True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen: The Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics (2002)

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Acknowledgments W e warmly thank all the individuals and institutions who helped us write this book. For major financial support throughout, especially of student assistants, we are deeply grateful to the Richard Lounsbery Foundation. We thank the Cam- pus Research Board, the Department of Physics, and the Depart- ment of Electrical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Texas Instruments Corporation, American Telephone & Telegraph Corporation, and William and Jane Bardeen for generous seed grants that allowed us to formulate this biography project well enough to seek major funding. We thank the Dibner Fund for its support of graduate assistants during the second and third years; the Alfred E. Sloan Foundation and the UIUC Center for Advanced Study for supporting Hoddeson’s work in the seventh year; and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, for awarding Hoddeson a fellowship that allowed her to focus entirely on Bardeen’s life and science during the book’s final writing stage in 2000 and 2001. A large number of colleagues and friends helped us in crucial ways. At the University of Illinois, we particularly thank the De- partment of Physics (headed by Ansel Anderson at the time our work began, then David Campbell, and later Jeremiah Sullivan) for providing a home, constant encouragement, constructive criticism, and countless support services. We are most grateful to the mem- 359 

360 TRUE GENIUS bers of the Bardeen History Committee (Ansel Anderson, Gordon Baym, Raymond Borelli, David Campbell, David Pines, and Charles Slichter) for offering the encouragement that brought this project to life. We thank Baym for many technical explanations of Bardeen’s physics. For administrative help beyond the call of duty, we thank many who are presently or were formerly on the physics department’s staff, especially Borelli, Steve Keen, Steve Knell, Joy Kristunas, Greg Larson, Barbara Leisner, Rebecca McDuffee, Mary Kay Newman, Mary Ostendorf, Robert Williams, and Carolyn Wright. Thanks to the Department of History (chaired by Charles Stewart when the work began, later James Barrett, then Peter Fritzsche) for repeatedly granting Hoddeson released time from teaching to work on this book. Thanks also to the history department’s admistrative and business staff, especially Sandy Colclasure, Stanley Hicks, and Aprel Orwick for their patient and tireless assistance. We thank all the graduate and undergraduate students who helped us over the years with research tasks, such as conducting and transcribing interviews, gathering source materials, catalog- ing, editing drafts, and locating references: Everitt J. Carter, An- drew Dribin, Fernando Irving Elichirigoity, Kristine Fowler, Tonya Lillie, Cathleen McFarland, James Nelligan, Steven Rouse, Nicole Ryavec, Glenn Sandiford, Derek Shouba, Joseph Tillman, and Patricia Wenzel. Lillie not only helped us gather and process inter- views, identify sources, enter data, and much more, she also served as an assistant to John Bardeen in his last year while he was orga- nizing his scientific papers. She later worked with the Department of Physics and the university archives to make his papers available to scholars. We are grateful to Horace Judson and Michael Riordan for edi- torial help at pivotal stages of the work, and to William Bardeen, Gordon Baym, John Tucker, George Grüner, Nick Holonyak, Howard R. Huff, Arthur I. Miller, Fred Seitz, and others who read chapter drafts and offered a wealth of useful comments. Thanks to Jenny Barrett and Firmino Pinto for rescuing the electronic manu- script from a frightening computer crash. Thanks to all the archi- vists who helped us identify sources at Harvard, the University of Wisconsin, the University of Minnesota, American Telephone & Telegraph, the Naval Surface Weapons Center and the University 

Acknowledgments 361 of Illinois. We especially thank University of Illinois archivists Maynard Brichford and William Maher and their assistants for help navigating Bardeen’s scientific papers. Thanks to the many individuals who offered letters, clippings, photographs, and other documentary materials, also who contrib- uted hours of their own time in tape-recorded interviews. Sadly, neither Jane Bardeen nor Betsy Bardeen Greytak lived to see this book published; without their insights and support this biography would have been inconceivable. We wish to extend our deepest appreciation to Frederick Seitz, Nick Holonyak, and Bill Bardeen for repeated interviews and countless historical leads and materi- als. Thanks to our editor, Jeffrey Robbins of the Joseph Henry Press for his sage advice, his encouragement, and especially, his humor. Last but not least, heartfelt thanks to our loved ones—Lillian’s daughter and son, Carol and Michael Baym, her husband Peter Garrett, and Vicki’s husband Hiram Daitch—who offered not only the time and the emotional support needed for the completion of this work but artistic, literary, and computer assistance. Lillian Hoddeson, Urbana, Illinois Vicki Daitch, Canterbury, New Hampshire May 2002