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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2000. Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9831.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2000. Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9831.
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Page 111
Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2000. Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9831.
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Bibliography Abbot, A., and G. Stiegler. 1996. Careers and Recruitment: The View From Europe. Nature 383: 199-200. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Science’s Next Wave Forum: The Situation of Postdocs; available on-line at (http://www.nextwave.org/discussions/). American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1995. Science Careers ’95: The Future of the PhD 270: 121-146. American Chemical Society. 1995. Employment Patterns of Recent Doctorates in Chemistry: Institu- tional Perspectives and Imperatives for Change. The Presidential Task Force on the Study of Doctoral Education in Chemistry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. American Institute of Physics. 1996. Underemployment Among Postdoctorates: 1994 Society Mem- bership Survey. Education and Employment Statistics Division. College Park, MD: American Institute of Physics. Ammons, S. 1996. Association of American Medical Colleges. Survey of PhD Students in U.S. Medical Schools, 1994-1995. Assmus, A. 1993. The Creation of Postdoctoral Fellowships and the Siting of American Scientific Research. Minerva 31(2): 150-183. Association of American Universities. 1998. Graduate Education Report: Final Draft. Washington DC: Association of American Universities. Association of American Universities. 1998. Report and Recommendations. Committee on Post- doctoral Education. Washington, DC: Association of American Universities. Bauer, E. 1993. Reforming Physics and Physicists for Lean Times [Letter to the editor]. Physics Today 46:11. Breneman, D. W. 1975. Graduate School Adjustments to the ‘New Depression’ in Higher Education. National Board on Graduate Education Technical Report No. 3. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Bunk, S. 1998. Fewer Academic Jobs Spur Postdocs to Organize Against Disadvantages. The Scientist 12(1):1. 110

BIBLIOGRAPHY 111 COSEPUP (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy). 1995. On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; available on- line at (www.nap.edu). COSEPUP (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy). 1995. Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. COSEPUP (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy). 1996. A National Conversation on Doctoral Education, and Emerging Consensus. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; available on-line at (http://www4.nas.edu/pd/convo.nsf). COSEPUP (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy). 1996. Careers in Science and Engineering: A Student Planning Guide to Grad School and Beyond. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; available on-line at (http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/careers/). COSEPUP (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy). 1997. Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; available on-line at (www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/mentor). Doering, D. 1995. Degrees of Freedom. Science 269:903. Fechter, A. E., and C.D. Gaddy. 1998. Trends in Doctoral Education and Employment. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (13). New York: Agathon Press. Garrison, H., and P. Brown. 1986. The Career Achievements of NIH Postdoctoral Trainees and Fellows. Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Hays, S. L. 1996. At the Edge of a New Frontier: A Profile of the Stanford University Biomedical PhD Class of 1996 and Recommendations for the Future: A Biomass (Biomedical Association of Stanford Students) Report. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Henderson, P.H., J.E. Clark, and M.A. Reynolds. 1996. Summary Report 1995: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Knox, J. 1996. The Evolving World of the Post-doctoral Research Scientist. National Forum Maga- zine (Fall); available on-line at (http://www.auburn.edu/academic/societies/phi_kappa_phi/ natforum.html.). Kuh, C. 1995. Comments on the Usefulness of the Massy/Goldman Study in Formulation of National Policy Concerning the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers. Educational Testing Service Discussion Paper. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Massy, W. and G. Goldman. 1995. The Production and Utilization of Science and Engineering Doctorates in the US. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University. McPheron M., and Nerad M. 1999. Results of a Survey of Postdoctoral Appointees at UC Berkeley. University of California, Berkeley. Mervis, J. 1996. NSF to Take Closer Look at How Support Shapes Careers. Science 272:806. Nerad M., and J. Cerny. 1999. Postdoctoral Patterns, Career Advancement, and Problems. Science 285: 1533-5. NRC (National Research Council). 1981. Postdoctoral Appointments and Disappointments. Wash- ington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1992. Educating Mathematical Scientists: Doctoral Study and the Postdoctoral Experience in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press NRC (National Research Council). 1998. Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists. Washington DC: National Academy Press. NSF (National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies). 1993. Academic Science/ Engineering: Graduate Enrollment and Support, Fall 1991. Washington, DC: NSF. NSF (National Science Foundation). 1995. Graduate Education and Postdoctoral Training in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences. NSF 96-30. Arlington, VA: NSF.

112 ENHANCING THE POSTDOCTORAL EXPERIENCE FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS NSF (National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies). 1995. Selected Data on Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 1993 Selected Data Tables. Arlington, VA: NSF. NSF (National Science Foundation). 1996. Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1993. NSF 96-302. Arlington, VA: NSF. NSF (National Science Foundation). 1996. Selected Data on Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards NSF 96-303. Arlington, VA: NSF. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1995. Research Training: Present & Future. Paris, France: OCED. OSEP (Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, National Research Council). 1998. Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Radetsky, P. 1994. The Modern Postdoc: Prepping for the Job Market. Science 265: 1909-1910. Regets, M. 1998. Has the Use of Postdocs Changed?. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, Issue Brief. NSF 99-310, 1998. Ries, P. 1994. Assessment of National Data Sources. Unpublished Working Paper, National Research Council. Sample, S. B. 1993. Postdoctoral Education in America. Address Before the Annual Meeting of the Association of Graduate Schools, Chapel Hill, NC, September 23. Swinbanks, D. 1996. Postdoctoral Positions Galore in Japan. Nature 383: 200. Syverson, P. D. 1994. Postdoctoral Education Back in the Limelight. Communicator (April): 9-11. Tobias, S., D.E. Chubin, and K. Aylesworth. 1996. Chutes and Ladders: In an Unstable Market for New Ph.D’s, Success in Science Must be Redefined to Include Careers Outside the Ivory Tower. The Sciences 36(4): 17-21. University of California, Council on Graduate Deans. 1998. Report on Postdoctoral Education at UC, Fall 1998; available on-line at (www.ogsr.ucsd.edu/PostdocEdu/Report.html). Van Ryzin, G., S. Dietz, J. Winer, and D. Wright. 1996. The Employment Outlook in the Microbio- logical Sciences: Prepared for American Society for Microbiology. Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc. Vogel, G. 1999. Science 285: 1531. Zumeta, W. 1984. Anatomy of the Boom in Postdoctoral Appointments During the 1970s: Troubling Implications for Quality Science? Science, Technology, & Human Values 9(2): 23-37. Zumeta, W. 1985. Extending the Educational Ladder: The Changing Quality and Value of Post- doctoral Study. Lexington, MA: DC Heath and Company. Zumeta, W. 1998. State Higher Education Finance and Policy Developments: 1997. The NEA 1998 Almanac of Higher Education. Washington, DC: National Education Association. Note: Relevant web sites are at COSEPUP’s Postdoctoral Web site at www.nationalacademies.org/ postdocs.

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The concept of postdoctoral training came to science and engineering about a century ago. Since the 1960s, the performance of research in the United States has increasingly relied on these recent PhDs who work on a full-time, but on a temporary basis, to gain additional research experience in preparation for a professional research career.

Such experiences are increasingly seen as central to careers in research, but for many, the postdoctoral experience falls short of expectations. Some postdocs indicate that they have not received the recognition, standing or compensation that is commensurate with their experience and skills. Is this the case? If so, how can the postdoctoral experience be enhanced for the over 40,000 individuals who hold these positions at university, government, and industry laboratories?

This new book offers its assessment of the postdoctoral experience and provides principles, action points, and recommendations for enhancing that experience.

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