont~rei~ urlrelated to d~lec1;ric iQS3~; tile lark, are evidently liked to incre`asod <electronic conduct~:rit', ~ It appeases Alga ~ dic le c tric Ics ~ e s a re de ~ e Divined by ~ he roe a ~ ~ v- fre e ~ le c ~ rot ~s of the crystal, whereas e-lectr ~ Cal cor~ctuct~:rxt~?r is linked; '.?~] ate n;early~bound electrons of the a'~or.~s. S~ors~i~ a Use tested ^the rode of light and ~ f;o~'nd that ~exc.itation be,' who te ii.~ght on add5- ti~rely coloredc--j~ta1s of WE twitch. he c: begin Xenon in Ate dark; 3 days) increases lasses. - In ~ .r-~,uch later paper Sit~orsk~3 rep 0 rr ~ -a on Nile ~ so, be men ~ ~ on the ~ i e le ~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ O ~ S ~ I; ro or. ~ end e ra flu He in Sac) and ~`I ort'`,Tstals tnat had been annea~ec. at ter`~perat~res as hi; as 550°'C. 5~-'rith Increase in the an~-~eal~n~ te~pera~re, the dielectric loss finest increased Kilo 100-200?), then Uses to a rninimurAn at 5~0°C. A simi:Lar effect is observed in -the Field pour; and ultimate st~engti.~ of tne c~`,rstals<, Pu-~,er proof of the close relation between stress and dielectric gloss vvas shvi~'n- by bile [act that by s Dressing a crystal its dielectric ~ oss yes ~°ncreased. · · · .. - : . ; ., Plason39 has worded out a tlleory of [erroelect~lc effect and clammed die];ectr~c eons tent (dielec Chic constant in: 'e observe o -- straini tlS~n,~, the crystal structure de~er'~inat~o-n of -loch sat made by Beevers acnd Hughes ~ and also-using =~..e d~ splLa~.eriLenlJ 'of tile h,, drogen nucleus in the 1_lO hymen bond as the ferro- electric dipole. This tl1eo~y 'nas only, one dis,~os&~le co-r~stan.t,~, the factor of proportionallvy bet~'een6th~ p;~arizatlon arid ~J~e Lorencz ~r~terna1 fat elk Tal~-~ng the ox~ge`n separate on fou-n~ by X ra is ~ the die le c t ri c c ons tent f o r e l e c t cons and a t ohs f off nd b ~ expe~r~ent, and the number or molecules per cubic cent~iete~ found

11 from the ~ ray deterr~inatior~s, the Clue of~-beco=~es 4.07 'Rich agrees well with the theoretical value 4~/3 for an isotropic substance. This theory accounts for rhe clammed aielectr~c constant at low field streng('ns wh~c'~, as shown by^~easurements presented here ~ has maximur.~ values a`c -~°C and I24°C ~ t-:e Cur} e temperatures for the free crystal. This shows th~t cone anomie LIT must lie Art the clarified dielectric cons pant alone and not in Ache interaction of the-claxnped dielectric constant and -he phenol electric effect. ~isrmode] also accounts for recent measurements of l.7'l. A. Cager Rich show that the dipole dielectra c constant is relaxed at a frequency of about 5x107 cycles ~ Ire a later paper- (letter to Editor), L.lason40 proposed a modified model Where a Vanishing ferro-electric effect is obtained near absolute zero with a rlon-vanish~n~ dipole mo:;lent. Single crystals of barium.: tit~.nate were tested by TIuir:1 Fitly fields up to 30 kv/~, and typical h'steresis loops observed below about ~ 24° ~ . Extrapol anion to zero field of the satur~a ~ ed Prague shores a polarization value of ~ single Contain of approxi- matei~ 16 ~ coulonlbs/c~n2 (cf. 5.3 for 1?o].~-crystalline specimens ),, The `?olarization falls above about l10°C, lineally above 130°~. Permanent polarization still excises at 20°~; the coercive field is greater than, and the maximum polarization is less than, at room temperature The preparation of the crystals Novas done by day;: and Rhodes4§, Partington and Planer43 reported on the effect of applying a strop:; d-c voltage to barroom titivate and redated con~p.ounds ~ -Thetis found that; below the temperature correspond:~ng to the ~a;rim~un Ire dielectric constant,the constant increased 3-6,% Sport application of high`.tenslon ~ (3300 ~7,/tc~r for 2-3 m-,nO ) . After the high voltage~was removed, the dielectric constant reverted at first rapidly, later more slowly to its original value, the total time of decay varying from 10 to 50 ul~nute.s ~ At temperatures above tile temperature of maximum dielectric constant they found that the dielectric constant 'became smaller immediately after ces sation of the high tens ion and reverted to its original value as before,, The loss factors behaved in simi lar fashion-. . . . . . . . The dielectric -c ores tank.. and loss .of Ba and Ba-Sr-. titana lee have been measured by Ftoberts44 at biasing field strengths from O to S Mv/m, at temperatures ~ froth -50° to ~ 135°C and at fre-- : quencies from O.l to 25 M.c/~.. The measurements firs tempo~ture indicated the expected agreement with the Cuz?ie-~Teiss lariat temperaturos below the Curie point.: I.leasuror~er,.ts vs field strength indicated that the electric field intensity could be expressed as a simple f~r~ct~° or of the electric displacement, con- s i ~ ~ ding 0 f ~ ~ ine a r and a cub ic ~ e I. O A ~ t eons? e ra tll re s b e ~ ow the Curie p Dint the results were more c omp licated p resumab lo b ecaus e there were spontaneously polarized domains which gave rise to hysteresis and remanence. At field strengths low enough to avoid

12 hysteresis and rer,lanont polarization, no a:.aor.'lalies in the did electric charactorlst~^cs vs fre0~uenc~g were obser..~. T.71~n polarized, ~nowover, by the r.r~o'!~ehtar~r appl~.~tion of a strong d-c ~ field' a resonance spurn Pared in t'lese corarics-, attributed to ~ pio=electfic effect -inch.. exists Quit. in bile pol;~zed sarnple~s. The piea~elec~r~ec vo]~.~;e'. doye1oped upon sa,.ueezing a polarized specimen of barium t-~2r~te has been measure] directI~=,T With ~ iT&CUin) tube electrometer.: Both the longitudinal and transverse effects Hattie beers observecl.. In a letter to the editor of the Whys Cal Pte~7ie,~.,, I`las ou45 -I dent' idled , . . . . the thi ckne s s -mode vl bra t ~ ons rep o y t ed by Rob e r~ s - wi 1~ a ve~ Fir high e]ectromeehanical couplings Mason substantiated. his obscrv&- t i ons Hi th f u rthe r measu re-~onts and c one ~d tea t the. d is.c o Ire r: of a thickness object high its elec~strictive cor~stc~nt twice that of bile radial cons tent pens one to obtain a merchant am for tile effect. This r.lec':Lantan1 ~.nvo11~os the a~sytmetric oxpans~.on and contraction Or _, -ire (on Cooling;) along;- the ferro- electr°c and oti1or two axes res.~ecti~rely, and the probable tralls- £errin:; of r.:oleo~es from the dor.~ains not lined up Edith t':e ~fiol`3 to the~=nains lined up with the field across their common boundary when the a-c field adds to the ~ d-c field. The reverse occurs ripen the fields are opposin&. `~on more ~nolecun es are in Donald linec'` up Clitic t~e field, tne crystal increases in thickness be? about twice the amount it decreases in its radial dimens~ on. ITys4G6:es 's is due to the lap; of Contain transfer behind the applied fit elite' Upon cooling; perovskites such as BaTaO3 through the transi- t.ion temperature from cubic to tetragonal folios, ~c~n~or cord Van Santen46 have reported that the diel:ectr~c constant (~) passes through ~ sharp maximum. In binary reed crystals of Ba, Or, and Pb t~t~nates, blip transition ~e~erature varied regularly with the composition. Empirical] A, for tne cubic fond down to 30° fib ove the traris ition tamp era Are, `` = ABUT -- A), who re ~ i s a c ons'~ant and O. is a temperature near: the fx?ansitlon ternpera~re. Tile - Clausius_~.Iosotti equation gave a relate on of the sales form., and gave also for large ~ , a value of -- - linear expansion co- efficient) for the temperature coefficient of ~ . ~ It was further deduced that. the cubic form has no permanent dipole moment . 4 ,, and that the temperature coefficients of the e? octronic and ionic polarizibilities were neg].igibl e. Data given showed chat -'-these polar~zabilities are normal, and sincere- O. the Leigh 'valve of ~ arose solely from the close packing; of the flighty polarizable ions . he tetragona~ torrid, stable below' the transition te-~nperatu~e, 'nad very differcn~ electrical ~properties, showing hysteresis ~ remanence - a--high ~ oss factor, and strong deperidance of ~ suitors the field, ~ the initial and final portions of tlie- sigmoid:^curvo of polarization vs :f-~eld~:a~c two sar.~.e~slope and corresponded co a linear electronic and ionic polarization. The midport~on cor- res~:ondea to the sat~u:;:~ab~ e cor~ribution of dipole orientation and , . . · . .. ~ 4;

13 e xp ~ a in e ~ ~ ~ e maxi Demur,: in ~ a s bile {i f3 i~ wit s in ~ he c; s ~ ~ ~ 1) if? 0 ]. e orientation occurrence in t'`~o Ma: '[he `dli;01~S Old turn Who another stable cryst,~1lo,,:eaphic dlrec4-ic:~ rhea; to Shoe f.`ex`3. Icon, and (2 ) aloe th.=r~ forc:ec~ into s ti it o~ oc;=r a7 ~`lment with the f eld, sat;urC~;~ing bone conti~r:;ut.~,i of ~ to she ,rJo3.ar~° z~:- tion, finis picture e'-~.ai~nec~,. alto the oL.se.~-ed Is apace remanence ~ ~rel$mi~a~y rneasurerler ts gaffe mu - ~ cot to (3 i; ~3 he's he ~ the existence of pe~naneiat dipoles ~l~.e~.~.aino`~:~. bar a co:nstc5.~;ra- tick of The perovskite la;tu:.ne.- As c;~.e c-~,~,ic form- s7~.~3nl~s an cooling, forces due to the n'~.ut,-~.2.~.y're~fo:^cin,g reac~;;~-on li.~]C's of the oxygen and. titanium ions come into plays The titanium ions were displaced from the centers of the panic cel:Ls, I ducing dipoles,..and the lattice became te~rago,~,a'. lIarwood, Popper and ~ls}lrnana=7 have found a co-exis ~er~c,e temperature range of the cubic and retra~orial forks of Ba''3O:; between 122° and 129°C COlnCi.rilIl: W''tt1 tile real of -,he dle2.ec ~ -~.c constant curve,and a specific heat c.'.:an~e of about OoO02 ) Cal, de,:;. -~'ith rapid coot ing throu<:,,h the 'crams ~ tick region, transient dielectric constant values consider'' ~:reatrbr cyan the pea'< Greece observed, "and- attri-~uted to ~ finite ~ran:sition tine be An the two phased dustman and S~rivensa8 blame studie~l the varia'G4'c~n of dielectric constant ~-~4 th porosity for ~aT.1030 A short dis- c-;lssion Was given of var~o~.s eqtlat''or.s i-n;olvi..,~ the effective dielectric constant of ~o.-pha~se s',~s~uems. S u-a-~-i;ir~g ~vit.h '~~'iene~'s general fonnula, thence si;eps. r;ere taken to obtain Me s4.r~.ple equations -~' (1 -3,'"~-~ 'V.- J inhere (,=~ e~f~e~tl~e ¢~4e~ec L.ric constant of the mi::ture, (J _.t~.~e c~i'elec~r-';c consistent of Ea'l~O and V2 _ volumetric fraction of. 'tee. pores. Me three seeps were: (1) assumption that the pores Were s:?;le.~ical', (2) the s4,r`~plie~ca- tion resulting from the fact ttat;_~Tio,.>; ~ air, thou to small total porosities (V2 ~ OO85). 'free equation agreed fairly we&1 with experimental data. In anot'ler paper :Rushrean an`d 5trlvens- described the main features of polarizai;io~i phenomena ~ n ha-~ led F$ -^~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ . postulating that the equil:I'~rlum position of the' titanium. ion in these compounds is ' displaced from tree center 'of the enclosing; octahedron of oxygen ions they Pained the main features of tile variation with temperature of the structure and of the eq,.ieleci;~?ic constant, and shoved tile existence of ferro-electric propel~t~es associated with a tetragonal structure. ___ tJ{;Ll'lUO1 cl~anare and ~.~xt-~res of Ba-~b-Sr-tita~aJ~es;~ Ginaburg5O leas investigated the properties of f.erro-electric (Seignette-electric ) crystals and of barium. titanate mainly in connection with tile thermod;ynamical consideration, of a.. phase transition from a nonpyro-electrical into a'.p.yro-eJectrical cr;ystal`, Cherry and Adler51 found that with po'lycr:;rstall~ne bz.ri~'l~n titanate there was, under certain conditions, a residual electro mechanical effect after removal of the field. An the most

14 favorable case th. s coup.. be as high as 85~o of the effect walers the field eras applied ~ FLes~talts wli;h. do L It fie3..cl s trergr7~s and Llr.~es of a;opILcatior. were cb~sir~edc7 :3orl1e,~r52 intJestl~ated the depenc1~3~ce of the ci5.electric properties of varl ou-s titanates upon field strengths ~"esul'Js Were g~ -~en for the roll off long titillate com~os~ti':ns o Icy, '' 80~, 95),;~7 BaT~03;-31,~, 2049 10$ Patio:;,, over the te'~,jere.t-~e range of ~40 ~ o '[ 80°G and the freauerlc ~ range of d-c to ~ ~c,/s ~ Tile hit gh dielectric oonstar~t ceramics, analogous to [erro~=gr~et~..c mater--ta:ts showed satu.~'a ti or e ffec ts of d is 1.ec t:cic ~ f fun clews l. ty we i;;h :~.e 3 d strength~as v~ell as a critical or Curse temperature above wll~5c': the goner of dielectric constant w~h field st:cengt.ii A.;. appeared The ,;,rono~nced -near ch~ax'act~er:~stics ox' tnese polycr,,.sta~]ine materials Hughes ted their nossio'e use as non- l~ne~ar circuit e'e~nen=s, Res,~ts were given on the use of triage t~ tanate capacitors as the non-li.r~ea:e element in a f~ea~uenc~ multipliers fre.~,uenc-~q chan~;er, arid frequency mo~Ju~ator. . Ricamo53 sur~re';red previous expe:L':rnentel work or the e~ec~-- str~ct_ve and piezodie~ect~ic effects,, and eared the repro city relation between theme 7~eas~reinerits were reported on i;he piezodie.lectric effect in gloats O A c=lind~cal glass tube capacitor wraith silvered inner and outer surface elec-~'odes was stressed normally to the lines of electric force under various loads, and the -variation of its capacity eras measured O :Por the glass sample e~an~ine~9 (lie p~e/zodielectric coe~cientt'l''; ? Sari was found - to-be _2.3xi0-~2 m hellion in accordance Fish p~eviolist results of loner and Mien (Anne d<, ,~h;y3:~:, I,-5. 1217-l:-GO (Dec., 1902) and Ann. 0,, Ph''rsi!~, II,~ 3* -635 (June 4319(43) is The author concluded the result avouched define te evidence that the effect consists certainty in a d2minu=~or1 of the die=~c;tric. constant when-.~;lass is Stressed in a d;irectiar1 perpencticu7-ar !~0, the lines of electric force. ~ i . . . . . ITarayar,,a54 deacribed a modified.` method or measuring the dielectric .constar~t of solids and used it for Measurements on colorless quartz, smoky quartz and amethysts Different sc;=c.=mers of colorless quartz showed slightly different Tallest Smolry quartz had tne same Prague as colorless quartz arid its value is . .. . . . . . unaltered.by decolorizat'~nO A~eth;~st had liner values than colorless specimensO .} . . .. Surfing the study of the dielectric constant of solid Uranium te~rachloride of doubtful purity by Van gazer and Xalpern55, it was found that some samples showed frequency dispersion while others did not', The high-frequency value of the dielectric Co~i- stant of those samples exhibiting dispersion was equal to the dielectric eons Carat of the other samples O Since, from fir ray . . .

15 measurexner:ts, this Sal ~ floes not appear to contain disposes and there was~no good indication of the exister~ce of ~)d7O SOILS. phases uncle r the s e c ondi ~ ions , a ~ t,~ was Inane of c'~e tne~;~r.al variat5.on of the d.'e~ec~ric eons tantO Contrary to expectations, bile dielectric coils ten' increased rich rising temperatures Ai~.tein~;s Abe effect of or other molar of the tne~:~a1 were made to explain. these phenomena as Abe effect of (~) Amp purities in the solidL, (2) adsorbed 1701 or oilier ;co~ar ~,=ses, anct (3) ass~mln ; tint !1;L£~ urarll~m tetrachio:e,.de ~no.' ecu'~.e is ~>,~la-9 an equilibrium between two solid st=~ctu=es is.. ore of w'::ich there is nod dipole rotat:ion`, r]:ih~ first t~o ex? ~ anal ! offs CLo not agree in magnitude ~.T.it;h ch-;mica~ analysis, and t}:ie third `~3 not ire accord with X my st+~.~e studies`' JAG was therefore con.~ded that; the observed d.~spers;~on ~ ~ SGO at ~00 cis ~ ~ 4.,5 at 100 kc/s for experiments on ~ sample at l10°O3 and. the te~npe:>ature va~ia- tion ~ ·s. 7~2 at 164°C, 4c5 at ~10°C,, and 4~0 alto 25°C at 100 7rc/s) cannot readily he. explained b~ existing Theories of the behavior of solid ~$~.~O twice ~ From mea~..~^emer~f~s o-~> ITCH ccir.s-~=nt an] loss at lo27 cm on various a.lk,\,.~` he'.. ~ Sm~.h~ Sue shad-, the -~'v'<31~;~gth at which maxi plan or, ,~ oo c: Sync reas ens u~nitor-m:ly s;,i Ah fir c reas ing ength of the mo~~3ou~s g but the rate of irorear!e becomes less in the Ir~n`~; molecules ~ p:r~isu~riabl~r because of 1~.olecu'ar orler~ta- tion. tacks on arid .Fors g~h57 found that ge se<~.ue impel ties in e hydrae pro: no ~ ~ :;~.~ica.nt, charge, :~n t.h~ p.~.rrOl? factor of the polymer when the ird.~ur4~- was ni~roger~9 For 3li,~6ej, pro]?~]erle, butene , is abut end , cr 'a vctro<,en. ~ Howe ve r ~ s ' , Ah ~ Refunds of carbon mor~oxid;e paused an appreciable pourer fartor polymer, the effect being; directly proportional to percentage of carbon monoxide in the monomer; Out/ ~ polythene to have a power factor of O'.32,, The auditors postulate into r? olyme ri Eat ion to form _Cli2 _CH2_C O_CF2 -Cat In, ~.c reas e in the the we i~;ht canon. the Lamb58 obtained experimental curves of dielectric constant and power factor for ice (a) at 10~0 c,/s oared the. temperature range O to ~Q0C arid: (b)- at ~° over the frequency range S:{]o3 to ~ .25x106 cats .~ It is, ~ _ - - respect: if im~ossib~ e [Q reconceive the two remits ~n one curare (b ~ is extrapolated to the higher frequency of 10~0 c/s, the value of power factor so obtained is l/27th the value actually measured there as given in cuff (a). The possi- bility of a Records absorption maximum above 1030 c/s or of im- purities in the ice is suggested as tile cause of the discrepancy. . . . . .. . Oakes and. Richards59 studied the power factor and dielectric eons tarts of chiorirlated ~?o~lythene, showing that the average dipole orien' ation relaxation time and the relaxation time dis- tribution increased With the chlorine content, at room temperature. The average dipole moment per C_C:1 71 ink was calculated and found

16 lower than t'~e glues for eth,, 1 -$hlQ~ An and '~his \1JOS tneugl~t to be due -so dipole interaction in such. possible Crock nag as OCCUR or _C.;ICl~CT.~. Tests were care out o:r So'~o~v a;~. Baksin60 on asses JGos-fi7 led Phenol aye pJ as tics -o de te:^ril:L:.le the effect on the electr~ca:1 arid r~lecha-~.~cal 1>~ope,r'~4 os ~ of s !,c~`i.~.~= (up to 60 days), of tile inclusion of various add~:~ons, a.rld of dry methods of manufacture. Improve'^~erlts in. bres;'~do-vv-.~ stre~;~gt;n are observed with the addition of small quant;it~es of one a~d T employing a dry method of ~nanufa~ure. The molding ~;ooper'v~-es are irnpro~red by the addition of debuts ph-~.a3.ato. i-'a.zen6) has published tiara for a buyer of topical pre- formed themnosett-~ng molding plastics i'or bile temper,~re range 24° to 200°C al; 30 Mc/s, to ,ether w4tll a description of t':e. met c>61 of measu-re~nent. The existence of a ~na:`i.rn~m in brie 5~elect.~75.c loss factor ~ ternperai;u.re curve explains the success of rat dielectric preheat:~ng methods in the cogency al :.lolding of the ther~nosett~.n:; plastics, in contrast to the difficulties of ten encountered With many thermoplastics. A study was made by McIntosh, Johnson, lIoi].ies z.rid 1`Ic~Leod62 of the d~e~ect-~c cons tan-es of ethyl chloride ~ n-butar~e, and ethylene oxide when adsorbed on silica gel . If the solid (silica gel), adsorbed, and vapor pleases are indicated by tile subscripts 1,293 respectively, and if ~ and ~ are tile c~lectric constant arid volumetric fraction of each phase, tilers the equation Also (m flu l~ f2 ~ 2 ~ f3 ~ 3 w$ thy m being the effective diet acts c: constant tof the mixture. An increment of adso~bate causes a change inter, ~ /~`tt, ~ ^~£z) ~ a t`3 `-: ~ as~sun~in , it, 6' Females unchanged. Since (3 is known, ~;-2 can be calculated: The died ectric cons Cants of adsorbed butane a-nr3. ethyl chloride Allow t! e same very small te'aperature coefficients Ac~so?~bed ethyl c.~?~=c3.e thus behaves as a non-polar compouncc, cw:Lng possible: to a.restl~-cted mobility, or to a temperature-dependent rnc']:.ecuxer associa7./~. ~.~.e calculated dielectric constant of adsorbed eth;~r! chloride is s ignificantly lower than that caucus ated for the bulls l~.q~ ~ O . . . . . . Schick63 has discussed the short-temn stabilit`~,T of dielec- tr~cs in general, and described measurements of capacitance var~a- tions of mica plates with temperature and air pressure., Results showed that the short-term stakili:~y of Mica depends largely on the plates being free of gas inclv.sions', The capac=4 ance change of flawless mica over a tem:?brature ran:;e 25° to 95°C was sub- s Partially linear and cyclic, arid a single teri:perat~.re coefficient figure defines the dielectric behavior aacquatelyO The r~easu:eed coefficient figures showed an even spread from 6x10-6 to lUxlO-6o il`Iica p la tos -lie I th gas inc lies ions p Produced irregular ( and mos t l ,~ ver;: large ~ c'nanges of ca~?acitar~ce Irl~ th temperature, and -par~t~cu- lar? y with air pressure ~

17 The cor.ducc~vi.~y and dielectric constant of three I:nd*an soils were measured by I-~as~gir64 frown 2 JO ~ ~Ic,/s9 are: vita loose and tight pacing of Jose soil. T'-fith accuse pecking of tne soil, the e2-ectr~tcal cond~ct~xrit~g increased ,7vith freg;aer^ey, ten`~°.rg in some cases to a saturation va1.u e`, `~t i~;h pac'~ir~g {a=9^5O(' pus*) the conduci~ivitydec~eased steadl-lyw]th f~eq,~enc',. It can be said that the former illustrates the effect of d].pola~ molecules and the la t t e r re s u l b is All. e t o th. e p rep once ranc e o f s l<: in e f fe c t at such high packing when he Arc concluctiv4~ty is conslde:~able. Ire both cases the effective diet ectric co~:~s4~ant `~?a;~gin~, from 5 "to 40 ~ decreased with. i.ncreas in.g frec~uency. . . . . According tot,~Iormwell and E~r~asher65 '~he Hesitance a. capacitance of pa_nt filing on ~-nol;a~l imr.er.sed~ in Sea water `'emai~-ed constant for a period -30 da;:rs ~ and then the resistance fell arid the capacitance rose simultar~eously w4tn the onset or Serge The changes -were rap '-a ~ . . . . . . . . . : I:;litsirl66 reported that selenium f3L'ns 0~3~nn1 thick have an electr1.caI conductance of (x].0~12 old cm~1 and tile d5.eJect~'i.c . .. . . cons Cant is inde:Jender:`t or frequency, having a Value of 6~03 to 6~-56 at 14°~. .. . . . . . ;- ,,~Thile investigating the dielectric ~ oases anti fluorescence of a manganese-acti,~ated zinc s41ica~e, Szigett! and Nag;y67 f~ti-~1d a connection between bile tempers,ture dependence of the two prorer- ties, Their results snov'ed tnat up -to about 400°i: both the electrical conductivity and the tote]. number of light lua:~a emitted had fairly constant values. lip on increasing the te~pet~a- sure, however, the fluorescence snowed a subteen decrease grille the conductivity showered art equally spd.den increases The con- ~tlct~'rity Was obtained by measuring tne dielectric losses at 20 t~iTc/s Without ultraviolet irradiation. Emanations were given whi.c` app roxima te the exp er'menta ~ beha Prior . Changes of dielectric constant durl.r~; irradiaticn were observed by deGroot68 wee meas-~ng the charge o* r~esonar~t frea,uenc;y of a circuit cor,:tainin.~; a capacitor with a phosphor as dielectric, The light emitted by the phosphor eras measured .2~°~°- electrical;~;Sr. Some uncalibrated graphs were given of the r~s~s which in the case of ZnS.Cu were taken to indicate that the cleanse of dielectric constant was Dropouts onal to the n'~nber of free electrons ~ ~ other cases this did not appear to be so. Garlick and Gibson69 have found. that some ]~inesc~nt solids such as ZnS with a specific impurity, exhibit considerable in- creases in their dielectric constant and loss Pollen excited in the presence of a small electric field by ultraviolet light or other suitable radiation, The effect was confined to those phosphors which showed photoconducti~rity associated with bile luminescence

18 ~ p ro c e s s c Age d ~ e le c t r i c c ores tan t r~i2.§ i-~.`c rip ~ .s e 1: y as m-~;c,~ as 7 At of the normal ~al-ue (aocut 3' for quite ~^od~i~iate ^.rtens~ti-=s of'. e~'cita,,iGn. Idle loss, ex~resised as eq`~-.va~r~t arc conc:~c~ar~ce, man change from less -than lt)~ to ECHO oT-~n~~- curing e~c~ta~ a. ~i-~^peri~ner^~al inves c~ gai; ~ ons anc~ ti~e or'3 c~ ca :l c ons :i d.-era ~ . on.s ,si~ owe`'` ;~riat the die~ ectr~ c c~;- a:~ges occurre~ ,.r.~[lOn e;Lectron tra~>s v~.:~e filled by electroils a The ~elat°~vely 3~1 b~idin.~ erler,~;~T of t;2~ e trap-:ed elec'~ron ~o its trap (from 0',1 to o~r! e~r ir~. m.~t Z.nS phos~h?rs ~ permitted ~arge (lisplacemen~s of -~;ke e-`ect;~n from. its ~nean pos~tion when an exi;erna~ ficid was ap?~.ed. This e~e r~se to t`~e i.ncrease ~n die5.ectr.~c co~.s~axlt. Inc~ease o~ 'oss was associated ~;ith the existe-~ce of a rin~te re-'axat~on t~i~.'e o~t' the f~lied elec ~ron fx'aps O ]:t was founct f:~or.~ e,.~ri:~e:~t that eJectrons rnovirlg ~n the continctton ene-!~gy :leve:Ls of t'i~e crys4=a macte a com~?arati'~e~y ne`~;li:;ible c&r~-ibut~or. to 4-~.-e d eles~.~.c' effects, ~i~hich were fol1rld to ir~c~ease ::api~.l~ w4.-~k temperac;~ 7e,, ~ol;Io~r~in~ an ex:?onen~ial va~iat:~onO ri:r~ey are al~o deE,ender:t on ~he applied fie~d fr,sq~<enc~T over the pe: -, od range co^~parable in order to ti~e rele.xat~on t~me of~ fi.~ed elect,ron -=ra ?s ~ ~ Phe relaxation time dLd not va7~y rapi~ly with the ter.lpera'~-e. T'Lle dielectri~ changes shov;ed small variation ,.-~?ith t'~e wa~ele?~-h o~ the e-^citin`~ li:;~;it betweex1 0~35 and 0,'41 ~,due ~o a -~apid r~se in the absorptior1 coefficient of the phos~i~o~s,, The' 7.-Grlg wave- len ;th lim=t for prod~ction of tI`e d'~e3.ectr°.-c ch?.~;es co-.~'espoi~.e~ ~o ~he waveJen~th lirn~t for pho-,ocon.~uctiv~y and for the =:ll~i.:g of electron traps 5 and ~uas dependent upon the ~or~stitution a.nd structure of t,ae pa:~ ~ cular spec~men. ILosman and Soz~na70 c'airned to tisve~ estaclisTiled bevord douot the ex~istence -of a h~;~;h -;,rolta~;e pole~ll~at ion ernf, .P9 on calcito crysta's heated to 400° to 450°C and polarized ~vii;~` d-c voltages,, U, up to (300. They used a ballistic ~iethod an~. at first conipensated : for the ~nterfering 3 ow voltage counte;r" e~f oT' about 0~65~r. The ball~c deviat~on, b, increased ~vith T~. and: s howe ~ ~ s ome~ t endenc ~ t o s ~ tu ra ~ '' on ~ A ~ amp ie ~ ~ ~ ong 9 ~ as ~ ~ T:le ettective dielectric constant, there~ore, was appro:~lrilate]~- 30f)0e A more perfect`3d setup, invol~ring insertion in~o the discharge: circuit of courlter-'ontage, Ut, opposed to P; and switchix~g ove~ tG the balk s t:~c galvanometer by n~eans c>- an electron-tube c-~ rca allov'~ng passage of current only in the c~se p~ 7~t, b1lm~nated the Jo~v ,~oltage emf altogether and perm~t~e-d deten~natior1 of PQ The de~riation, b j ~vas proportional to P_U ~ i' the capacitance of the sample was constar~; actuall~r the r~eia-7on prcire] to be non-linear ir~ ~r~any cases and the determir~ation of ~ by extrapo l~tior~ or~b a~;a~ns~ {J' ~o4~ts point of inte~ection with the Ut axis. r~quires plot-,j~-ng o~ the comp-~ e~e curve. By this ri~ethod calcite at 4~0OG ga;~e va~es of P close to t~lose of the ap,cl:ted U; at -~=800xr b ~ 3~5xI0- couic~nb, and hence (-- 20'GOo Shale (2mm x 2 cm2 ~ at 500°C :;ave p ~ ots of b against U:' icons 1s t~ ng; area ~5 ctn ~at 400~G, -d - 80;~v, ga~7e b - 4-xl0-7 cou'' omb ~, ~

19 of two intersecting straight lines, whence ~ = 5()CQ; from the value of P ,: - 12 ,GOO* A beryl sample `8.~1 ¢~ 3 CU1~ ) gave a noticeable b from 350° lip; at 570°, ~ ~ IO00 (front O) arid 3000 (from P). Other solid ala (br~ic~", g:z,~.nite, mica) showed abnormally high ~ valves of the same o:~.er. Glass gave ail of the order of 104, strong] ~ variable with the ammo of electricity passed. Ei~gh-~roltage polarizat;-.on was thus proved -so persist at high ten~pere.tures. Abnormally high ~ see.:ned to be the rule with all dieJectr~cs heated to a tempe::~ture high er~oi;~h to give rise to electronic coercion without ne-~urbatdon of 'he lattice ~ War S ~J^~.c tore ~ ._. a_ Lessons] '':as made a comp .' Cation of -~e electric ciipo2e moments of about 2,000 compounds as reported il1 the literatures ; Coate.~72 obtained values of 1.92 D and 1~91 D for the elec Eric moments of 2_ and 3~chloropheny~ acetylene, respects bed y. The dipole moments were measured in benzene at 25°0 and ~nc7.ica te freedom of" rotation. . iLIala1;esta and P'zzotti73 reported Fin 194;33 on-`meas~nts of the dipole moments of a number of organo-~in coonhounds ~ AS Endear . postulate on the probability of certain types o=~ Rome rise.:; causing the polarities olaser~rec~0 : ; `; -: :: ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ i , . ~ LeFetrre and Russet 274 determined the dipole momenta of ammonia, metnylamine, di~el¢~ylar.~ine, and trimeth~ylamine as gases, as ~ olutes in benzene, arid as pure l' qu ~ ds ~ rf?`e results ~ in Debye units are as fol3:o~n~s for brie }pure ~ squid, disco] ved, arid gaseous states, respective~ y. ~r ~ NH3 _ 0~93, 1.40, 1.45; I,Iel]H2 - l.08 j ~ .46 j 23; Me2= ~ 1.13, ~.17; 1.02; Me3N _ 0~72, 0,8S, O.64. . . .. . .. . ~ none of these compounds did atomic po~ariza,,ion flake ar, unusual contribution to the total polari.zation, lie.rious theories req:~.red that the moment of the gas should be greater than that of the liquid or of the solution, since they considered only the refilm or s olvent and implied that its effect was proportionately the same for all polar solutes,, Di- and trimethyla~nine illustrated the necessity of including factors for the solute as well. . ~ . . . . . Rogers75 has measured the dipole moments of certain primary, secondary Land tertiary aliphat$c fluorides, cyanides and amines in benzene a olution,, Tile fluorides and cornices showed small

20 increase in anon with increased chain branching, While the amines showed a decrease,, ~ another paper, Roger reported on measu remeets o f the e xec ~ ric moments o f ~ en urns aturate ~ halides, aldehydes and ethers in benzene solution at 25°C, It was fours that an - -methyl group introduced biro acrole~n or crotonaldehyde increased the electric moment by the amount ca3- culated by affirm; ttie propylene moper vectorially to the res- pective aideh~e. On the other hands a~meth~r'. group introduced into acrole:~n or ~methacrolein gave an ~-ea.se in moment about double that precl~c~ed~ Good agreement between o".oser~red arid calculated raomen-Gs of the aldehydes could be oktai~r~d only if it was assumed that; '=he carbon71 group was restricted f~a~ri~ closely to a position cis to the substituent on the - Carbon atom, ice., the two doubt e bonds were bans O Introducing an ot-~methyl group into vinyl chloride or bromide increased the moment bar the pre- dicted amount, bitt a,~methy1 group produced only about one-half the- expected decrease in moment. Also, two chlorine atoms on the same carbon atom, as in ~riny'idene chloride or I,1~dichloro- reopener], failed to decrease the moment by the expected amount. The results were interpreted in terms of resonance and h~per- ¢on~ugation. ten ~ third investigation, Rogers77 obtained dipole momenta arid. ~:Itra:~oJet absorption spectra data for methyl vinyl Iretone, 3~4~epoxy~-bv~tene, 2-methylcyolo~ropyl cyanide, c~rclo- propyl methyl ketones propylene oxide, pheny=eyoJopropane, and acrylonitrile. Further study of.3-membered rings ad jacket to a Multiple band .si~owed that the - spectra and d5,po-le moments face qualitativ~el;~~those Enrich would be.expected if:: small ring meres con jug;a.ted with the double bond. Li and ChU78 used non-polar solvents of unmown molecular weight (such as gasoline, kerosene, petroleum ether) for the determination of dipole moment,. They obtained data to indicate that the dielectric constant and density of dilute solutions of polar solutes in non-polar sol vents are linear functions of the weight fractions of the solute; ices, ~ . _ r ~ . ~ ~ ~. . and (, a a `<^z ~3 . . . ~ I- at, (/f^i':~c ) . . . . ~ . .. ; . where ~ 2 is the dielectric constant of the solution,(1 and d1 are thy Dielectric ~ ~ tent and dens tty of the pure s.olvent, respective ly; a - d . fib, are ;.~thq. ,.o oe~:f.fic tents of dielec trio cons tent and densityj r.especti~rely, and way; the weight . fraction -.Qf the ~ solute. This allowed application of the expression of LeFevre, and the values obtained in this manner for acetonitrile agreed closely with results obtained in non-polar solvents of mourn

21 molecular weight ~ I.`laryott and Rcree79 reported dipoIe-~r~oment determinations of some benzein into cators and red at&d cor`,po-~r:~s ~ The dipole n,~ment;s found were: 4-hydrox~'oenzopherior~e - 3~96; a=,4_d.~ydrox`~benzopher~one - 4 .49 , 4-hydroxy-2 -me thyl- 5- is op Top J 1ben cop hen ore ~ 3 *59 ; chsone - 5083; benzaurin ~ 6~85; albumin - 7~96; o-cr`?~olberl~e;~. ~ 6~70 th'~molbenze~ - 6~67; ar~do(-napht.,ao~ber~zein - 60O7, using dioxane as the SG1 yen' ~ '~e last six compounds contain the qut; oidal structure and have ~nu.suall y large inon~ent~s ~ The values are nearly double the value predicted from tile co~n~on.ent growls Ir.oment;s. Resonance between the normal or conversion st:~-ct;l~re an'] highly (l -polar structures stridently played art important part ir1 dete:~- minir~g the actual state of Cheese molecules ~ Probable retardant structures fort benzaur~n were described. Hardung80 reported that in cerI:~n chemical reactions wi'ch dinitrotoluene, the yields in those react~on.s here thee rnet;hyl group was attached, depended upon the cos-~Jon of both n-tro groups on the ?oer~zene ring ~ This charac-cer~ s tic be'ria~ior ~e.~encied on the charge days trib~tic>n in the no ecu. e `, Cal culat~ons us ink quantum mechanics Cave shaven that the in~:inence of one substit~ent upon the charge distribution of a ber~zer~e ring consisted in a charge rearrangement to the ortho and pares pos-~tio~,s. :En the case of a nitro ;ro~'ps the charge was increasec;~. in ~ posse ens e in the p os i t ions ortho and p a ra t o ~ :e s~ fib s ~ i tr erect, to e He - fo;~e decreasing the possibil~ 5;~ of subset cutworm reaction at these points ~ or it ~ s~bstituent, for en e a ~meth>J1 up, eras a] ready there, its bond was weakened and its Licorice for reaction vies increased. If this hypothesis. is correct, the corres~?or~ding charge distribution should ria'!re itself noticeable in the divot 3 moments of bile six possible dinitroto;uenes. Cole author's report Arc bused a table showing a clear relation between the measured dipole moment and the observed yields ~ . . Shidlo~rskaya:and 5,~rkin81 have found the dipole raor.`ents of (Cry; )3-Pt-X (X ~ C1, Bra I) to be in the nei~,hborl~ood or 1 Del:ye unit and the platinum~a~oger~ bond to be esser~tial4.y co'''alent. 'Their experiments showed that thence is no significant ~?olar~ty when forte major part of the moment its localized in the p~.ti~~r- halogen bond. Gur'Yanova32 has measured the dipole moments and the molar polarizati on and refraction for sodium light of some organo-SO2C1 compounds ~ His measurements were used for iiscussi.n.- the im- portance of resonance si;ructures, the poc3it]0n of --he -troll group in the benz;er~e And naphthalane rings, the restricted rota- tion of _SO2Cl groups ~ etc.

22 ~ 1~ e Raritan s p e c t ra, ci ip 0 ~ e Woven ~ ~ and d i ~ l e c ~ . i c c on s t an t s for several Giha l Gethanes (c age C]L_C:EI2~6H2~(~'' , ,1~GE2_ClI2_~) v ere measured by SanO'chiro, I.~-oriro an, \~!~;~.nabe8~O Prom -the exerts mental results ~ vitas concluded - that bile molecules of these c omp ounds take ~ =~ onIv the t`~ans ~omn in i;~= so~id stat=', The. co.~,~`ster~ce of the tne trar~s a~ld ~;auche fos`ns ~ r1 the ~.~xq~lid s ta=.e ~L]^ ~orrn in th" solid stat=., The. co.~,~` stence of the bans and 3auc he molecu3es in .the gasco~.s state was cor~f:i~nc~d, and the. equ~°ii5~ium'raJ~io o.= the -~wo s.pecl,.es in l-~ie- g?.SeOUS sta~e was found to be different ~rom ti~.t in. the 3. ia ~id sta~e.. .It was in. the ~ ia ~ id fGZInd that the ;auche molecules are :~ore abundar~ tnan tile t:~ans tin the liq.lid state, the opposite being; tr~e. in the =,as~o'~s.sta=~. By means or Ons;~gerte .'ormula on th.e c;!-ipole ~r~o~n=~t in the [-'quid state) the equilibr~m ratic: ob;~air.ed was chec'-~ed. theo~`eticE;~. .. t . . ~ ~ ~ ., ~ . . . . . . . - Suttont5~ ga~re a '~hort ~ generaI survey of the .--ways in wh~cl dielectric ~easu:~e~nts c~olLtri'~ute to a kno~uiedge of che}~.icel structurese Sm~h~0 aisc'~.ssed in. qua1~.ve te~s so~e of the structural factors in sclids, -ir~h ch affect molecu~ar orientation and hence the d~e le c tric p ~op ert ~ es O Ric.lards86 gave a brief revievv of it'le use of d~.elect~.c~ properties in the study of pol;smler st~c~re. T~ the cave of; flexible polymers some success has. been ac~.:i.eved in .the ident cation of the activation processes and of relaxatior~ times of dip o~ e orientation and of high elas G~ c de <ormat~.on, but in the case of rigid poly~ners, -he position is more comple~ Pol~neric . die lec tries show broad re3 axe-l on t~me di stritutic~ns ~ th~.s ~ s an inherent . . . chemical or p'aysical in~omo~;er~e~t~y as in a copol.ymer or ir..a semi- crystalline po.~,mer`, The dis,Grib~ic~on in. a flexible poly~r,er b roadens as . th. e ~ ond i t i ons ~ t emp e ra ture ~ ~ ia s ~ ~ c i ze r ~ ont en t, e to are changed.to~-`ards..the point.at wh~ch flexibi~it.y ~s lost in a. transition of the second order. . Tiae.die.]ectric proper1;ies of an inhomogeneous dielec~ric`. such as .a. f~lled poly~ner, ~,, be .. anaQ yzed in te~s of the \~'agner-Maxv~ell ea~uat ' ons ; here d~e lec 'vr~c measuremerlts gi~re an indication of any interaction bet~een:}?o3yrr.er and fillLer. :: . . . . . - ; .. property .of p'1ys ice 1 p o.l ~mer ~ ,, their st~cture, but .rnay be accentuated ~,, inh omo~er~e ~ t ~r as in a · f ' ' . or7'- . ' Bla.~=er, Math~as, Merz and Scherrer°.' .prepared ;singne . .. crysta:~ of barium titanat.e and demonstra.ted ~heir =~erroe~ec~.~e properties by means of teIrperature curves of dielectr~. constants and the resonance frequenc¢, and by hysteresis phenomenaO In arlother paper ~ the first three. of the preceding anthors descr~bed the preparatior~ of single crystals of barium-~4tanium compounds. . . Megaw89 exami ned in s ome de..ta. 1 the crys ta1 s true ture of double oxides.. of the ~?ero~kite type,, particularly bartum titar~ium oxide.., She demonstrated that co~.counds of the perov- skite type ha~ring th~e empirical formula A2+B4~0~ show distorted variants of the ideal pero~rsk~te structure ~vhen the large.r cation

23 A2+ is too large or appreciably too-s;nal1 for the geometrical requirements of the structure the scale being de'cerm~rled bar the BOO distances Iv~,en A2] is too small,, a monosl~:ic dls- tortion of the original cubic lattice occurs (but with an equality of cell edges which imp3 ies knelt ~ ~ is strictly ortho- rhomb~. This change of colt shape Ids accc)mpan~ed by a doubling of the cell edge. This is found in CaT403`, CaSnO3,, CaErO~9 and CaTiO3. She further considered BaTiO3 as the unique example .~.~-h too large~an Ant ion. T,nis results in abnormally large Ti-O distances, with tetra~or~al deto~ation9 but no doubling of bite cell edge, and, unlike CaTiO3, this cannot be accounted. for on purely . steric grounds ~ It was attributed to a set of direci;ed bonds of the Ti atom which were r~ost~3ated to occur superimposed on the mainly ionic forces of the structure. Above tL~e ,~-point transition at about 120°C, BaTiO~; becomes calico The transition is accomplished with no discontinuous change of spacing, though with a peak or discontinuity in the 14-near t;herma~ expansion coefficients, it takes place over a range of ,se~3rl degrees. Below room temperature there was a decrease in the axial ratio which suggested a reversion to the cubic structure at some temperature below ~83°C ~ ~ ome observations were included on ~ nning of individual crysta]lites cluring the transit'or~, and on crystal recover y near the transition ten'?eratu.re., In another paper Began described addl Lions results on the changes ; in the crystal structure of barium taniu-~P oxide wi th tempera he . '~ ... . . . . .. . . Levied has shown the activation energy and entropy terms associated with dielectric relax~ation and water vapor dif- ~sion in solids so '~e cage of interpre7-atior~ in terms of t~e molecular processes invol~red. Positive entropy changes are a`G(ributed to the occurrence of lath ce disordering (hole forrna- tion); negative changes are due to the requirement of a. particular" vibrational orientatior~ by the molecule involved. In either process. The suggested interp~ox: also accounts both for the observed magnitudes of tne ac ~ vation energy, and for the linear relation between changes in activation energy and er~tropy,. An apparatus for observation of the Kerr electro-opt~c effect in liquids and polymers using microsecond electrical pulses was presented and evaluated by Base and De~raney9 , Among other re- sults, oscillograms were given showing an interesting differer~ce between orientation and relaxation time, and others showing clearly both orientation and distortion polarization simultaneously. Y7arrick93 has developed a system of organo-silicon bond refractions of greater simplicity and easier application than a mixed system of group and bond refractions ~ Taken with the or- ganic bond refractions developed by Denbigh,, the system allows analysis of the refraction data for most of the probable

24 organo-~11icon compounds ~ Deviate one for o~gano~silicon eQ:npou~ds containing nitrogen or unsaturated bonds were postulated to be the resu1 ~ of dipole effects from the high ~ y ionic Si_O or Si ~C1 bonds :~ ~ study of coordination compounds of boron trichlo;^ide by Martin 4, the experimental evidence seemed to support the hypothesis that. the ability of a chlorine atom in a -compound to a~ct as a donor to the boron atom of boron bichloride is related .. to the amount' of ionic character, in the bond attaching the chlorine atom to its molecules Ache dipole moment seems to be a good criterion by which to predict whether a coordination- compound with boron bichloride will be formed~with the alley] chlorides. An alky1' chloride having a 'dipole moments of 2.,00 ~ or greater wil ~ coordinate while one having -a moment of less than WOO evils not. ' ' . ; ' ' .~ .; . . . ; The variation in dipole. moment of a molecule with a single polarized bond eras considered by Puppi 5 in Items of an: axial electric field. An approximate e~-pressi~on for the ratio (Ei-Eo) / (EC_Eo) is deduced, where Eo, Ei, and Ec are,, respectively, the energies at- a given ir~ternuclear distance of the normal, ionic,, and covalent configurations . . '; . .. Tournier96 has given a d,etaided r.~.ethod of using tensor and matrix calculus 'to survey crystalline substances 'for such properties as pyroelectricity, dielectric suscoptance, piezo- electricity, elastics ty, arid piezomagnetism. Conduc'~i~ritv , . . The elec urical conductivity of dislike solutions of lead- "'chloride in various Il~i::xtu~es!~7 water and ethylene gI:ycol fleas,' studie'd bar Norman and Garrett ~ Attempts to explain the die-, crepancies between theoretical (Debye_~uckel~ar~d Onsager) and oxperimen-~results by line usual methods, Beg,, the Ostwa~d,,, dilution law,, were unsuccessful, and -the d~ scre~?ancies were attributed to a difference between the n~.acroscop~c and micro- 'scopic die' G constants of the sonution,~<,; The e~fecti,xre microscopic - ~ ~ e1 ectric constants were Cal culated froin: the e~r~peri- mental 's icpe`~, of 'the . curares in the Debye~Huckel and ,Onsager' equations. The' 'Naomi strruc~ral properties of these.solvents were used ' to show that such differences between rnacroseopic and microscopic dielectric constants in the Ares Circe and absence pt ~ field are qualitatively consistent with these structura] p roperties . ' ' "' ~ , , \ t,,; r ; . . . . . ~ . Giulotto and Gigli98 ~nave' repol?ted on experiments designed to checll''the'ne'~ conductivity phenomena discovered by Ogg and summarized ire last year's 'Digest. Their- <experiments measured resistance variations of a dilute solution of sodium in liquid

25 amm~on~°a at temperatures near the freezing point, They attributed the sudden charges of resistance to change of Senate rat;her than to superconciuct'~rity. F~ohlich99 reposited on a study of tile .benavior of free electrons in tonic crystals in the; presence of an external field arid gave a new method of calculating She electric c,.~er~. Vervveyl°° has considered the electr-'~c~;l cond.uct`~.rity which is due to free eiectro:?. movenien'~ (neglecting ionic or electro- lytic conduction) in terms of variations from exact stoich~ome ~ri.c com~?osition`, Minimum electronic concc~.cu.~vity occurred ilk come pounds when the composition was exacter s'~oich.~omet.~ic. An experiment for demonstrating the effect was described Erich potassium ch.~or5.Qe cr;7-sta~s in Which a sma].i excess of potessi,~m vitas obtained by heating the crystal in potassium vapors Pershits1O has investigated in detail the effect of current re hers a ~ ~ in ~ i] ic on dioxide ~ and p otas s ium chloride at tom:) era - -tures between 400° and 500°C', He concluded from tne dat~ that electrolytic polarization galore rise to the-f'c~mation of poorly conducting layers at the electrodes adds on this assumption, forr.~ulated the following relations for the forward and reeve currents: i . . . Or ~ . A,, ~ C- C 'it ~ Aim' ~ ~ ~ ~ rem `, i, . fir`,, = ~ V,..~' + E; e '''(o,)1 +,'V/~ where R1- equals initial resistance in- the absence of a foremen boundary layer, R2 equals final resistance, ~ equals the time elapsed from tile last cou~nuta~-io',~`, Or c`~.~.al.s bile duration of the ''reverser current preceding commutation to ~tfoL~ward,'i of equals the probability of mobilization of an ion under' the action of the fields and ~ and C are constants These ectua-5or-.s are in accord with the e~?erimenta:l currer~-time curves. The electrical conductivities of sulphur, paraffin, ambroid and stearic acid vrere measured by onolO2 wined they were ir- radiated by X rays. The increase of conductivity by the irradiate tion divas proportional to the intensity of Ye rays and the intensity of the electric field applied. T]hen the electric field intense ty was changed suddenly, an after effect of the conductivity took place. I'he effect alas proportional to the change of electric

26 field, and decreased e~-~?onent,ial'~ Wraith t!i~:e* Ike te~erAstu~e effect was SiSG s ~;.~: en. ~ ~ S,~li~ran~03 has s Ellis ed bile e:lectr:Loa~ co~c~.uct~ Tori ty of cellulose sheets (CtCel] ethanes ~ under tori ~ Is cond.itior~s * Sands? le s we re ills. ~ re go a te d bar s te e fir.. ; in Bra hi flu ~ ~ ~ ] t s v].ut i c>~ s r;~e cond~.cti~r~ty at a ~,iven humidity `ncreaseid wi ~h inc;.~eas1~g salt content and depex~eci sor,~ew':at o-.~ -~he act;ua:1 s~t ,~-ese~-~;. For a £i~Ten salt coni;en~, the con~vctiv.ity -~-~.s at;i eX'?~. ~ ~ flinction of the cor~d.i'viv~ing la,~idi-tSr o`~er a ~i~i~2e range. 37~o:i:r various effects g it was conc~ded tl~a~ con j7..~] 0~ i.3 essent~.~:l~,- ~onic . ~he d-c conduc t~° vitios of ny~ on-~;~at~r aur. ~jf n~r ~ or~-foru~c acid-s'~sten~ were r>^easured by iL'n.£; a~d I'ed~~eyi-i" as ~ f~llncG:on of adsorbate cor~centra=~ion. The ini-~~':!-,; ~-near r.ate of ~:ic'~-a`~e feJ ~ away at an adsor~bate concen~ratio~l~. o' abo'~t 0.3 =ol~lOC ~,. ,,sim~iiar JtJumin{ point fo~ woo~ r.~ater occur~red s.t; ao~ut l.O -mv.~/ .~00; :.. {on~c Cor~cuct~.vit-,y as t'~., as eie,^~rorl~c co.~ci~..~tivit~r ccu15- account for the resu~ ts, Iri the Jatter case, t'~e adsorbs] r~olecu~es t`~at provide im~urit;y centers for eleci;ron.~o ~O)~C:7.2,Ct3_'- vity would: tee associated :-i~th Jo~v-!-ene~,~;y s~tes, I'`easurernents v~ere ri~=cle by l.ac,c, linthQ~;~r .and G'1 ~ ~io5 of t~n d-e ~ or~duc ti v~ ty of r~bbe r~ ~ ~ ac7.e ~ ,. ~ ~ th c ~ r ~ or1 ~ ~-a c!: . F<,= ~s i s ts n c ~ was cound to decrease w~ th ti~e, ab ~i.~st ~r=~ ra`~~y,, ~ther' ,.~`e siowly, fir~ally ap:~roachin~ an eaui~ =t,rill~1 va]-ue ~ Th.-e be2ls. JiO ~ apparenti'n; was inGopende'~t of ~he t-~i ~ o~ 'c1~:~ u.sed. Te`~pc!rau',~e coof~icien-ts of res~s'~ance `~clec7- to -.nc:~e~!se ~it~ th ~cre?^sin~ con- centration of blac2` ano with ~ncreas ~.n - =~-ter}s-° or. o~ the sciri~ple . I~e results were inter~e tied on the as s ump tion t~`a t tI:Le ca1.bon b la c~ ~ tend s to f 0 rm chain s in the ~;3be r ~ 1e ~ ri~', ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~s ~ Rul.~be r Insu~ation sec tion of th's Diges ~ ~ Da viiani06 li~3.s dis ov s s ed oli1 f~iclll ~ -' e s of a s7ii t;abi s clio ~ c e of sol id el:es :-oly~e for a ~as eel' , wL'ick ~u~s4- not .be a:~ elec~ronic or rl~ixed; ion-electronic ~cor~duc'~or, an~d has desc:-~bed novel cons trucr,ior1 using elec'~rodes 1rYith aLir and carbon mor.`o-~c~e lay-ers anc~ -<no~.ntin~;s of ferron~agnet~c nat~re ps car.rie.~. ~:e soli~ electrol=te disc consis~ed! of a ~nixi:~;~e of sodaum carbor~at=, pre-fired T` onaz.~te, tunas ten trn oxide, and s',ecial g~ ass . I1~e preparai~ion of th~s r-,ixtllre V!9S describea and its p~`ope.~uies ~i~- cus s ed in table s ~r~<i by curve s . Capac~tors ; . ~· , · . .~ . . ~ ,- ~ Protherronl°: has pu~lisl~ed ~ sho;:t vo2ume on ca:::acitors... Although the book is ~tert~ed p rin~ari] ~ for ~ ~e ir~ i;h~ d~..es ~.~ of electror~ic c~rc,~i~s, i~t contains a short bu~ c,~.ite CQmpietO sun~nary of the properties of d::eie~ t-:~cs ~ertinent to ca~acitor~ ~

27 Nelepets108 has criticized previous equivalent circuits used for representing the behavior of electrolytic capacitors A new circuit was described which replaced an electrolytic capacitor by a series combination of a rests Lance and a lossy capacitor, wraith a diode and a triode in parallel with the latter. By proper adjustment of the grid potential in tile triode, the current-voltage characteristics of art electrolytic capacitor could be closely duplicated. E lee tre ts ~ ~ ~ . In a 1943 publication, Kakiuch~l09 reported that an electric charge is released when certain long~chain compounds which had been frozen under an electric field were welted again. Type A compounds, such as paraffins, acids arid esters, produced no current; Type B compounds, such as alcohols ~ halides and amides showed a considerabl e peak in the current-teri~perature curare . ~ an X ray s tudy, there were observed two rings having intensity maxilla in the direction of the field for the Type B; the ironer ring is enhanced in the direction of the field. and the outer ring in the direction perpendicular to the field for Type A. Hence, it was concluded that Type ~ compounds have no elec tric moment; it is canceled by the hydrogen bonds for a lipha tic ac ids or by the a rrangement a ~ te Dana te ly a ~ ong the i r long chains for esters. Nasledov and 1;IalyshevllC1 reported that amorphous seler~iurn can be polarized by induction and, in the absence of an external field, remains polarized for over an hour. Daletskiilll has reported that gentle polishing of oriented polys tyrene films caused them to acquirers a post tive charge, whereas strong polishing restored the negative charge customarily present in bulk polystyrene.. These oriented fiords are optically anisotropic, whereas bulk polystyrene is optically isotropic. Then stretched, they acquire a three-dimensional orientation and resemble a crystal of the rhombic sys tem . The oriented layers of polys tyrene v-'ere obtained! up to ~ ream thick from solution and up to 12 nuns thick bar polymerization of the monomer. Electro-Viscosit~J Affects Kimurall2 has determined the effect of an electric field on the viscosity of liquids. There was no Affect on non-polar liquids like teen zen e and hexan e . I~ne vi s c o ~ i ty o f p o la r liqui ds generally increased with the electric field. ::it'n two liquids of the sane dipole moment, the effect was greater for the molecule with the ~ anger chain. For compounds such as bron~obenzene ~ chlorobenzene, octyl alcohol and ethoxybenzene, the viscose ty

;;~ ~ ~g ~ncreasediat .t:~rst, t~:en^a:?l,roac]~d a constant. vallue. T`Io~l.'ever, fo r o - ~ ~ chl o 3?o teen z en e, -iJ e t ret c.t'.' lo '?o e ~i~.ax: e a,~d d ~ b ro~. ~o e fl~n e, the ~Tn s c cs ~ t~r inc re a s eci con s -; cte ra o 1 y -~.-, .~ th in c rea s e in -uLe ~ic ld . ~ . . . . Andra~ic an~<i :)odd~ l3 '~lave also ~n~Te$ ui~;ated t~t effoct of electr~° c fields on t)~-L~ viscos~ty of licl~l~ ~s ~ c~f-L1~;~.~.~. so:-.1.e o~ tne ob s e r va 'Gions o f tiLimura bu t d; ~ fe r~i~g ir3 .s o~ne .. of t:, ei r con- elusions. '~J~':h non-poJ~ar 1iq~.~ids, either dry or conta~-.:inat`=d -~' i tI~ wa ~ e r s o ~ s ~o c on~.c i, and. '.-: ~ t~h n on - c ond.uc ~ -' ~ ~, p o lar liquids, a d-c f~ oic t~ansverse to fl~a l~ne of flow of tI^'e l ~° clu i d ha d n o m2 ~<e cT e f f e c t on the ~r~ s c o s i ty . ` ;.ri th i~ o la. r I ~ qu i ci s that conduct relat-' vely ~l, either non^.'all~r or ~vLen contam~. na ted with water, t'~e. electric fici~ cq.~s.ed. a cons~c~erable ir~crease ~n pparent v~scosity. ~is effec;t ~ncreased VJ73.~L increasing s trength 0 ~ fie Icl l~u ~ reacned a l~mi ~ in:; va ~ ~e for ~re r~r hi~L1 fie'~s. ,..ithi~olLar liquids '`~:i~ose conduct~-~:ty cou]~ be ~imin~shed b-,T successi~7e pu'-rifications, the riagn~ u:~de of this 1~rnikir~<= e.=fect was proport~onal to the conciucti~r:;~ty of the s~ec~men. ~ith an a-o field, the effect on v~scos~-y rer~a.°ned constant as ·,he fre- quency r~as ~ncreased ''r~til a cer-ain critica' frea.,~ency ~:as reached, and thereafter the effect dec-~eased ,.-ith frequency unt,~l i ~ became too smal1 to be detec iJec~ . I0..~ere ,,7as no effect on ~-iscosity with a fieldl '~aral~eJ to the 1ines cf flo~. ~.he gen- eral concl~.~s~on -~as that for i'.~>scosit~' effect to occur in a liquid~ i~ mus ~ have both conc~.~ction an~ ~ol~ar n1o~ ecules. ..- :~` ..~. `. -. r ;4rrliff~. th ana ='nor.~4 have ini.~-e~:ti:;atecl t'~= passace of n~rcur<~' throu~ ~+inute'6r°'f~ces ~n ce916lose a~tate-arld~ in: =~-f ass ~ne-~;r o:xi'~eri~ier:tal resu]'ts- sl~o,.-:ed~ (a) ~.~-~en r^er^~.rv is se~a~ed (.ron~ ~ se~;~i-cor:duict~n~, 2~ q~ct b~ a- ctielectric <~:rl~; a s~a:ll hole (0:.01 c-~, or less:) ~ 4-he applica.~ oh of se~7eral tho~.~s end volts to clie jme~tc'U'ry and t;o' an e];ect,q~de ~n tine se~^i-co~:~ting 1~d cause~s~ theipassa-~,e~^ of mercury th~o~i~;h the 7noie in a, (=,~ f~n=ly div~ cJedL corld~° t~on and p~qaduces a ~t,'~.t, o~° dal suspens~ on o~ +'~e r.:e:~cury in t3ae liquid, `1~) tne 1.~ticles of rnercur>T, afi,er !?assing; fl~roug'~ the 'no] e, do nol: rno~re aloe:; tl~e ' ines o:L eiec.~ica-l force in the liquid anti do not contribute t:> ~ ]:-~e fl o~ of cur.~ent (c) the iactic3n'Ld;oes no~ oiocur nf t',~e lic~i~i. r1ec~aum l~as a resisti:v~ t~,T ~cE: ter than I09 ohrll-cm, and stable suso -ns~ions are hot produced-i~; the resistiv~ t:- of 'G1l~e .~1ediur.Y,^ is less t'~lan 106 ohil.' Ct-^i 5 -(.'cl ) ' '~n~ ~ C' ti on oc c urs; i ~1re s,~ e ~ ti ve 0 ~ the polar-' t.~ o tI~e f~ 31JA but ;the .`,otent~ a] c~.iff~erSer~ce reollired '~7aries; ~drc3in~ to l~hetli,e~;-~e r!~eroury ifs positive for ne~atlve ~-~,lbli respect to the ~ iqi>ici or if a-c ~io,1~;es are us~ecl. t~he t~edr~T su~£,rested. is the t th e ! -~l e rc ~lry s u rf a c e 1 s d e f o rl~ e d ~ b ~ the rl^ e c illan ~. c a 1 f ~ rc e exerted ion its s~lrface o'~^'i,~= to the c'~.~rgei: tlaereor~, and ultirn=-iJely tJ:iis. force ex~ceeds tile courite~act~; fOrcd o' surfac~ tension. Tl~e ac t~ or~ is in~e~.endenr. of !Jhe s~i~t ~c~e ~ .o;~,:~ ng the cI~ e le c 4~ c barrier and also of tl~e s~ze of £,he li;o~e~,- provitc~in~g it is e-Mall. It appears pror~abJ e the' an~ 1~ q:~cT ~iouic2` act s~-~ar.~:y. ; .t .. .t . . . ~.. . t, ','.f;~ ~. t ' t 1 ~

29 bins low)~5 has obtained a patent for a clutch based on an apparently new electro-~;is-~y effect, `:~e tangential f ri c ti one ~ f o rc e be t~.~,~e en the tw o e le c-tro6.e s with ~ c ollo Ida ~ - ~ i quid dielectric is a functior~ of the electric field. Ace patent describes an ~'aJectro-~.~.id!' Clutch by mvans of which an =xceed- ingly small current evils control the ~ransm:~ssion of considerable torque. Two discs are noun ted on shafts so as to farce each other with very little clearance. The space between the discs is filled with a low-viscosity dielectric fluid containing finely divided maters al such as starch. One of the discs is driven by a suitao] e motor. Ibere is no noticeable tendency for thee other disc to rotate until an electric circuit is completed across the discs; then the Ado rotate as a unit with considerable force and per- sistence . l.~~en tne circuit is opened, the dri wren disc stops immediately. Only rear small electrical ~ energies are required to activate the clutch, the minute current of a photoelectric cell being sufficient (the cell , a battery, and the "'capacitor" formed by the two plates are al l in series ) . fine pa tent dLescribes in de tat ~ the V`TO rkings of a re la y amp Toying chit to ' t' hi eJ ec t~ c I' c Mu tch . An analogous magnetic effect;-has been found by ~.binow at the National Bureau of Standards, but there ares no publication on it available at the end cuff 1947. ~ . ~ t  .. .* .t .h I'

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