True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen: The Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics (2002)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Notes 1 The Question of Genius p. 2 popular magazines sometimes credit: For example, Time magazine, December 31, 1999, 57. p. 2 A product of Hollywood: Seitz (1994), 67. p. 3 a little embarrassed: Lazarus (1992). p. 3 the “nerve cell”: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 201. p. 4 “Every theory of superconductivity”: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), ch. 8. p. 4 Nobel Committee awarded: Marie Curie’s two Nobel Prizes had been in different fields—physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. Linus C. Pauling, whose first Nobel Prize was for chemis- try in 1954, received his second in 1962 for contributions to world peace. In 1980, Frederick Sanger became the second person to re- ceive two Nobel Prizes in the same field when he won his second prize in chemistry. p. 4 “ . . . John Who?”: Chang (1988). p. 4 “father of the Information Age”: Film director David Frankel raised the same question about Bardeen on reading his obituary in 1991. When he shared the question with friends at The New York Times Magazine, they responded by including Bardeen in their New Year’s feature in 1995, “Lives Well Lived,” The New 363 

364 NOTES York Times Magazine, January 1, 1995, Section 6. Bardeen, how- ever, remains largely unknown. p. 5 typically possessed by: Ghiselin (1952); Lombroso (1891); Murray (1989); Nitzsche (1975). p. 5 these “Illuminati” merged: Schaffer (1990). p. 5 romantic image of the genius: Bone (1989); Galton (1869, 1874); Weisberg (1993). p. 5 the stereotype does not fit: For scientists and mathemati- cians see Gleick (1992); Kanigel (1991). p. 5 “the history of science”: Gleick (1992), 313–29, quotes on 329. p. 5 bongo-drumming, or his entertaining tales: Feynman (1985). p. 5 wild-haired Albert Einstein: Pais (1982). p. 6 “ . . . really have to listen”: Herring (1992b), 30. p. 6 “Whispering John”: Hess (1991); Holonyak (1993c). p. 6 he appeared “flat”: Philip Foy, in del Guercio (1998). p. 6 Only close friends: Holonyak (1993a). p. 6 At the Naval Ordnance Laboratory: Anspacher (1992). p. 7 “very easy”: Bray (1993a). 2 Roots p. 8 Ten-year-old John Bardeen: The incident is described in A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., c. 1918, UWA. p. 8 “He did it right after”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d.; C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, May 5, 1919, UWA. p. 8 “John just hangs on”: A. H. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 8 The American roots: W. Bardeen (1993), i–iv. p.. 9 what constituted the progressive movement: The follow- ing works represent only a small sampling of the diverse interpre- tations of the period known as the Progessive Era: Filene (1970); Hofstadter (1955); Link and McCormick (1983); McCormick (1981); Wiebe (1967). p. 10 John Bascom: McCarthy (1912), 28–32. p. 10 “Fighting Bob” La Follette: Some of the earlier sources are Curti and Carstensen (1949); McCarthy (1912); and Thwaites (1899). We are grateful to Joseph Tillman for helping us to establish 

Pages 4-13 365 these connections in John Bardeen’s heritage. For a more recent history of Wisconsin, see Nesbit and Thompson (1989). p. 10 Another student influenced: Curti and Carstensen (1949), 1:288, 2:18–19, 311–312; Nesbit and Thompson (1989), 427; Weisberger (1994), 10, 12. p. 11 “the boundaries of the University”: Curti and Carstensen (1949), 2:5–9. p. 11 “the expert on tap”: Nesbit and Thompson (1989), 426. p. 11 he found Charles Russell Bardeen: “Resolution of the Faculty of the University of Wisconsin on the Death of Dean Bardeen,” undated document in UWA. p. 11 a poor drummer: W. Bardeen to L. Hoddeson, February 1, 2002; C. W. Bardeen (1910), BFC. p. 11 The School Bulletin: W. Bardeen (1993), 208; Syracuse, N.Y., Wednesday Evening, August 20, 1924, “C.W. Bardeen, Pub- lisher and Educator Dies,”: unattributed newpaper clipping in BFC. p. 12 “It is the useless life”: C. W. Bardeen to C. R. Bardeen, February 8, 1916, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 12 “a fair scholar”: C. R. Bardeen, “A Journey for Speech, The dairy [sic] of one of a party of seven, the five children of which went to Leipsic, Germany to learn German, French, etc.,” 1888, UWA. p. 12 “the only real happiness”: Quoted in Clark (1967), 41. Original in C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 12 facilities were inadequate: Bradley (1992), 2. p. 12 first person to graduate: Clark (1967), 4, 41–42. p. 12 “live an effective life”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, February 9, 1900, BFC. p. 12 create a new medical school: Sullivan (1936). p. 12 The two doctors rode: Falk (1992), 22. p. 13 Charles taught anatomy: Clark (1967), 4. p. 13 Her father opposed: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, January 11, 1920, UWA. p. 13 he too had left home: Alexander Harmer appears likely to have been Althea’s uncle, but we have not been able to verify the exact relationship. p. 13 “among the greatest”: Montgomery (1994), 137–144. p. 13 a history of this Laboratory School: Mayhew and Edwards (1936), vii. p. 13 “to work out with children”: Ibid., v–vi. 

366 NOTES p. 13 “The school whose work”: Ibid., xv–xvi. p. 13 Dewey’s ideas: For a modern account of “intrinsic” mo- tivation, see Amabile (1996). p. 14 “explorations where”: Montgomery (1994), 137–144. We find almost the same idea in John Bardeen’s later writings on indus- trial research and science education. p. 14 “the essence of”: Mayhew and Edwards (1936), 435–436. p. 14 “Again this method involves”: Report by Althea Harmor in Mayhew and Edwards (1936), 335. p. 15 “calling the constructive”: Ibid. p. 15 “She had no capital”: C. W. Bardeen to C. R. Bardeen, June 22, 1905, UWA. p. 15 her decorating business: W. Bardeen (1995). p. 15 “The more I see”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 22, 1905, UWA. p. 15 after she had given in: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 14, 1905. p. 15 They were married: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 1, 1905, UWA. p. 15 “an exceptionally beautiful home”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 27, 1905, UWA. p. 15 Madison’s art world: “Appreciate Jap Art Exhibit: Many People View Rare Collection” and “Lectures on Japanese Art,” two unattributed newspaper clippings in BFC. p. 15 Charles continued: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 14, 1905, UWA. p. 16 full teaching hospital: “Obituary: Charles R. Bardeen, 1871–1935,” in Science 82 (December 27, 1935), 606. p. 16 “made it impossible”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, January 12, no year, UWA. p. 16 crass commercialization of medicine: “Bardeen Warns of Money-Hungry Doctors; 300 at Honor Banquet,” Capital Times, June 21, 1932; “25 Years of Service,” the Wisconsin State Journal, June 21, 1932. p. 16 “ may have been boiling”: Clark (1967), 45. p. 16 “in his informal, often blundering”: Harland Mossman to Paul Clark, July 29, 1964, cited in Clark (1967), 47–48. p. 17 “. . . very loving pair”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. 

Pages 13-19 367 p. 17 “Althea is unusually affectionate”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, February 12, 1906, UWA. p. 17 “. . . unnatural for a healthy woman”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, April 19, 1905, UWA. p. 17 “you were his best friend”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 17 Althea gave birth: “I believe in a single Christian name and in having that name distinctive.” C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, May 31, 1906, UWA. p. 17 She was exhausted: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, April 20, 1906; July 6, 1906, UWA. p. 17 “what spare time”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 26, 1906, UWA. p. 17 apartment seemed too small: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, March 20, 1907, UWA. p. 18 “far less of a care”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, July 28, 1908, UWA. John Bardeen’s birth weight is noted in Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 28, 1939, BFC. p. 18 “Charles’ devotion to John”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 18 Charles felt himself “blessed”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, February 16, 1910, UWA. p. 18 The stucco next door: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, June 23, 1910, UWA. p. 18 Charles converted the attic: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA; Henschel (1992). p. 19 “After a necessary operation”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 19 “I was obliged”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 19 “always indulged John”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 19 “huggy-kissy”: Henschel (1995). p. 19 “. . . not in the concrete”: Clark (1967), 43–44. p. 19 “concentrated essence of brain”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 19 “. . . didn’t learn to spell”: Young (1972), clip in UIUC-P. For example, he misspelled the word “existence” in a card to Nick Holonyak in 1956 describing the experience of his first Nobel Prize. John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, December 13, 1956, UIUC-A. 

368 NOTES p. 19 “. . . talent with figures”: C. R Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, February 12, 1913, UWA. p. 19 Finishing third-grade math: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 20 “He is getting away”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, July 14, 1919, UWA. In the same letter Charles writes, “since John took the scholarship I have become John’s father.” p. 20 “. . . a genius for mathematics”: A. H. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 20 more time for his studies: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 20 playmates of his own age: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 20 Run, Sheep, Run: Rosemary Royce Bingham to John Bardeen, February 1, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 20 Four Lakes Stamp Company: Henschel (1995). p. 20 “socially he is reserved”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 20 interested in chemistry: Slossum (1920). p. 20 Eager to encourage his son’s scientific interest: C. R. Bardeen to National Stain and Reagent Co., Norwood, Ohio, De- cember 27, 1921, UWA. p. 20 “I dyed materials”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 20 “dime store wires”: R. Bingham to J. Bardeen, February 1, 1973; C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, July 6, 1922, UWA. p. 21 “. . . I never got that far”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 21 “wig-wag” signaling: John Hames to Vicki Daitch, Oc- tober 15, 1991; Hames (1992). p. 21 “introduce pupils to”: Newspaper article, Jim Clark, “Wisconsin High’s ‘Thorough Courses’ Made it Model School,” n.d., Wisconsin Historical Society, misc. Steinbock archives, Box 94/14, 1 of 1. p. 21 The fourth quarter: According to remaining records, John attended the summer session at least once. Permanent record cards of the Wisconsin High School of the University of Wisconsin Archives; Madison Central High School permanent record card, Admission Records, UWA. p. 21 “. . . freedom from John”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 22 A Little Fifer’s War Diary: C. W. Bardeen (1910). p. 22 “conceited, boastful, self-willed”: Ibid., 19. p. 22 “My dear John”: C. W. Bardeen (1910), BFC. 

Pages 19-24 369 p. 22 “always been an inspiration”: John Bardeen to Lynn Lester, Christmas 1975. Special thanks to Lynn Lester Maynard for a copy of the letter from her private collection. p. 22 continued to be an adventurer: W. Bardeen private com- munication to Hoddeson, August 15, 2001. p. 22 “I have wanted them”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 23 “more about them”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 23 model of social conscience: C. R. Bardeen to Marie E. Demetre, chair, the Fatherless Children of France, New York City, January 14, 1918, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 23 “John opened his bank”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 23 “. . . five and ten cents”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 23 “kept John brave”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 23 “doing stunts in fancy diving”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 23 Boating jaunts: Ibid. p. 23 “development as a father,”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, February 8, 1915, UWA. p. 24 “I shivered just watching”: Osterhoudt (1991) p. 24 playing every day: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 24 “nearly every afternoon”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, August 28, 1910, UWA. p. 24 They soon found the car: William Bardeen interview, August 1, 1964, by Paul Clark, cited in Clark (1967), 44; Henschel (1992). p. 24 He began to learn the game: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 24 childhood interest in golf: See, for example, a letter from C. W. to Charles R. Bardeen, in which he says, “The spirit of out- doors is in the air and I should like to be getting about the links again.” May 11, 1916, UWA. p. 24 “We discovered a little growth”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, March 3, 1918, UWA. 

370 NOTES p. 25 Althea was losing: C. R. Bardeen’s publications on X Rays include “Abnormal Development of Toad Ova Fertilized by Spermatozoa Exposed to the Roentgen Rays,” Journal of Experi- mental Zoology 4, no.1 (1907); “Variations in Susceptibility of Amphibian Ova to the X rays at Different Stages of Development,” Anatomical Record 3, no.163 (1909); “Determination of the Size of the Heart by Means of the X ray,” American Journal of Anatomy 23 (1918); and “The Value of the Roentgen Ray and the Living Model in Teaching and Research in Human Anatomy,” Anatomi- cal Record 14, no. 337 (1918). p. 25 radiotherapy as a cancer treatment: Patterson (1987), 64. p. 25 Charles pulled as many strings: C. R. Bardeen to J. C. Bloodgood, January 12, 1920; J. C. Bloodgood, Baltimore to C. R. Bardeen, January 25, 1920, UWA. Dr. Joseph C. Bloodgood was con- sidered one of the nation’s premier experts on cancer at the time. Patterson (1987). p. 25 radiation itself caused cancer: Kevles (1997), 33–53, 80. p. 25 one in eight American women: Patterson (1987), 64, 72. p. 25 severe influenza epidemics: Crosby (1977) and (1976). Crosby describes the early 1919 wave of influenza to which the Bardeens were exposed as somewhat less virulent than the two 1918 waves, but nasty all the same. p. 25 “seen more of John”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, March 4, 1919, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 25 Althea continued to decline: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, July 14, 1919, UWA. p. 26 “such self control”: Mary Morris to C. R. Bardeen, summer 1919, UWA. p. 26 “. . . massive X ray exposures”: Dr. William A. Thomas to C. R. Bardeen, March 27, 1920; C. R. Bardeen to W. A. Busey, April 14, 1920; C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, April 9, 1920, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 26 “. . . that kind of a girl”: Dr. J. L. Yates to C. R. Bardeen, April 12, 1920, UWA. p. 26 nerves of steel: C. R. Bardeen to J. L. Yates, August 28, 1919, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 26 “. . . she suspects it”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, April 9, 1920, UWA. p. 26 “on the way between”: John Bardeen (1977a). 

Pages 25-29 371 p. 26 “She said it was delicious”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, April 9, 1920 and May 12, 1920, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 26 “I thought she looked well”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 27 “. . . the bravest possible fight”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, May 12, 1920, UWA. p. 27 “her intense feeling”: “Althea Harmer Bardeen,” Madi- son Democrat, April 21, 1920. p. 27 “put in twelve”: In addition to his university work, he often picked up odd voluntary assignments, such as stocking the library of the new University Club. C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, March 4, 1919, UWA. p. 27 a temporary fix: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, May 12, 1920, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA. p. 27 “So we got along”: John Bardeen (1977a). 3 To Be an Engineer p. 28 “I have played some golf”: C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, August 25, 1920. p. 28 Ruth worked patiently: Ruth Hames Bardeen McCauley continued to enjoy warm relations with the Bardeen children until her death in September 1979. p. 28 Tom, eight years old when Althea died: Jane Bardeen (1993); W. Bardeen (1993), 266. p. 28 John often acted: Bradley (1992), 2; Henschel (1992). p. 28 “stood at the head”: A. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, c. 1919; Laura B. Johnson to C. R. Bardeen, May 16, 1921, UWA. p. 28 more marks of “good”: Permanent record cards of the Wisconsin High School of the University of Wisconsin Archives; Madison Central High School permanent record card, Admission Records, UWA. p. 29 “allowed to go ahead”: C. W. Bardeen to C. R. Bardeen, March 4, 1919, UWA. p. 29 “He saw that”: Untitled newspaper article in UIUC-P; also John Bardeen interview by Maynard Brichford, February 8, 1965, UIUC-A. 

372 NOTES p. 29 popular mathematics textbook series: John Bardeen (1977a). Hart brought Mathematics in Daily Use (Hart, et al., 1945) through several editions. p. 29 “in the front seat”: Walter W. Hart to John Bardeen, April 7, 1962, UIUC-A. p. 29 “express my deep gratitude”: John Bardeen to Walter W. Hart, April 4, 1962, UIUC-A. p. 30 “coffin nails”: Henschel (1995). p. 30 “some beautiful races”: Wisconsin Badger 1927, 312. p. 30 playing poker or billiards: Security Investigation Data For Sensitive Position, FBI security clearance, 1981, UIUC-A; Betsy Bardeen Greytak, Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 30 a three-cushion champion: Burtis (1995). p. 30 continued to live at home: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 30 “. . . little trouble with Zeta Psi”: Scott H. Goodnight, dean of Men at the University of Wisconsin, to C. S. Marsh, assis- tant dean at Northwestern University, March 12, 1923. p. 30 His college transcript: Transcript in Bardeen graduate student file, PRIN. p. 30 performed better than: John’s undergraduate grade point average (GPA) during his fraternity years appears to have ranged from a low of 0.944 to a high of 2.25, on a scale of A = 3.000, B = 2.000, C = 1.000, D = 0.000, and F = –1.000. Zeta Psi fraternity papers, Wisconsin Library Archives, Madison, WI. p. 30 “just floated in and out”: Osterhoudt (1991). p. 31 getting a little rowdy: Osterhoudt (1991). p. 31 heebie-jeebies: Ibid. Bardeen admits to a disorderly con- duct arrest in summer 1928 on a personnel security questionnaire of the U.S. Department of Energy filled out in 1982. Bardeen Per- sonnel File, USOPM. p. 31 “My father’s the dean”: Betsy Bardeen in Bardeen fam- ily interview (1992); Henschel (1992). p. 31 “end up being a university professor”: John Bardeen (1965b). p. 31 academic career sounded stodgy: Answers to Harvard University Junior Fellowship Questionnaire, October 16, 1967, UIUC-A. p. 31 “a lot of mathematics”: John Bardeen (1977a); John Bardeen to Dr. Raymond Damadian, Fonar Corporation, Melville, N.Y., December 5, 1990, UIUC-A. 

Pages 29-35 373 p. 31 Weaver, later head of: John Bardeen (1984b); “Weaver in Wonderland,” Wisconsin Alumnus, October 1959, 12, 35. In 1954, Weaver became president of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. p. 32 “In a detailed theory”: Bardeen’s course notes for Weaver’s course, “Electrodynamics,” p. 1, BFC. p. 32 “dignified, formal, and reserved”: Leroy A. Howland to Professor Evans, April 1, 1948, Edward Burr Van Vleck file, UWA. p. 32 Van Vleck was a member: “Memorial Resolution on the Death of Professor E. B. Van Vleck,” excerpt from University faculty meeting, October 4, 1943, E. B. Van Vleck file, UWA; Bleaney (1982), 655; Charles Slichter’s comments at John Van Vleck’s memorial service. p. 32 “The University was strong”: John Bardeen (1980c), 77. p. 33 The Theory of Electric and Magnetic: Bleaney (1982); Van Vleck (1932). p. 33 “earliest of its kind”: John Bardeen (1980c); also Bardeen’s official college transcript, UWA. p. 33 Quantum Principles and Line Spectra: Van Vleck (1926). p. 34 “intrigued by physics”: John Bardeen (1977a); (1984b). p. 34 “the only opportunities”: unattributed newspaper clip- ping, no title, UIUC-P. p. 34 “a very stimulating”: John Bardeen (1977a, 1984b). Debye’s physics background resembled Bardeen’s in that he took his undergraduate degree in electrical engineering. Davies (1970). p. 34 Principles of Quantum Mechanics: Dirac (1930). p. 34 “much remained mysterious”: John Bardeen (1980c). Bardeen’s official transcript, Office of the Registrar, University of Wisconsin, Madison. In 1937, Dirac married the sister of Eugene Wigner, Bardeen’s Ph.D. thesis advisor. “Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (Lon- don: The Royal Society, 1986); Kragh (1990). p. 34 Other well-known: John Bardeen (1980c). p. 34 “I heard the lectures”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 35 “Being young”: Ibid. p. 35 still only twenty”: Ibid. p. 35 assistant to Leo J. Peters: John Bardeen transcript, Of- fice of the Registrar, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Faculty Employment Cards, UWA. p. 35 squinted at the world: Osterhoudt (1991). 

374 NOTES p. 35 field of electrical prospecting: Nettleton (1940), 2; Peters and Bardeen (1932). p. 35 “had a muddy nose”: Thompson (1951), 80. p. 36 “from the geological”: Peters and Bardeen (1930), 5. p. 36 a research studentship: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 36 “in analytical ability”: L. J. Peters, quoted in E. Bennett to Dean C. S. Slichter, December 11, 1928, UWA. p. 36 “a very independent young man”: Weaver, chair of Mathematics Department, to Trinity College, January 11, 1929, UWA. p. 36 “Mr. Bardeen is an exceptional”: John Van Vleck to R. H. Fowler, March 18, 1929, Bardeen files, UIUC-P. p. 36 “a man of sound judgment”: Ibid. p. 37 “The principal aim”: Edward Bennett, “Electric Circuit Equations: Their Derivation and Application,” undated course notes, p. 1, BFC. p. 37 “modest acceptance”: Edward Bennett, chair of Electri- cal Engineering Department, to Dean C. S. Slichter, December 11, 1928, UWA. p. 37 Bardeen did not find: John Bardeen (1984b); John Bardeen transcript, Office of the Registrar; Course Catalog, 1929–1930, UWA. p. 37 Thornton Fry, an AT&T recruiter: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 37 “These were the days”: Ibid. p. 38 “He was tired”: James Affleck, editorial, Carnegie Mellon Magazine (Winter 1990). The author of this editorial also wrote, “At the early age of 22 he [Bardeen] had completed most requirements for a Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin, but, dis- satisfied with his dissertation, quit.” p. 38 Engelbrecht Hall was one: Description of dormitories provided by University Libraries, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. p. 38 modest red brick apartment: Pittsburgh City Directory, 1930, 1931, 1932. p. 38 “with such fury”: Markowitz (1976), 4. p. 38 “everything from sink drills”: Ibid. p. 39 “when the experience”: Thompson (1951), 81; also McAfee (1977), 12; “Introduction,” 1900-1976: A Special Issue of the Orange Disc 22:5, 3–4, 7. p. 39 attracting the best and the brightest: Ibid., 91. 

Pages 35-43 375 p. 39 “It was the early days”: John Bardeen (1977a, 1977b). p. 39 “We’d get the results”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 40 “changes of resistivity”: Peters and Bardeen (1932), 122. p. 40 Peters described the theory: Thomas A. Elkins, “A Brief History of Gulf’s Geophysical Prospecting,” Gulf Research and Development Corporation Archives, UIUC-A; Peters (1949). p. 40 “Do you think you’re any better”: Osterhoudt (1991). p. 40 “Johnny worked in magnetics”: Ibid. p. 40 “. . . if I wanted to do geophysics”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 41 “at most eight or ten”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 41 Bardeen found the discussions: John Bardeen (1977a, 1977b, 1984b). p. 41 “because there was an outstanding”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 41 “decided that university life”: John Bardeen (1965a). p. 41 “take a try”: C. R. Bardeen to Abraham Flexner, Princeton Institute, New York, N.Y., December 22, 1932, PRIN. p. 41 an unlikely scenario: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 41 “. . . student of outstanding ability”: John Van Vleck, University of Wisconsin, Madison, to dean of the graduate school, Princeton University, February 8, 1933, PRIN. p. 41 a “general rule”: Warren Weaver, Rockefeller Founda- tion, New York, N.Y., to Robert K. Root, chair, Graduate School Committee, Princeton University, February 16, 1933, PRIN. p. 42 “It was 1933”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 42 “resist any longer”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 42 “I quit my job”: Bardeen (1977a). p. 42 his small inheritance: W. Bardeen (1993), 208. p. 42 some additional savings: Seitz (1998); C. R. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, May 5, 1919, C. R. Bardeen Papers, UWA; Employ- ment chronology, July 28, 1941, Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. p. 42 “I could take a gamble”: Harvard Fellows tape. p. 42 Gulf Research was then: Thompson (1951), 91; “This is Gulf Research,” public relations documents, Library and Archives Division, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, PA. p. 42 “drop down and see your friend”: Osterhoudt (1991). p. 42 “Bardeen swiveled his chair”: Ibid. p. 43 Jewish physicists and mathematicians: Fleming and Bailyn (1969). See especially Weiner (1968). 

376 NOTES p. 43 There he met Jane Maxwell: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 43 “I think you ought”: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 43 Elizabeth “Bess” Patterson: Despite debilitating arthri- tis, her mother lived to celebrate her fiftieth wedding anniversary and beyond. “Local Couple Well Known,” the Washington (Penn- sylvania) Reporter, June 11, 1956; “Dr. R. J. Maxwell Has Practiced Here 56 Years,” the Washington (Pennsylvania) Reporter, August 15, 1958. p. 43 “. . . I’m really interested in science”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, May 1, 1927, BFC. p. 44 Jane moved to Pittsburgh: Jane Bardeen (1991a, 1991b). p. 44 She was attracted: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 44 he unobtrusively captured: Jane Bardeen (1991a). 4 A Graduate Student’s Paradise p. 45 It was dark: Seitz (1999). p. 45 “the embodiment of scholasticism”: Morse (1977), 56– 57. p. 45 “Here’s a new student”: Seitz (1999). p. 45 Fred was fascinated: Ibid. p. 46 Bardeen was more advanced: Seitz (1998). p. 46 about 150 graduate students: Seitz (1992b). p. 46 “. . . worried about passing”: Seitz (1999). p. 46 “This fellow looked at John”: Ibid. p. 46 “They were rags”: Ibid. p. 46 Always wear a tie: Seitz (1981a, 1982b). p. 46 find the formalities “insignificant”: Seitz (1999); Morse (1977), 57. p. 46 Abraham Flexner had conceived: To attract the best scholars, Flexner set the Institute’s salary more than three times the median of a full professor’s salary. The early days of the Insti- tute are described in Sopka (1988), 229–234. See also Sayen (1985), 58–61; Woolf (1980), 32-3; and Flexner (1960), 252. p. 47 transferring the Vatican: Sayen (1980), 81–82; Sopka (1988), 229–234; Woolf (1980). p. 47 “One great park”: Sayen (1980), 61–64. p. 47 “. . . village of puny demigods”: Einstein, quoted in Gleick (1992), 97. 

Pages 43-51 377 p. 47 “coffeehouses in the European sense”: Szanton (1992), 133–134. p. 47 bowled regularly: R. Brattain (1993). Bardeen later won a bowling award while working during the Second World War at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Years later Charles Jakowatz told Nick Holonyak about bowling with Bardeen and how “tough” he was. Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, January 31, 2001. p. 47 referred to as “Slice”: R. Brattain (1993). p. 47 “We played until everyone got so sleepy”: R. Brattain (1993.) p. 48 when Brattain returned to Bell Labs: W. Brattain (1964); Hoddeson (1981b). p. 48 “herding cattle”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 48 Brattain played aggressively: J. C. Phillips to John Bardeen, April 19, 1988, UIUC-A. p. 48 “Walter and I had a common interest”: John Bardeen (1994). p. 48 The two also had in common: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a); also Bardeen (1977a). p. 49 “didn’t really talk that much physics”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 49 Bardeen’s closest physics friend: Hoddeson et al. (1992), 186, Herring and Herring (2000). p. 49 “. . . part of the ring”: Seitz (2000). p. 49 The physics and mathematics students: Seitz (1992a); Wigner (1963). p. 49 “everyone who could walk”: Seitz (1981a). p. 49 “. . . strong synergistic effect”: John Bardeen to S. I. Goldberg, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen’s Uni- versity, Kingston, Canada, April 24, 1981, UIUC-A. p. 50 By the time Bardeen: This “coming-of-age” of Ameri- can physics was the result of ample institutional and financial sup- port, as well as the attraction of many bright young Americans to the field of physics. Hoch (1983); Sopka (1988), xii–xii, xix; Van Vleck (1964); Weiner (1968). p. 50 Princeton had “reluctantly”: Seitz (2001). p. 50 Wigner accepted an appointment: Szanton (1992), 150– 153. p. 51 “. . . the two young Hungarians”: John Bardeen (1984a), 9. 

378 NOTES p. 51 Robertson’s course: John Bardeen (1977b); Bardeen tran- script, Graduate Student files, 1936, Box 62, PRIN. p. 51 “Robertson’s lectures”: Seitz (2001). p. 51 “sort of person who”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 51 “prominent in the beer parties”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 51 special lectures and seminars: John Bardeen (1977b); Seitz (1992a). Also, Rigden (1987). p. 51 “most of the time”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 52 “getting a little feeling”: John Bardeen (1972a, 1972b). p. 52 “Only a few courses”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 52 “graduate student’s paradise”: Seitz (1994), 47. p. 52 written prelims were identical: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 52 “. . . working with Einstein”: NHK. p. 52 immensely difficult projects: Seitz (1994), 61–62; Seitz (1998). p. 52 The Theory of Atomic Spectra: Condon and Shortley (1935). p. 52 “didn’t sound too interesting”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 53 “Atomic theory is a cold fish”: Seitz (2001). p. 53 “all those infinities”: John Bardeen (1977a, 1984b). p. 53 Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman: Brown (1983), 311– 375; Schweber (1994). p. 53 “Maybe they’re in your overcoat, Eugene”: Wigner (1981). p. 53 “If I drop my keys”: Wigner (1981). p. 53 “atoms in crystals”: Wigner (1963, 1981). p. 54 Bardeen wondered: Duke (1993); John Bardeen (1984b). p. 54 “too polite for this”: Morse (1977), 98. p. 54 “It is my fault”: Szanton (1992), v–vi. p. 54 “one of the most remarkable”: Seitz (1992a). p. 54 “fish out of water”: Seitz (1998). p. 54 “. . . he rarely communicated”: Seitz to L. Hoddeson, February 12, 2001. p. 54 with his penetrating questions: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 54 “. . . simplest possible case”: Ibid. p. 55 “very refined mathematical approach”: Seitz (1998). See also John Bardeen (1977a); (1984b); Duke (1993); Seitz (1992a). p. 55 In his later years: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 55 “try simplest cases mantra”: P. Anderson (1998). 

Pages 51-57 379 p. 55 “very encouraging”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 55 When the work was superceded: E. Wigner, “Statement Concerning John Bardeen,” Graduate School, John Bardeen file, PRIN. p. 55 occasionally visit each other: Sopka (1988), 259. See also Fisk (1976); Slater (1975), 173; W. Shockley to May Shockley, De- cember 12, 1932, Stanford Archives (10/8). p. 55 “practically all descendents”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 56 “Conyers knew more solid-state”: Wigner (1984). p. 56 “It’s John Bardeen”: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 56 Bruce offered: Ibid. Also Jane Bardeen to Vicki Daitch, personal communication, 1992. According to Osterhoudt (1991), John occasionally dated other women. A letter in the archives hints of a romance: “I should address you more formally but since I do feel I know you from way back in the 20’s I am going to be infor- mal. . . . I worked at the U.W. Clinic when your father was Dean. . . . I’m anxious to know did you marry Elizabeth Kruse?” Helen Brown White to John Bardeen, January 9, 1990, UIUC-A. p. 56 Peters and Eckhardt invited: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 56 the time John and Jane spent together: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 56 Unlike John: Wisconsin High School of the University of Wisconsin permanent record card, UWA. p. 56 developing his own derivation: Elmer Krack to Sigmund Hammer, February 15, 1981, UIUC-A. p. 56 Tom’s quick intelligence: John Bardeen, “Career of Tom Bardeen with Gulf Oil Company,” family document. The authors thank Lynn Maynard and Ellen Stiehl for kindly sending us a copy. p. 57 “He wouldn’t say a word”: Henschel (1995); Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 57 When he was in Pittsburgh: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 57 “thought they were safe”: Seitz to L. Hoddeson, phone conversation, November 13, 1999. In this period there were 17 stu- dents enrolled for roughly four years each in the math-physics pro- gram that Bardeen was in. p. 57 “raised the height”: Seitz to L. Hoddeson, February 12, 2001. p. 57 “. . . using too much intuition”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 57 “noisily and as honored guests”: F. Seitz to C. Herring, cited in Herring and Herrring (2000). 

380 NOTES p. 57 “Without too much encouragement”: Seitz (1994), 64– 65. p. 58 “No one in my experience”: E. Wigner, “Statement Con- cerning John Bardeen,” c. fall 1934 or early spring 1935, Graduate School, John Bardeen file, PRIN. p. 58 blacksmiths, potters: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), ch. 1. p. 58 standing on the edge: John Bardeen (1977c). p. 59 “far more complex things”: Smith (1965). p. 59 Max von Laue: Forman (1969); Hoddeson, et. al. (1992), ch. 1. p. 60 “physics of dirt”: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 88–160; Pauli quote is on p. 181, note 458. The brief survey presented in these pages of the history of the quantum theory of solids is largely based on the treatment found in Hoddeson, et al. (1987). p. 61 Wilson’s tour de force: Wilson (1931). p. 61 ghostlike notion of the “hole”: Peierls (1929). See also Hoddeson and Riordan (2001). p. 61 Semiconductors were enormously controversial: See ref- erence 218 in Hoddeson, et al. (1992). According to Wilson, the “canard” that silicon is a good metal lingered through the pre– World War II period. p. 61 adding impurities (“doping”): Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 122–123. p. 62 Focusing on sodium: Wigner and Seitz (1933, 1934). p. 62 “looked like it would open up”: John Bardeen (1977, 1984b). p. 62 “There were so many approximations”: Slater, quoted in Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 188. p. 62 a conglomeration of fields: Weart, “The Solid Commu- nity,” in Hoddeson, et al. (1992). p. 62 a dozen major reviews: Hoddeson, et al. (1987). p. 62 monumental, almost 300-page: Sommerfeld and Bethe (1933). p. 62 “Theory of the Solid State”: Wigner (1981). p. 63 In his thesis calculation: John Bardeen (1937); David Pines, Meeting with Brian Pippard, etc., October 9, 1991. p. 63 “Wigner actually did most”: John Bardeen (1936, 1984b); Wigner and Bardeen (1935). 

Pages 57-67 381 p. 63 “. . . worked practically independently”: E. Wigner, c. fall 1934 or early spring 1935, note in John Bardeen’s graduate stu- dent file, PRIN. p. 64 “the man beyond the scholar”: The Society did not at this point expect to initiate any women into its ranks. Homans and Bailey (1959), 25. p. 64 His interviewing committee: John Bardeen (1977b); Slichter (1992). p. 64 “I was placed before”: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 64 “I’m sure it was Van Vleck”: Harvard Society of Fel- lows (1987); Slichter (1995). p. 64 “Three years of job security”: John Bardeen (1984a), 10. p. 64 “it was obvious”: John Bardeen (1984b). p. 64 form of pancreatic cancer: Meek (1935). John’s older brother William died of a similar form of cancer in 1986. Henschel (1992, 1995). p. 64 buried beside Althea: Henschel (1995). p. 64 “relaxations came through walks”: Sullivan (1936). p. 65 “a quiet giant”: Harold C. Bradley, “Reminiscences of Doctor Bardeen,” in “Dedication of the Bardeen Memorial Labora- tories,” pamphlet, Charles R. Bardeen biographical file, UWA. Fifty- three years later, when John Bardeen died, Morton Weir, the chancellor of the University of Illinois used words that echoed those of Bradley, “A giant has passed from our midst.” Inside Illi- nois 10, no. 10 (February 7, 1991). p. 65 “a prodigious worker”: Clark (1967), 45. p. 65 establishment of a preceptorship: Bradley (1992), 17–8. p. 65 Van Vleck’s continuing influence: John Bardeen (1977, 1980b). Also John Bardeen file, PRIN. 5 Many-Body Beginnings p. 67 “The idea was”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 67 “. . . their promise of notable contribution”: Brinton (1959), 67–68. p. 67 “a great privilege and inspiration”: Bardeen to James B. Fisk, Bell Laboratories, October 29, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 67 “. . . ordinary small talk of academic life”: Homans and Bailey (1959), 29, 31–32. 

382 NOTES p. 67 “general broadening influence”: Harvard Society of Fel- lows (1987). p. 67 Ivan Getting: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 67 theorist James Fisk: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 68 Bardeen also befriended: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 68 Fisk would be instrumental: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 68 “for the nominal sum”: Garrett Birkhoff to Charles Slichter, October 19, 1992. The authors thank Slichter for sharing this letter with us. Garrett’s father, George Birkhoff, a Harvard mathematics professor, was a senior fellow. p. 68 Eddington’s authoritative text: John Bardeen (1977b); Eddington (1923). p. 68 “To find out any physical quantity”: Eddington (1923). p. 69 immersed himself in the physics literature: John Bardeen (1980b), 80. p. 69 “It was still possible”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 69 100 or so German-Jewish physicists: Weiner (1968). p. 69 Bethe’s no-frills practical style of physics: Bethe (1972). p. 69 the two theorists conferred: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 69 “close correlation between”: Mott and Jones (1936); Wil- son (1936). Also see John Bardeen (1980b). p. 70 help to establish solid-state: Seitz (1940); Mott and Jones (1936); and Wilson (1936). p. 70 “tight-binding method”: Bardeen and Van Vleck (1939). p. 70 “I had more interaction with Van Vleck”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 70 “. . . Slater remembered me”: John Bardeen (1984a). p. 70 “. . . prosaic, matter-of-fact type”: Slater (1975), 42. p. 70 Bridgman had managed: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 41. p. 70 Bridgman encouraged Slater: Hoddeson and Baym (1980); Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 4. p. 71 “I was convinced”: Slater (1975), 5–6. p. 71 “Well here’s something that needs”: Herring and Her- ring (2000). p. 71 “grinding out” results: Herring (1992a). p. 71 preferred “to just keep butting away”: Herring and Her- ring (2000). p. 71 “strongest intellectual contacts”: Herring’s “Recollec- tions,” in Mott (1980), 65–76. 

Pages 67-75 383 p. 71 “that the things he [Bardeen] was working on”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 72 “. . . influenced by the Hollywood culture”: Seitz (1994), 67. p. 72 “two desperadoes were loose”: Ibid., 67. p. 72 “We went to joint seminars”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 72 “dangling bonds”: Shockley eventually wrote a paper in 1939 predicting surface states whenever two electronic bands within a finite periodic structure intersect. Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 468; Tamm (1932); Shockley (1939). p. 72 surface states also arise: John Bardeen (1977b). In chemi- cal language, the surface states are “the extra-orbitals leftovers. The other valence bonds are filled with electrons,” Bardeen explained. p. 72 Shockley’s thesis calculation: John Bardeen (1977b); (1984b). p. 72 “empty lattice test”: Shockley (1974). p. 73 Shockley received an enviable: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 81. Also see Hoddeson (1981b). p .73 “residue of stories”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 73 observation, not theory: Walter (1990), 31. p. 73 “fierce in his inner disdain”: Edwin C. Kemble, “Apostle of Ruthless Logic,” lecture given at Percy Williams Bridgman Me- morial Meeting, October 24, 1961, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, AIP. p. 73 “indulged in no elaboration”: Edward M. Purcell, “The Teacher and Experimenter,” lecture given at Percy Williams Bridgman Memorial Meeting, October 24, 1961, Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, Massachusetts, AIP. p. 73 “the new field of high pressure”: Walter (1990), 49. p. 74 “. . . height of his productivity”: John Bardeen (1980b), 81; John Bardeen to Maila Walter, July 28, 1981, UIUC-A. p. 74 phase change in cesium: John Bardeen (1980b), 82. Also John Bardeen to Maila Walter, July 28, 1981, UIUC-A. p. 74 “This was one of the first cases”: John Bardeen (1977b). p. 74 “Bridgman was very impressed”: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 74 “The alkali metals were”: John Bardeen (1938); (1980b), 81; (1977b). p. 75 “John never forgave”: Seitz to L. Hoddeson, February 12, 2001. 

384 NOTES p. 75 Bardeen ever mentioning: Bridgman (1927, 1936); Ben- jamin (1955), esp. 1–20; also Bridgman (1980). p. 75 “Operationalism”: Walter (1990), 2–4. p. 75 “The concept is synonymous”: Bridgman (1927), 5. p. 75 “penumbra” surrounding the operations: See for ex- ample, Margenau (1956), 39. p. 75 emphasis on usefulness: Schweber (1986). p. 76 “selectively recruit”: Zuckerman (1983). p. 76 “John just hangs on”: A. H. Bardeen to C. W. Bardeen, n.d., UWA. p. 77 “It was clear to me”: Bethe (1981), quoted in Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 210; John Bardeen (1980b). p. 77 X-ray emission spectrum: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 196, 199; Jones et al. (1934). p. 77 answered in 1951 by Viktor Weisskopf: Weisskopf (1951). p. 77 Not until 1957: Luttinger and Kohn showed that the occupation number has a sharp discontinuity at the Fermi surface, like a cliff that slopes gently down, then falls drastically, then slopes more gently again near the bottom. Landau (1957); Luttinger (1960). p. 77 “. . . too elaborate a calculation”: John Bardeen (1977c). p. 78 in 1936 Bardeen could not: John Bardeen (1937). p. 78 “random phase approximation”: John Bardeen (1980b). p. 78 “the most influential years”: Harvard Society of Fel- lows (1987). p. 78 Holy Grail: Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Felix Bloch, Lev Landau, Leon Brillouin, W. Elsasser, Yakov Frenkel, Ralph Kronig, and Einstein were among the many who tried and failed to develop a detailed first-principles theory of superconductivity. For a summary of research on superconductiv- ity, from its discovery up to the Second World War, see Dahl (1992). For other references see Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 588, note 21, 141– 153; also Hoddeson, et al. (1987), Section 4: “Superconductivity, 1929–1933.” p. 78 “Only a number of hypotheses”: Sommerfeld and Bethe (1933), 555, 558. p. 79 “Every theory of superconductivity”: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 144. p. 79 Léon Brillouin associated: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), ch 2. 

Pages 75-84 385 p. 79 “have not materially”: Shoenberg (1938), ix. p. 79 a breakthrough in superconductivity: London and London (1933). p. 80 The Londons had fled: For insights into the London brothers, especially Fritz, see the biography of Fritz London by Gavroglu (1995); also Dahl (1992); and Hoddeson, et al. (1992). p. 80 existing current will flow forever: London and London (1933), 348. p. 80 suggested that there is “rigidity”: London (1935). p. 81 “Every time I saw”: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 81 “. . . you should support your wife”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 81 the reproductive patterns of wasps: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, July 2, 1936, BFC; Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 81 “Dinner at the Wayside Inn”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, June 28, 1936, BFC. p. 81 they drove to Pennsylvania: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, July 2, 1936, BFC. p. 81 “. . . I decided to try presence”: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 81 “resigning from Tech”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell family, August 15, 1937, BFC. p. 82 had any “plans”: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 82 “ ‘that nice young man’ ”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, November 29, 1937, BFC. p. 82 “more philosophical about”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, November 29, 1937, BFC. 6 Academic Life p. 83 a serious love interest: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, May 26, 1938, BFC; Nier (1993). p. 83 “Isn’t that sporting”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, May 26, 1938, BFC. p. 83 “all of her Dana Hall”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, December 6, 1938. p. 84 “on the map”: Gray (1951), 3, 415–418. Tate, who came to Minnesota as an instructor, was appointed dean in 1937. p. 84 “so highly of his work”: John Van Vleck to Johns Hopkins, n.d., UMP. 

386 NOTES p. 84 Minnesota offered Bardeen: J. W. Buchta to John Bardeen, G31 Lowell House, March 29, 1938, UMP. According to an employment application in Bardeen’s personnel file of the USOPM, he was earning $3,000 per year at Gulf. p. 84 when Harvard offered Nier: Nier (1993). p. 84 lecture on the physics of metals: Bardeen spoke there on the theory of “Electrical conduction and other transport phe- nomena.” Francis Bitter and Foster Nix spoke on experiment, while Seitz and Mott spoke on theoretical subjects. Later, Bardeen expanded the material from his talk into a review article. John Bardeen (1940, 1980b). p. 84 “The date will probably be”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, May 26, 1938; February 28, 1940, BFC. p. 84 “Johnny called tonight”: Jane Maxwell to Sue Maxwell, June 2, 1938, BFC. p. 85 “My mother would be pleased”: Jane Bardeen (1991b). p. 85 By getting married: Jane Bardeen (1993b). p. 85 he moved his practice: “Dr. R. J. [sic] Maxwell Has Prac- ticed Here 56 Years,” the Washington (Pennsylvania) Reporter, Au- gust 15, 1958, 36. p. 85 Reverend Dr. Lippencott: Jane Bardeen (1993b). p. 85 Jane’s immediate family attended: Jim was following the model of his father and training to become a doctor. “Dr. R. J. [sic] Maxwell.” the Washington (Pennsylvania) Reporter, August 15, 1958. p. 85 “traditional white and veil”: Jane Maxwell to Sue Max- well, June 2, 1938, BFC. p. 85 fringes shimmied: Henschel (1995). p. 85 the only snapshots: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 85 “That didn’t please John”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 85 “We drove as far as Canton”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell family, July 26, 1938, BFC. p. 86 “lousy luck with a tire”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell fam- ily, July 26, 1938, BFC. p. 86 at the tools: W. Bardeen private communication to L. Hoddeson, August 16, 2001. p. 86 “John was pretty angry”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell fam- ily, July 26, 1938, BFC. p. 86 “stowed the stuff”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell family, July 26, 1938, BFC. 

Pages 84-89 387 p. 86 “They killed the fatted calf”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, July 26, 1938, BFC. p. 87 “I think we are going”: Ibid. p. 87 “found more happiness”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell fam- ily, July 26, 1938, BFC. p. 87 Heading west: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, Au- gust 9, 1938, BFC. p. 87 “very good coffee”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, August 3, 1938, BFC. p. 87 thank-you notes: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, August 1, 1938, BFC. p. 87 “Can’t you see them”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 87 contracted tuberculosis: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, July 26, 1938, BFC. p. 87 made herself “scarce”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 87 “It is a desperate fight”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, August 16, 1938, BFC. p. 88 “about four or five miles”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, August 22, 1938, BFC. p. 88 “We go so hard”: Ibid. p. 88 “rooted in the cellar”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, September 3, 1938, BFC. p. 88 the few household goods: Jane Bardeen to Betty Max- well, September 12, 1938, BFC. p. 88 “a swell job of sanding”: Ibid. p. 88 “go into John’s capital”: Jane Bardeen to the Maxwell family, October 1938, BFC. p. 89 “. . . brings me tea with sugar”: Ibid. p. 89 “Don’t let this baby”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 89 “. . . going to produce a litter”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, January 19, 1939, BFC. p. 89 “The most amazing present”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 28, 1939, BFC. The present was from Jo Gerken and Florence Rumbaugh. p. 89 a letter of recommendation: Helen Temple Cooke to Jane Maxwell Bardeen, June 26, 1939, BFC. p. 89 “a genetics project”: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 89 “I’m really enjoying cooking”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 28, 1939; November 11, 1939, BFC. 

388 NOTES p. 90 “. . . John really opened up”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, November 11, 1940, BFC. p. 90 “John hates to take medicine”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 28, 1939, BFC. p. 90 faculty billiards championship: Young (1972). p. 90 the faculty always won: Nier (1993). p. 90 “25 to 3 or something”: Ibid. p. 90 “We beat them”: Ibid. p. 91 the department’s star athletes: Ibid. p. 91 Bardeen could be quietly grumbling: Ibid. p. 91 “Tell them what you know”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 91 “. . . a little extra money”: John Bardeen (1977c). p. 91 “John had a hard week”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, August 7, 1939, BFC. p. 91 “a batch of blackberry jam”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, August 23, 1939, BFC. p. 91 “vacations are for concentrating”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, March 28, 1939, BFC. p. 91 “about the only time”: Jane Bardeen to Susan Maxwell, January 10, 1940, BFC. p. 91 expensive dental work: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, October 19, 1938, BFC. p. 92 “These difficulties have been almost”: John Bardeen (1940), 88, 90. p. 92 “a perfect periodic lattice”: Ibid., 90–94, 96. p. 92 “some phenomena for which”: Ibid., 96, 111. p. 93 “Any labor pains”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, May 4, 1939, BFC. p. 93 “. . . a big, fat girl”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, March 28, 1939, BFC. p. 93 made backup plans: Ibid. p. 93 “a fine job on the baby’s basket”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, May 4, 1939, BFC. p. 93 “He was so much fun”: Jane Bardeen to Susan Maxwell, November 15, 1939, BFC. p. 93 little boy’s babble: Nier (1993). p. 93 frequently ended up playing: Helen Buchta Gustafson to Jane Bardeen, April 15, 1991, BFC. p. 93 “Johnny and I went gallivanting”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, April 6, 1940, BFC. 

Pages 90-96 389 p. 93 “. . . red cinnamon candy hearts”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 16, 1940, BFC. p. 93 “The kind of love”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, December 15, 1939, BFC. p. 94 John’s “first love”: Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, November 29, 1937, BFC. p. 94 “The closets are wonderful”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, August 18, 1940, BFC. p. 94 “If Germany wins”: Jane Bardeen to Dr. J. R. Maxwell, May 19, 1940, BFC. p. 94 “Both of us feel”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, December 15, 1939, BFC. p. 94 “try to be economical”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, November 11, 1940, BFC. p. 94 “as excited as a small boy”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Max- well, March 22, 1940, BFC. p. 94 he drove to Pittsburgh: Jane Bardeen to Dr. J. R. Max- well, May 19, 1940, BFC. p. 94 a colleague would sometimes present: Jane Bardeen to Susan Maxwell, January 10, 1940, BFC. p. 95 an atomic bomb: Hoddeson, et. al (1993). p. 95 separating the isotopes: Bardeen and Nier (1941); Nier (1993). Also John Bardeen (1977b). p. 95 “On Friday afternoon”: Booth et al., (1969), 28; Rhodes (1986), 332. p. 95 “. . . a Hollywood version”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, May 10, 1940, BFC; Minneapolis Star-Journal, May 5, 1940. p. 96 “John is teaching”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, November 11, 1940, BFC. p. 96 “knew a lot about magnetism”: Harvard Society of Fel- lows (1987). p. 96 Lynn phoned from Washington: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 6, 1941, BFC. p. 96 “John had been slated”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell fam- ily, November 11, 1940, BFC. p. 96 “It is a completely new experience”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, March 22, 1940, BFC. p. 96 “. . . less courageous than Florence”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 6, 1941, BFC. 

390 NOTES p. 96 Helen caused additional worry: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, December 6, 1938; Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, November 29, 1940, BFC. p. 96 “All of us are heartsick”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, November 29, 1940, BFC. p. 96 “will ever be well again”: Ibid. p. 97 “Glenis would arrive”: Jane Bardeen to Dr. J. R. Max- well, January 14, 1941, BFC. p. 97 “Being an only child”: Ibid. p. 97 She remembered laughter: Morrison (1995); Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, December 6, 1938; January 19, 1939; February 28, 1939, BFC. p. 97 “I shall not see the doctor”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 6, 1941, BFC. p. 97 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: John Bardeen (1980b). p. 98 The disparity between these energies: John Bardeen (1941, 1980b). p. 98 “shook his head”: Seitz (2001). p. 98 “. . . getting a small energy gap”: John Bardeen (1980b). 7 Engineering for National Defense p. 99 “John and I both feel”: Jane Bardeen to Dr. and Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, April 10, 1940, BFC. p. 99 “Now one bond unites”: Keegan (2000), 55; Gilbert (1989), 64. p. 100 British radar: Buderi (1996). p. 100 Battle of Britain: Weinberg (1994). p. 100 National Defense Research Committee: Zachery (1997); Hart (1998). p. 101 the government network: For more detail, see Kevles (1978). p. 101 to expand the NOL: Smaldane (1977), 167–169; also Rowland and Boyd (1953), 18. p. 101 Rumbaugh had been brought: John Bardeen to George Hamlin, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, Virginia, July 31, 1985, UIUC-A; Anspacher (1992). 

Pages 96-104 391 p. 101 By appropriately selecting the current: Rowland and Boyd (1953), 71; Bennett (1987). p. 101 the NOL aggressively recruited: Rowland and Boyd (1953). p. 101 persuaded Bardeen to join: Anspacher (1992); Lt. Cmdr. Ralph D. Bennett, U.S.N.R., to John Bardeen, March 19, 1941; John Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. Bennett mentioned that “Wetzel, Johnson and others” had brought up Bardeen’s name as a likely candidate to help them with the kinds of problems they faced. p. 102 persuaded Buchta to spare Bardeen: Correspondence between John Bardeen and Lt. Cmdr. Ralph D. Bennett, U.S.N.R., Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Washington, D.C., March 19, 1941; March 28, 1941; April 9, 1941; April 17, 1941; April 26, 1941; May 13, 1941; May 16, 1941; May 19, 1941; and June 4, 1941, USOPM. p. 102 hiring civilian scientists: “Putting Science to Sea in World War II: The Development of the Modern Naval Ordnance Laboratory,” On the Surface 10, no. 14 (Special R&D Technology Edition, July 10, 1987) 7–9. p. 102 the navy increased its offer to $17: Jay Buchta to Lt. Cmdr. R. D. Bennett, May 16, 1941, USOPM. p. 102 “You can’t have this baby”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 102 overburdened the city’s hospitals: Stevens (1941), 51–52. p. 103 boarded the train to Pittsburgh: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 103 “I always liked having a brother”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 103 the train ride felt completely different: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, February 6, 1941, BFC. p. 103 Automobiles crawled along: See Brinkley (1988) and Stevens (1941). p. 103 part of Fairfax Village: Anspacher (1992). p. 103 Jane’s sister Betty: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 103 “hottest place in Washington”: John Bardeen to George Hamlin, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, Virginia, July 31, 1985; Mitchell (1987). p. 103 avoid the fumes from a paint shop: John Bardeen to George Hamlin, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, Virginia, July 31, 1985. The authors thank George Hamlin for sharing these documents from his personal correspondence files. p. 104 “objectionable conditions”: R. H. Park to Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, November 20, 1942, NARA, RG 298, Box 2. 

392 NOTES p. 104 NOL also suffered less interference: Rear Adm. W. R. Purnell to Rear Adm. J. A. Furer, coordinator of R & D, September 6, 1942, NARA, RG 298, Box 96. p. 104 physicist Charles Kittel: Nick Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, February 2, 2001; Charles Kittel to Jane Bardeen, February 11, 1991, BFC. p. 104 “. . . swear he was sound asleep”: Anspacher (1992). p. 104 “everything John’s group worked on”: Charles Kittel to Jane Bardeen, February 11, 1991, BFC. p. 104 They tested the scale models: Gilbarg (1992). p. 104 “. . . no intellectual snobbery”: Anspacher (1992). p. 105 LaCoste-Romberg gravity meter: Bardeen and Kendall (1941). p. 105 A more promising design: John Bardeen (1942); Bardeen and Keithley (1942). p. 105 target areas of submarines: Bardeen et al. (1942). p. 105 classify the magnetic signatures: Bardeen and Shortly (1942). p. 105 Bardeen often consulted with: John Bardeen travel orders dated March 4, 1942; March 14, 1942; April 6, 1942; April 21, 1942; June 23, 1942; September 21, 1942; November 25, 1942; March 31, 1943; and June 15, 1943, John Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. p. 105 visits to naval stations: John Bardeen travel orders dated November 29, 1941; February 4, 1943; March 10, 1943; May 3, 1943; May 24, 1943; July 5, 1943; August 3, 1943; and August 16, 1943, John Bardeen personnel file, USOPM; Seattle reference is from John Bardeen (1977c). p. 105 his work on torpedoes: John Bardeen (1977c); John Bardeen travel orders dated May 15, 1943 and July 27, 1943, John Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. p. 105 “. . . spent a very enjoyable afternoon”: John Bardeen to Stephen Brunauer, Clarkson College, Potsdam, New York, July 30, 1980. There are travel orders dated June 30, 1943, for Bardeen to visit the Institute for Advanced Study on or around July 2, 1943, USOPM. p. 106 the Field Analyst section: John Bardeen (1977c); Kaplan (1946), 35. p. 106 Bardeen headed one of five: Kaplan (1946), 38. p. 106 “If he wanted to send work”: Jane Bardeen (1991a). 

Pages 104-109 393 p. 107 Bardeen became head: Kaplan (1946), 40–45. p. 107 He planned and directed: Job Classification Sheet for John Bardeen, September 20, 1943, USOPM. p. 107 Not only did compartmentalization: Kaplan (1946), 45. p. 107 “project orientation”: John Bardeen to A. H. Hausrath, August 16, 1967, UIUC-A. Bardeen’s own work status changed from contract to civil service in June 1943 when the navy changed its policy regarding contract work. His new title was Principal Physi- cist, but his duties, almost entirely administrative, hardly changed. Memos from Personnel Officer R. F. Cautley to Bardeen, June 10, 1943, from F. L. Reichmuth, commandant, NOL Navy Yard, Wash- ington, D.C., to the assistant secretary of the navy; from Bardeen to purchase officer via officer-in-charge, NOL, September 30, 1943, USOPM. p. 107 to keep technical details from anyone: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 107 fifty-three hours: Affidavit—Occupational Classifica- tion (Industrial) for John Bardeen, 8 December 30, 1943, USOPM. p. 107 gave up smoking: William Bardeen, private communi- cation to L. Hoddeson, November 19, 1999. p. 108 “Eugene got worried”: Seitz (2001). p. 108 “. . . said ‘start learning’”: William F. Whitmore to John Bardeen, January 11, 1988, UIUC-A. p. 108 bureaucratic straightjacket: John Bardeen to chief of the Bureau of Ordnance via commandant, U.S. Navy Yard, October 31, 1942, USOPM. p. 108 his superiors noticed: Reports of Efficiency Rating on John Bardeen, August 29, 1944; March 31, 1945; and September 11, 1945, USOPM. p. 108 “. . . NOL’s low-score golfers”: “Dr. John Bardeen is World Famous As Versatile Theoretical Physicist,” Report, July 1945, 8. Charles V. Jakowatz who bowled both with and against Bardeen during those years later told Nick Holonyak that Bardeen was “tough.” N. Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, January 31, 2001. p. 108 He won a medal: John Bardeen to George Hamlin, Na- val Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, Virginia, July 31, 1985, UIUC-A. p. 109 “he’d get scolded”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 109 Bill and Charlotte sent Glenis home: G. W. Beach to John Bardeen, February 18, 1943; Williams and Rae, Barristers and 

394 NOTES Solicitors, to John Bardeen, March 3, 1943; Donald Beach to John Bardeen, December 8, 1942; Williams and Rae to John Bardeen, March 5, 1943, BFC. p. 109 developing a drinking problem: John Bardeen, “Career of Tom Bardeen with Gulf Oil Company,” n.d., family document. The authors thank Lynn Maynard and Ellen Stiehl for kindly send- ing us a copy. p. 109 Security regulations prevented: John Bardeen to Pro- fessor Sigmund Hammer, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, February 25, 1981, UIUC-A. p. 109 “I am thinking of you constantly”: James Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, November 30, 1943, BFC. p. 109 the best possible medical care: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 109 “Is she pretty?”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 109 “help your mommy”: John Bardeen to Bill Bardeen, April 1943, BFC. p. 109 “. . . help bring the family back”: John Bardeen to Jay Buchta, June 10, 1944, UMP. p. 110 “invited to have another”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 110 “With my present family responsibilities”: John Bardeen to Jay Buchta, May 6, 1945, UMP. p. 110 bitterly disappointed: Telegram from Jay Buchta to John Bardeen, May 24, 1945, Bardeen p. 110 the university did not yet recognize: Alfred O. C. Nier, Acting Chair, Department of Physics, to Dean J. W. Buchta, April 18, 1951, Bardeen personnel file, UMP; Al Nier (1993); Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 110 The field grew so rapidly: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), ch. 9. Slater pushed for the application to solid-state research of the compact helium liquefier that Collins developed during the war for portable oxygen generators to be used on submarines and airplanes. The subsequent wide use of the Collins liquefier enabled low-tem- perature physics studies to be conducted at many institutions. p. 110 “The plans are”: John Bardeen to Jay Buchta, May 6, 1945, Bardeen personnel file, UMP. p. 111 created the new solid-state department: Kelly (1943). p. 111 cutting-edge research on semiconductors: Torrey and Whitmer (1948), viii. The classic work on this radar program is Guerlac (1987). See also Hoddeson (1994); Henry Torrey to L. Hoddeson, June 6, 1993. The Telecommunications Research Estab- 

Pages 109-114 395 lishment played a similar role in England, coordinated with the General Electric Company; British Thompson Houston, Ltd.; and Oxford University. p. 111 “All of this art”: Kelly (1943). p. 111 modeled his new solid-state department: Kelly (1950). p. 111 “He thought that”: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 111 Bardeen learned more: Technical Employment Man- ager R. A. Deller, Bell Telephone Laboratories, to John Bardeen, May 26, 1945, UIUC-A; John Bardeen to Officer-in-Charge W. G. Schindler, via L. H. Rumbaugh and personnel office, NOL, Wash- ington, D.C., June 26, 1945, USOPM. p. 112 “$550 per month”: According to an application for employment as a federal consultant, Bardeen was making $11,400 at Bell Labs by the time he was ready to leave in March 1951, only six years later. USOPM. p. 112 not intended to interfere: Technical Employment Man- ager R. A. Deller, Bell Telephone Laboratories, to John Bardeen, May 26, 1945, UIUC-A. p. 112 “It was a difficult choice”: John Bardeen to Jay Buchta, June 11, 1945, UMP. p. 112 “BTL appears to offer”: Ibid. p. 112 “It might be a good idea for Minnesota”: Ibid. p. 112 “which have little chance”: John Bardeen to Officer- in-Charge Capt. W. G. Schindler, via L. H. Rumbaugh and person- nel office, NOL, Washington, D.C., June 26, 1945, USOPM. p. 113 “no more will be trained”: Ibid. p. 113 “the armed services have control of scientific talent”: Ibid. p. 113 “Dr. Bardeen’s decision”: L. H. Rumbaugh to officer- in-charge, NOL, July 3, 1945, USOPM. p. 113 “really worked on”: Marlowe (1992). p. 113 “I consider Dr. Bardeen’s request”: Officer-in-Charge Capt. W. G. Schindler, NOL, to John Bardeen, via personnel officer and Dr. L. H. Rumbaugh, July 4, 1945, USOPM. p. 113 “outstanding contributions”: Memo to the Board on Awards for Civilian Service from Officer-in-Charge Capt. W. G. Schindler, USN, NOL, November 29, 1945, USOPM. p. 114 “accomplishments are not considered”: Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal to Rear Adm. F. L. Reichmuth, com- mandant, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., June 11, 1946; G. B. Davis, 

396 NOTES commandant, Potomac River Naval Command, to John Bardeen, September 4, 1946, USOPM. 8 The Transistor p. 115 They had shipped: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, October 14, 1945, BFC. p. 115 Betsy was now: Ibid. p. 115 “The nightmare really started”: Ibid. p. 116 “found 35 miles”: Ibid. p. 116 “a stinker”: Ibid. p. 116 “scoured the bathroom”: Ibid. p. 116 “Baths are infrequent”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, October 25, 1945, BFC. p. 117 “look brighter next time I write”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, October 14, 1945, BFC. p. 117 “shoveling out the dirt”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, October 25, 1945, BFC. p. 117 Watchung Mountain Reservation: Bardeen family in- terview (1992); W. Bardeen (1995), BFC. p. 117 “comfortable presence”: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, Bardeen family interview (1992), BFC. p. 117 “. . . color films of the children”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, April 25, 1948, BFC. p. 117 John’s half-sister Ann: Ann Bardeen Henschel, Bardeen family interview (1992), BFC. p. 117 “He thought women”: John Bardeen (1977a). p. 118 she accepted the internship: Ann Bardeen Henschel, Bardeen family interview (1992); Henschel (1992). p. 118 found time for squash: Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 118 he bowled often enough: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, January 17, 1949, BFC. p. 118 an excuse to quit the club: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 118 “a good match”: John Bardeen (1994), 73. p. 118 “her cooking would have been”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 118 Herring’s sport was tennis: Ibid. 

Pages 114-122 397 p. 119 a warm and gracious woman: Herrring and Herring (2000); Seitz (2001). p. 119 “in a gentle way to hold the reigns”: Seitz (2000). p. 119 Jane grew less tolerant: Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 119 “. . . a very significant regression”: Pearson (1992), 240. p. 119 “Aren’t we having a nice winter season?”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 119 to risk revealing: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 119 “he wanted some part of himself”: Jane Bardeen (1993b); Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 120 “be doing some physics”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, October 25, 1945, BFC. p. 120 “first love”: Jane Bardeen (1991a); Jane Maxwell to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, November 29, 1937, BFC. p. 120 struggle with hearing loss: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 120 In the first decades: The Bell Telephone Laboratories was officially incorporated on January 1, 1925, but the research groups out of which the corporation emerged had been created over a decade earlier. Hoddeson (1981c), 512–544. p. 120 Those whose labs overlooked: Ibid.; see also Fagen (1975). For the information about doughnuts and coffee, the au- thors are grateful to Terry Eisinger, personal communication to L. Hoddeson, September 1995. p. 120 a “country lab experiment”: Mervin Kelly memoran- dum to Oliver Buckley, January 1945, Box 53, pp. 18, 25, AT&T. p. 121 “a gigantic technological warren”: Bernstein (1984), viii. p. 121 showed up with the head cold: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, October 25, 1945, BFC. p. 121 regular initiation ritual: N. Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, February 3, 2001. p. 121 “. . . this is only fair”: undated newspaper clipping, UIUC-P. p. 121 small, fourth-floor office: See Bell Labs phone directo- ries for 1945 and 1946, AT&T. p. 122 “You’ll find that”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 122 “layoff days”: W. Brattain (1964). 

398 NOTES p. 123 the Purdue group had built: Guerlac (1987); Hoddeson (1994); Seitz and Einspruch (1998), esp. ch. 11; Torrey and Whitmer (1948). p. 123 “Now I know”: F. Seitz to L. Hoddeson, February 12, 2001. p. 123 connecting the East and West coasts: Hoddeson (1981c) p. 124 evolved into Bell Telephone Laboratories: Hoddeson (1981c). p. 125 used as a “click reducer”: N. Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, February 3, 2001. p. 125 “out in the elements”: Wooldridge (1976). p. 125 “orders of magnitude away”: Ibid. p. 125 copper oxide amplifier: Shockley described the design, which would now be called a “Schottky-gate-field-effect” transis- tor, in his laboratory notebook on December 29, 1939. See also Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a). p. 125 “I laughed at him”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 126 Ohl noticed that a particular: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 88–89; also (1997b). p. 126 The work that led to the transistor: Bardeen BNB 20780 October 23, 1945, p. 3, AT&T. p. 127 “I cannot overemphasize”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 128 “much bomb damage”: John Bardeen (1987), 70–71. p. 128 “I told [Muriel]”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, July 9, 1947, BFC. p. 128 “John and Bill turned up”: Muriel Kittel to Jane Bardeen, February 12, 1991, BFC. p. 129 “. . . heads at opposite ends”: John Bardeen (1987), 70– 71. Also W. Shockley to Ralph Bown, July 21, 1947, STAN. p. 129 “Sorry we can’t be together”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, July 15, 1947, BFC. p. 129 to go rock climbing: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, July 19, 1947, BFC. p. 129 “One of my shoes”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, July 20, 1947, BFC. p. 130 “to get to Paris next Sunday”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, July 19, 1947, BFC. p. 130 “the hottest day”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, Au- gust 1, 1947, BFC. 

Pages 123-138 399 p. 130 “spoke to him in our high school French”: John Bardeen (1977d). p. 130 “As you must have gathered”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, August 1, 1947, BFC. p. 131 “very hard work”: Ibid. p. 131 “I’m a lazy physicist”: W. Brattain (1963). p. 131 “to anybody in the group”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 131 “Wait a minute”: Ibid. p. 131 “We could vary the photo emf”: Ibid. p. 131 his own work on dislocations: John Bardeen (1978). p. 131 He told no one else: Shockley (1976), 609. See also Riordan, et al. (1999), S336–S345. p. 132 “Come on John”: W. Brattain (1963). p. 132 “The geometry was essentially”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 134 “a simple way in which”: John Bardeen (1978). p. 134 “I told my driving group”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 134 “high-back-voltage germanium”: W. Brattain BNB 18194, December 8, 1947, p. 171. Also see Shockley (1976), 610. p. 134 “John Bardeen was great at”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 135 “This is the opposite”: W. Brattain BNB 18194, De- cember 8, 1947. p. 135 “Bardeen suggests that the surface field”: Ibid., 176–177. p. 136 negative ions in the electrolyte: W. Brattain (1964). See also Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 134. p. 135 “I can remember the green color”: W. Brattain (1964), 30. p. 136 “This voltage amplification was independent”: W. Brattain BNB 18194, December 15, 1947, p. 192; W. Brattain (1964). p. 137 “We knew that something different was happening”: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 137 “holes were flowing”: John Bardeen (1957). p. 137 “What we didn’t know then”: W. Brattain (1963). p. 137 “really could not have occurred”: N. Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, February 2, 2001. p. 137 closed his eyes to: Bondyopadhyay (1998). p. 137 abstruse mathematical paper: Davydov (1938). p. 138 put forth by Holonyak: Holonyak (1992). p. 138 “There was a period in which”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 138 “our first thought was”: John Bardeen (1963). 

400 NOTES p. 138 “that holes could flow through the bulk”: John Bardeen (1963). That holes flow into the bulk was later mentioned in Bardeen and Brattain’s joint paper presented at the November 1948 National Academy of Sciences meeting, and in their article on the point-contact transistor submitted to the Physical Review in December 1948. They wrote, “[H]oles may flow either through the surface layer or through the body of the semiconductor.” Bardeen and Brattain (1949), 1211; John Bardeen (1978). See also W. Brattain (1964); Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 153–155; (1997b). p. 138 “The observed effect”: John Bardeen (1963). p. 139 “I slit carefully”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 140 “I had an amplifier”: W. Brattain (1963). p. 140 “It was one of those days”: Jane Bardeen (1991c). p. 140 “at each level of supervision”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 140 “The circuit was actually spoken over”: W. Brattain BNB 21780, December 24, 1947, pp. 7–8. p. 141 “When A [the gold electrode] is positive”: John Bardeen BNB 207880, December 24, 1947, p. 72. 9 The Break from Bell p. 142 “swept in from the Atlantic”: New York Times, De- cember 27, 1947, 1–2. p. 142 “great sport (?) stumbling”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, January 1, 1948; January 7, 1948, BFC. The quizzical parenthetical question mark is Jane’s. p. 143 “thought he would have”: John Bardeen (1990a). p. 143 he took the train to Manhattan: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 142–144. p. 144 “until the patent arrangements”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, January 1, 1948. p. 144 “Your personalities are as different”: Harry C. Hart to John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, April 13, 1964, BFC. p. 144 “that he could write a patent”: W. Brattain (1974), 25. p. 144 “turned up in a number”: John Bardeen (1990a). p. 145 John Shive demonstrated: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 153–155. p. 145 an n-p-n rather than a p-n-p: Ibid., 147–151. p. 145 “went off by himself”: W. Brattain (1964). 

Pages 138-149 401 p. 145 “jumped in with both feet”: John Bardeen (1978). p. 145 with Kelly’s secrecy order in place: Harry C. Hart to John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, April 13, 1964, UIUC-A. p. 146 “I think if somebody”: W. Brattain (1974), 28. p. 146 “it is probable that”: Handel (1998), 8–9. p. 146 Bardeen and Brattain sent a letter: Bardeen and Brattain (1948). p. 146 “very strongly that most restrictions”: Walter Brattain quoted in Time magazine, June 29, 1959, 58. p. 146 “John, you’re just the man”: W. Brattain, “How the Transistor was Named,” n.d., WHIT. p. 147 “Pierce, that is it!”: Ibid. p. 147 “We have called it the Transistor”: Bown, cited in Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 164. p. 147 “Everything went well”: John Bardeen (1990a). p. 148 “chauffeured home through the blazing heat”: Jane Bardeen to Maxwell family, July 1, 1948, BFC. p. 148 Bown’s presentation and Shockley’s articulate han- dling: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 164. p. 148 “we read the New York Times”: John Bardeen (1990a). p. 148 “ a device called”: New York Times, June 30, 1948, 46. p. 148 “engineers believe it will”: New York Herald Tribune, July 1, 1948. p. 148 “would just buy a germanium dial”: W. Brattain (1964). p. 148 “A radio set without”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, April 25, 1948, BFC. p. 148 a carefully posed image: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 167. p. 148 “Walter sure hates”: Holonyak (1993b). p. 149 “get a haircut”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, January 17, 1949, BFC. p. 149 he “has been under considerable pressure”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, October 26, 1948, BFC. p. 149 “Dad was very proud”: Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 149 “How Dry I Am”: Holonyak (1992), 41–42. p. 149 transistorized hearing aids: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 149 In recognition of Alexander: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 205. 

402 NOTES p. 150 “wanted to have everything”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 150 “a great measure of confidence”: Herrring and Herring (2000). p. 150 offices on a different floor: Bell Labs phone books, 1948–1949, AT&T. p. 150 “probably knew was a blind alley”: Michael Riordan, quoted in Del Guercio (1998). p. 150 “but these solutions”: John Bardeen to M. Kelly, May 24, 1951, BFC. p. 151 “in a highly emotional state”: Ibid. p. 151 “I am still interested in spending”: John Bardeen to Alvin M. Weinberg, September 23, 1948, AT&T. See also John Bardeen to James Fisk, April 22, 1949, STAN. p. 151 “You make a very strong case”: John Bardeen to A. M. Weinberg, April 22, 1949, AT&T. The authors would like to thank Michael Riordan for sharing this letter with us. p. 151 “has been in contact”: John Bardeen to J. B. Fisk, April 22, 1949, Stanford Archives. The authors are grateful to Michael Riordan for sharing this letter with us. p. 151 “The rising anti-intellectual sentiment”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, May 25, 1949, BFC. p. 152 “conditions if anything”: John Bardeen to M. Kelly, May 24, 1951, BFC. p. 152 “he wanted to study diffusion”: Herring and Herring (2000); Herring (1974). p. 152 ”stopped in at a luggage store”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 153 bought Jane a corsage: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, April 10, 1948, BFC. p. 153 “Dad and I went skating”: James Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, January 4, 1949, BFC. p. 153 “Even had candles”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Max- well, May 25, 1949, BFC. p. 153 “could be very determined”: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, April 18, 1948, BFC. p. 153 never lost his love of sweets: Jane Bardeen to Mrs. J. R. Maxwell, January 17, 1949, BFC. p. 153 “One day V2”: Walter Kohn to Jane Bardeen, April 4, 1991, BFC. 

Pages 150-158 403 p. 153 “It showed me a great scientist”: Ibid. p. 154 the “Bardeen number”: Ravin Bhatt to Jane Bardeen, February 15, 1991, BFC. p. 154 “. . . infinity on that scale”: Bhatt (1992). p. 154 “Bardeen was fed up”: For Brattain reference see Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a). See also P. Anderson (1992a). p. 154 With Fisk’s approval: John Bardeen to M. Kelly, May 24, 1951, BFC. p. 155 Bardeen received a phone call: John Bardeen, handwrit- ten note, May 16, 1950, UIUC-A. See also John Bardeen (1973). p. 155 Serin, an experimental physicist: Torrey (1983); Max- well (1983). p. 155 Emanuel Maxwell: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 548–549. p. 155 “Serin coming to me”: Torrey (1983). p. 155 “These results indicate that electron–lattice inter- action”: John Bardeen (1950a). p. 156 To secure priority: John Bardeen (1950a); (1950b), 167– 168; Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 549–550. p. 156 simultaneous discovery: The classic discussion of si- multaneous discovery in science is Kuhn (1989). p. 156 several researchers, including Bardeen: Fröhlich (1950). p. 156 When Fröhlich learned: Ibid. p. 156 “It was very common”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 157 “Although there were mathematical difficulties”: John Bardeen (1973), 15–57. p. 157 “There are very few”: John Bardeen to M. Kelly, May 24, 1951, BFC. p. 157 the discovery of the Lilienfeld patents: The fact that Welker had applied for a patent for the junction transistor was ap- parently not known in the United States. Handel (1998). p. 157 “We got the patent!”: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 158 “I am convinced I want to go back”: Seitz (1992b). p. 158 “decided to change the physics curriculum”: Seitz (1994), 194–196. p. 158 Unfortunately, there was no money: Seitz (1997). p. 158 Everitt assured Seitz: Frederick Seitz to John Bardeen, February 19, 1951; Seitz (1992b). p. 158 “keep cool”: Seitz (1993). 

404 NOTES p. 158 Everitt pieced together: Seitz (1994), 219; del Guercio (1998). p. 159 “was not quite enough”: Seitz (1993). p. 159 “I have found more”: F. Seitz to John Bardeen, Febru- ary 19, 1951, UIUC-A. p. 159 Bardeen leaned toward accepting: G. M. Almy to John Bardeen, March 31, 1951; W. L. Everitt to John Bardeen, April 16, 1951, UIUC-P. p. 159 “One Friday,” recalled Brattain: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 191. p. 159 “There was a reorganization here”: Ibid., 191; John Bardeen to G. M. Almy, April 6, 1951, UIUC-P. p. 159 “Oh, don’t you bother”: Fisk, quoted in Seitz (1992b). See also Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 191. p. 159 “that in no case would you be asked”: William L. Everitt to John Bardeen, April 16, 1951, UIUC-P. p. 160 “everyone I have spoken to”: F. Seitz to John Bardeen, April 27, 1951, UIUC-A. p. 160 Seitz enlisted his wife Betty: F. Seitz to John Bardeen, April 5, 1951, UIUC-A. p. 160 Bardeen accepted the Illinois offer: Record of Training and Professional Experience, Application for position at University of Illinois, Bardeen file, UIUC-P. By 1955, his salary would grow to $13,500. p. 160 warm letter of welcome: F. Seitz to John Bardeen, April 28, 1951, BFC. p. 160 “at least for the next year or two”: John Bardeen to Mervin Kelly, May 24, 1951, BFC. p. 160 “My difficulties stem”: Ibid. p. 161 “was well aware of the situation”: John Bardeen to M. Kelly, May 24, 1951, BFC. p. 161 “I seriously considered”: Ibid. p. 161 “Before making the decision”: Ibid. p. 162 “To summarize”: Ibid. p. 162 “And when Bardeen makes up his mind”: W. Brattain (1974), 33. p. 162 recognized the hazards: F. Seitz to L. Hoddeson, Febru- ary 12, 2001. p. 162 “glass ceiling”: Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 225. 

Pages 158-167 405 p. 162 high “mental temperature”: More detail on this epi- sode can be found in Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 225–253. p. 162 “. . . could stop here for a few days”: Seitz (2000). p. 163 “She did it for me”: Seitz (2001). p. 163 “not in any serious way”: Seitz (2000). p. 163 “ . . . sleight of hand tricks”: Seitz (2000); F. Seitz to Professor and Mrs. John Bardeen, October 18, 1989. p. 163 “the traitorous eight”: For a more complete story, see Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 225–253. p. 163 and achievied notoriety: For more information on Shockley see the manuscript by Joel Shurkin, Broken Genius. p. 164 the house sold for much more: Seitz said that he had heard this story from several sources. Seitz (1998). p. 164 Driving first to Madison: Bill Bardeen recalls they had the DeSoto from 1951 until 1958, when Jim took it along to col- lege. W. Bardeen, private communication to L. Hoddeson, May 15, 2000. p. 164 “To John Bardeen”: Holonyak (1992), 39; Shockley (1950). 10 Homecoming p. 165 Homecoming: The authors are grateful to Fernando Irving Elichirigoity for contributions to this chapter on the history of the University of Illinois Department of Physics. p. 165 “gasped because”: Jane Bardeen, quoted in the Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, October 10, 1991. p. 166 subdivisions replacing soybeans: Hansen (1974), 159– 161; Baker and Miller (1984), 103. p. 166 “I don’t like big-city living”: John Bardeen (1965b). p. 166 a room with “Hollywood” beds: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, April 1, 1962, BFC. p. 166 Jane couldn’t wait: Jane Bardeen (1991a); (1993). p. 167 “What has he done now?”: Bill Bardeen, talk given at John Bardeen’s memorial service, February 8, 1991; W. Bardeen (1995). p. 167 were about science: Bardeen family interview (1992). 

406 NOTES p. 167 “his instrument was”: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, talk given at John Bardeen’s eightieth birthday celebration, May 7, 1988, UIUC-A. p. 167 “He would wrestle”: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, talk given at John Bardeen’s eightieth birthday celebration, May 7, 1988, UIUC-A. p. 167 had nearly 500 members: Alice Townsend Barlow, “From Caddies to Carts: Champaign Country Club Historical Reminiscences, 1904–1996,” pamphlet. p. 167 Bardeens often entertained: Holonyak (1998b). p. 168 “my golf”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 168 “a man of almost fewer words”: Jane Bardeen (1991a). p. 168 “interpreted my lack of interest”: Jane Bardeen to Max- well family, August 4, 1956, BFC. p. 168 Her contrite husband: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, August 7, 14, 17, 20, 1956; Jane Bardeen to Maxwell family, August 10, 1956, BFC. p. 168 “Thanks a million”: Jane Bardeen to John Bardeen, August 7, 1956, BFC. p. 168 the Score Club: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 168 “helpful to newcomers”: Ibid. p. 168 Jane participated in its affairs: Robert L. Kabel to Vicki Daitch, October 25, 1993; Champaign-Urbana Courier, May 10, 1962 , UIUC-A. p. 169 “took the kids down to the First Presbyterian Church”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 169 “might have considered the Unitarians”: Ibid. p. 169 “horse around”: Ibid.; also William Bardeen, private communication to Lillian Hoddeson, January 2002. p. 169 John was resolutely secular: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 169 “I am not a religious person”: John Bardeen to Sergei Kapitsa, July 6, 1988. UIUC-P. p. 169 the department had been built up: Lazarus (1987), 2; Warne (1991), 10. p. 170 Loomis also was not thrilled: Seitz (1991), 119; Lazarus (1987), 3. p. 170 He was, however, challenged: I. Rabi, “Dedication of the Loomis Laboratory of Physics,” February 14, 1980, 12. p. 170 last on the list: Lazarus (1987), 4. p. 170 “I love subways”: Ibid., 7. 

Pages 167-173 407 p. 170 “young, competent but relatively unproven”: Bradley (1992). p. 170 he hired Gerald Kruger: Warne (1991), 17; Lazarus (1987), 7–8. On the history of the betatron at the University of Illi- nois, see Kingery, et al. (1967), 66–77. p. 170 hired twelve young physicists: Warne (1991), 19. p. 170 median age of the department: Lazarus (1987), 11. p. 171 World War II scattered: Five years later, during the Ko- rean War, he returned for two more years to set up MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. Frederick Seitz, Dedication of the Loomis Laboratory of Physics, 18. Lazarus (1987), 3; Warne (1991), 26–27; Lazarus (1993). p. 171 “old-boy network”: Lazarus (1993). p. 171 discrimination against Jews: Ibid. p. 171 “Loomis made the decision”: Goldwasser (1992). p. 172 “the department swung”: Russel (1995). p. 172 “a lot of money”: Seitz (1994), 194–196. p. 172 “many of the qualities of the sea”: Ibid., 195–201. p. 172 “There were no rivalries”: Ibid., 194–196. p. 172 Lazarus, who was appointed: Seitz, “Biographical Notes,” p. 98, in Mott (1980); Lazarus (1993). p. 172 one of the top two: Lazarus (1993). Eventually several other universities established major solid-state research groups. They included Charles Kittell’s group at the University of Califor- nia-Berkeley and Karl Lark-Horowitz’s group at Purdue. p. 172 “one of the busiest machines”: Warne (1991), 25. p. 173 “Loomis list”: Alpert (1992); Lazarus (1993). p. 173 His “wonderful parties”: Alpert (1992). p. 173 At lunch they would meet: DeBrunner (1992); Drickamer (1992). p. 173 Abundant monetary resources: A reporter once asked Bardeen whether accepting funds from a government agency di- rected his research toward problems of military interest. He said he did not think so. He noted that nearly all government funding of research at the university was initiated by the researchers, not by the government. Polleti (1972). p. 173 friends of Emmanuel Piore: Sapolsky (1990), 39, 49, 64. p. 173 “Everyone was Manny’s friend”: Lazarus (1993). p. 173 Most modest requests: Lazarus (1993). 

408 NOTES p. 173 hired a military plane: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 9, 1953, BFC. p. 173 “given very special attention”: Seitz (1994), 221. p. 173 “I’ve never seen so many flashbulbs”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 24, 1953, BFC. p. 173 “like ‘carrying coal to Newcastle’”: John Bardeen, draft of informal talk (1953), UIUC-A. p. 174 “So I went to the station”: Nakajima (1993). p. 174 “one of the great events”: John Bardeen to George Hatoyama, November 11, 1953, UIUC-A. p. 174 Kazuo Iwama: George Hatoyama to John Bardeen, De- cember 16, 1955, UIUC-A. p. 174 Kikuchi took over as director: Makoto Kikuchi to Nick Holonyak, Jr., August 2, 1974. The authors would like to thank Nick Holonyak for sharing this document with us. p. 174 frequent and honored guest at Sony: See, for example, John Bardeen to George Hatoyama, November 1, 1955, and Decem- ber 23, 1955; George Hatoyama to John Bardeen, December 16, 1955, UIUC-A. p. 174 Bardeen often sent: John Bardeen to Harold Clark, April 22, 1957; John Bardeen to George Hatoyama, April 23, 1957; George Hatoyama to John Bardeen, May 1, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 175 “learned very effectively”: Holonyak (1991b). p. 175 “. . . get the experiments organized”: John Bardeen to J. B. Fisk, August 9, 1951, UIUC-A. p. 175 “about eight or nine or ten inches”: Holonyak (1991a). p. 175 He again used Bill Shockley’s text: Shockley (1950). p. 175 “I remember him pointing”: Holonyak (1992). p. 176 “opportunity to get into something fresh”: Holonyak (1993b). p. 176 “as animated as Bardeen is dry”: Lex Peterson, “John Bardeen: Quiet Brilliance,” Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, January 9, 1981. p. 176 “voluble and extroverted”: Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 176 “he missed his partner”: Holonyak (1993a). After his move from Bell Labs to Walla Walla, Washington, Brattain tried to interest Bardeen to come visit him. “I can guarantee a [golf] game almost any month except January.” Brattain to John Bardeen, No- vember 12, 1965, UIUC-A. 

Pages 173-181 409 p. 177 an informal paternal fashion: Holonyak (1993a); Han- dler (1993). p. 177 The behemoth computer: Warne (1991), 25. p. 177 “didn’t need anything lavish”: Holonyak (1991b). p. 178 “I thought that even theorists”: John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, December 13, 1987, UIUC-A. p. 178 “The semiconductor topic”: The story is related in a letter from Hisashi Shichijo to Nick Holonyak, October 30, 1987 and Nick Holonyak to Hisashi Shichijo, November 2, 1987. Shichijo cites an article in Nikkei Electronics. p. 178 by the time Schrieffer: Nick Holonyak to Hisashi Shichijo, November 2, 1987. Schrieffer arrived in the fall of 1953 with a B.S.; Holonyak left in September 1954 with a Ph.D. p. 178 “For whatever reason”: Bray (1993b). p. 179 “picked up a pair of pliers”: Holonyak (1991b). p. 179 “. . . Russia is training scientists”: John Bardeen to Local Board No. 17, Newark, New Jersey, September 10, 1954, UIUC-A. p. 179 “knew what were important problems”: Handler (1993). p. 179 “he’d come by about twice”: Ibid. p. 180 “If you can possibly do it”: John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, Jr., September 9, 1955, UIUC-A. p. 180 “I know the indirect pressure”: John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, October 16, 1955, UIUC-A. p. 180 “is a very nice fellow”: John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, September 26, 1956, UIUC-A. p. 180 “he was always talking of his wife”: George Hatoyama to John Bardeen, May 1, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 180 “I think there are some real advantages”: John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, Jr., November 2, 1959, personal collection of Nick Holonyak. p. 180 his muffled speech: Bray (1993a). p. 180 he pressed the chalk: Bhatt (1992). p. 180 “and when our previous class”: A. Anderson (1992). p. 181 “found a dark blue suit”: Handler (1993); Bob and Anne Schrieffer, “Remembrances of Jane Bardeen,” Jane Maxwell Bardeen Memorial, April 5, 1997. p. 181 “He would simply repeat”: Bray (1993b). p. 181 ended up dropping: A. Anderson (1992). 

410 NOTES p. 181 “He was fascinating”: Holonyak (1991b). p. 181 Bardeen viewed student participation: John Bardeen to Alan J. Pifer, Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York City, January 19, 1971, UIUC-A. p. 181 “You can figure it out”: Hess (1991); Pao (1994). p. 181 “mutual influences”: Zuckerman (1983), 249. p. 181 “not only cognitive substance”: Ibid., 240–250. p. 181 “take on the spirit”: Bradley (1992), 14–15. p. 182 “would not impart motivation”: Bray (1993b). p. 182 “it would sound like”: Schrieffer (1992a); see also Han- dler (1993); Bhatt (1992). p. 182 “would sort of outline”: Bray (1993b). p. 182 “Often he would sit”: Schrieffer (1992a). p. 183 “one phrase or one sentence”: Sah (1993). p. 183 “he always appeared too busy”: Ibid. p. 183 “The best strategy”: Dan Mattis to Vicki Daitch, Feb- ruary 4, 1993. p. 183 “Bardeen was extremely accessible”: Allender (1993). p. 183 “always would go to Bardeen”: Pao (1994). Pao met Bardeen as an undergraduate at the University of Illinois in the late 1950s. After finishing a master’s degree in electrical engineering in 1960, he spent some years in industry and then returned to the university hoping to finish a Ph.D. under Bardeen. As Bardeen was then spending a great deal of time in Washington, D.C., Pao turned to Chih-Tang Sah, who had studied with Bardeen when he was an undergraduate at the University of Illinois. Pao (1994). p. 183 “He was the one I”: Lazarus (1992). Also Alpert (1992). p. 183 “You mean to tell me”: Coleman (1992). p. 183 “one of the reasons”: Alpert (1992). p. 184 “depends on who”: Ibid. p. 184 “after it was over”: Russell (1995). p. 184 “I then escaped feeling”: A. Anderson (1992); Ansel Anderson to Vicki Daitch, January 30, 2002. p. 187 “very bright original”: John Bardeen, talk given at me- morial service for Bill McMillan, October 17, 1984, UIUC-A. p. 188 “work on deriving phonon spectra”: John Bardeen to W. L. McMillan, July 14, 1978, UIUC-A. p. 188 “It was very informal”: Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 188 “I always immediately ran to Jane”: Hess (1991). 

Pages 181-195 411 p. 188 John and Jane stopped by: Ludwig Tewordt to Vicki Daitch, February 10, 1994. p. 188 in the kitchen serving drinks: Hess (1991). p. 189 play “loon” with his grandson: Elizabeth Bardeen Greytak, talk given at John Bardeen memorial service, February 8, 1991, BFC. p. 189 “Uncle John’s” undivided attention: Tom Bardeen, per- sonal communication with Vicki Daitch, May 1998. p. 189 an “absolutely superb” experience: Goldwasser (1992). p. 189 “opening doors, but not trying”: James Bardeen, talk given at John Bardeen memorial service, February 8, 1991, UIUC-A. 11 Cracking the Riddle of Superconductivity p. 190 “I believe that”: John Bardeen to Rudolf Peierls, July 17, 1951, Peierls Papers, Oxford. p. 190 painstaking route: Pines (1993). p. 191 “(1) Derivation of”: John Bardeen handwritten notes, October 23, 1951, UIUC-A. p. 191 new field theory tools: Schweber (1994); Brown and Hoddeson (1983), 311–375. p. 191 “. . . becoming clear that field theory might be useful”: John Bardeen, “Talk on Superconductivity,” 1951 unpublished notes, UIUC-A. p. 192 Bohm’s original theory: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 534–535. p. 192 treating the electron–electron interactions: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), ch. 8. p. 192 “intermediate coupling method”: Pines (1981). p. 193 formulated the polaron problem: Lee, Low, and Pines (1953). p. 193 Bardeen and Pines found that: Bardeen and Pines (1955). p. 193 “ordered phase in which”: John Bardeen (1956). p. 194 “A framework for an adequate theory”: Ibid. p. 194 “a model in my own mind”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 194 “doing numerical calculations”: Ibid. (1974). p. 195 “I passed a gentleman”: Ibid. (1974). 

412 NOTES p. 195 “Why don’t you think”: Ibid. (1974). p. 195 “How old are you?”: Ibid. (1974). p. 196 “OK, fine”: Ibid. (1974). p. 196 “versed in field theory”: John Bardeen (1973a). p. 196 “one of the active”: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 196 “the latest and most fashionable theoretical tech- niques”: Cooper (1987), 376. p. 196 “that didn’t matter, that he’d teach me everything”: Cooper (2000). p. 197 “my problem I was going to solve”: Cooper (2000); Cooper (1987), 376. p. 197 “. . . didn’t like the geography”: Cooper (2000). p. 197 “by and large perturbative”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 197 “we didn’t want to use”: Ibid. p. 197 two recent texts: London (1950); Shoenberg (1952). p. 197 “quantum structure on a macroscopic”: London (1950), esp. 142–155, quotes on p. 150. p. 198 “if we got something”: Cooper (2000). p. 198 “You sort of knew what that was like”: Ibid. p. 198 “. . . one of the ways people delude themselves”: Ibid. p. 198 “what happens if you have”: Ibid. p. 199 “it seemed clear that”: Cooper (1987), 377. p. 199 Cooper “was very excited”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 199 “I was reasonably excited”: Cooper (1987), 377. p. 199 “We went through a period”: Cooper (2000). p. 199 “Bardeen couldn’t figure out”: Ibid. p. 199 “each contributed parts”: Ibid. p. 199 “all the way back”: Miller (1993). p. 200 “the enormous fun it was”: Schrieffer (1992a). p. 200 “one of the most affable”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 200 “Institute for Retarded Study”: Ibid. p. 200 “wheel around their chairs”: Ibid. p. 200 “He was very stubborn”: Cooper (2000). p. 201 “the smallest weapon available”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 201 “to divide up the problem”: Ibid. p. 201 “those suggestions were exactly”: Ibid. p. 201 “in an isolated simply connected superconductor”: Bardeen, et al. (1957b). p. 202 “had a feeling” the condensation involved: Schrieffer (1974). 

Pages 195-205 413 p. 202 “to think of the normal”: Ibid. p. 202 Fermi liquid theory: Ibid. p. 203 “year in the wilderness”: Cooper (2000). p. 203 “We tried many techniques”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 203 many couples are doing the Frug: Ibid. p. 203 “We were feeling a little bit downtrodden”: Ibid. p. 203 “Oh, I just wanted to mention”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 204 “I guess I better go shave”: Elizabeth Bardeen Greytak quoted in, Julie Wurth, “Nobel-winner awards go to UI,” The Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, October 10, 1991, BFC; Bardeen family interview (1992); Handler (1993). p. 204 “The children were jubilant”: Jane Bardeen, notes on Nobel, 1956, BFC. p. 204 “a normal Thursday evening”: Ibid. p. 204 “It was really thrilling”: Jane Bardeen in Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 204 “Everybody was elated”: Handler (1993). p. 204 “Husband of Former Local Girl”: “Husband of Former Local Girl Nobel Prize Winner,” Washington Observer, November 2, 1957. p. 204 “I can’t tell you how proud I am”: Wigner to Bardeen, handwritten note on a memo from Wigner to Members of the Coun- cil of the APS, November 8, 1956, BFC. p. 204 “I like to recall”: John Van Vleck to John Bardeen, No- vember 2, 1956, BFC. p. 204 “Gretchen and I got a thrill”: Walter Osterhoudt to John Bardeen, March 5, 1957, BFC. p. 205 “he felt he didn’t deserve a Nobel”: Lazarus (1992). p. 205 “I suspect that”: John Bardeen to E. J. W. Vewey, 29 November 1956, UIUC-A. p. 205 especially from Feynman: Feynman (1957). The con- ference was held from September 17–21, 1956. p. 205 “When one works on it”: Feyman quoted in Cooper (1987), 378. p. 205 “really worked, day and night”: Jane Bardeen, notes on Nobel, 1956, BFC. p. 205 “Yes, only I don’t have as much time for it”: Tommy von Foerster to Vicki Daitch, October 21, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 205 “mixed feelings”: Schrieffer (1974). 

414 NOTES p. 205 “three-way phone call”: Jane Bardeen, notes on Nobel, 1956, BFC. p. 206 something “significant”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 206 “The girls all piled in”: Seitz (2000). p. 206 royal blue silk faille gown: Jane Bardeen, notes on Nobel, 1956, BFC. See also Illini Week, February 19, 1987. p. 206 heard him swear ferociously: P. Anderson (1992a). p. 206 “We didn’t expect that”: Jane Bardeen (1993); Jane Bardeen, notes on Nobel, 1956, BFC. p. 206 “expedition to buy a vest”: W. Brattain (undated). p. 206 “He not only did”: Ibid. p. 207 “a shopper’s paradise”: Jane Bardeen to the Maxwell family, December 5, 1956, BFC. p. 207 “low hilly country”: W. H. Brattain (undated). p. 207 “stickpin with a single crystal”: Ibid. p. 207 When they arrived in Stockholm: Emmy Shockley, per- sonal communication to Michael Riordan, May 16, 1996, cited in Riordan and Hoddeson (1997a), 328, note 244. p. 207 “hit on the idea of a bottle of quinine”: W. H. Brattain (undated). p. 208 Brattain fretted: Ibid. p. 208 “the King stands to receive”: Jane Bardeen to the Max- well family, December 12, 1956, BFC. p. 208 “went first and made all his bows properly”: W. H. Brattain (undated). p. 208 It had been rumored: Jane Bardeen to the Maxwell fam- ily, December 5, 1956, BFC. p. 208 The dinner was not cancelled: W. H. Brattain (undated). Also interview with Jane Bardeen for Champaign-Urbana’s The Courier, December 31, 1975. p. 208 “It was a grand time”: W. H. Brattain (undated). p. 208 “conversation was not difficult”: Jane Bardeen to the Maxwells, December 12, 1956, BFC. p. 208 “fabulous life”: Ibid. p. 209 “like living in a different world”: John Bardeen to Nick Holonyak, December 13, 1956, UIUC-A. p. 209 “would go out just before”: Nick Holonyak in remarks made at John Bardeen Memorial service, February 8, 1991; Holonyak (1991b). p. 209 “sharing in the nicest”: Slichter (1992). 

Pages 205-213 415 p. 209 finally bought a television: W. Bardeen (1995). p. 209 always rooting with enthusiasm: Bardeen family inter- view (1992). p. 209 It happened on the university golf course: Bray (1993b). p. 209 “almost as good as the Nobel”: “Supercold Superprize,” The National Observer, December 9, 1972, UIUC-P. p. 209 “worth more than one hole-in-one”: Edward Jordan to Jane Bardeen, n.d., BFC; Edward Jordan, “Introductory Comments,” IEEE Student Section talk, undated. p. 210 “was desperately important to him”: James Bardeen in Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 210 off in another world: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, Bardeen family interview (1992). p. 210 “I realized that the algebra”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 210 “I solved the gap equation”: Ibid. p. 211 “I knew immediately we could”: Cooper (2000). p. 211 “Let’s go and talk to John”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 211 “he thought that there was”: Ibid. p. 211 “How would you like to write a paper together”: Coo- per (2000). p. 211 “We had the experimental number”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 211 “felt that this was the right direction”: Ibid. p. 211 “almost all the pieces”: Ibid. p. 212 “done all these calculations for normal metals”: Coo- per (2000). p. 212 “using all sorts of complicated field theory”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 212 Bardeen’s colleagues knew something: Lazarus (1992). p. 212 “the most concentrated, intense and incredibly fruitful work”: Cooper (1987), 378. p. 212 “I know that you object”: John Bardeen to S. A. Goudsmit, February 15, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 213 “such that if one of the pair”: Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer, (1957a). p. 213 It leads to an energy-gap: Ibid. p. 213 “John was somehow off”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 213 “He was really excited”: Ibid. p. 213 “Well, I think we’ve figured out superconductivity”: Charles Slichter, remarks at John Bardeen’s memorial service, Feb- ruary 8, 1991. 

416 NOTES p. 214 Slichter became “so heavily involved”: Cooper (1987), 378. p. 214 Experiments by Glover and Tinkham: Hoddeson, et al. (1992), 604, 606, refs 320 and 378. p. 214 “Come on now. The wave function looks right”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 214 “He wanted to make sure that the young people”: Ibid. p. 215 “in the space of a few months”: Herring and Herring (2000). p. 215 young Billy became fascinated: Bill Brattain to Jane Bardeen, February 13, 1991, BFC. “Dr. Brattain, Chatham, Dies,” Newark Evening News, April 12, 1957. p. 215 “I could work any way I wanted”: Cooper (1987), 379. p. 216 this masterpiece of modern physics: Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (1957b). p. 216 “In case what follows”: A. B. Pippard to John Bardeen, September 11, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 216 “mostly those who have tried”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 1, 1957, BFC. p. 216 “There was considerable interest”: John Bardeen to Leon Cooper, September 19, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 216 “defending the fort”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 217 “In formulating our theory”: John Bardeen to A. B. Pippard, September 27, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 217 lack of gauge invariance: Anderson (1958a, 1958b); Pines and Schrieffer (1958). p. 217 “certainly gives the answer”: John Bardeen to Philip Anderson, October 11, 1957, UIUC-A. p. 217 “broken symmetry”: Nambu and Jona-Lasinio (1961); L. Brown, R. Brout, T. Y. Cao, Peter Higgs, and Y. Nambu, “Panel Session: Spontaneous Breaking of Symmetry,” in Hoddeson, et al. (1997),. 478–522. p. 217 “Particle physicists are so desperate”: Brown et al, panel on broken symmetry, in Hoddeson, et al. (1997). p. 217 “came through Copenhagen”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 217 “Unfortunately, it’s wrong”: Robert Schrieffer remarks at John Bardeen’s memorial service, February 8, 1991. p. 218 “big ideas” of physics: For the nuclear problem, see A. Bohr, B. R. Mottelson, and D. Pines (1958); A. B. Migdal (1959); and S.T. Belyaev, (1959). For neutron stars, see Migdal (1959); Ginzburg 

Pages 214-222 417 and Kirzhnits (1964); and G. Baym, C. J. Pethick, and D. Pines, (1969). For the superfluidity of 3He, see Oscheroff, et al., (1972) and Leggett (1975). p. 218 “a tremendous universal”: Lazarus (1992). 12 Two Nobels Are Better Than One Hole in One p. 219 “. . . an office with Buddha”: Bernard Serin, cited in personal communication from Enid Sichel to L. Hoddeson, May 8, 1998. The authors would like to thank Professor Sichel for sharing her recollection. According to the 1958–1959 University of Illinois Staff Directory, Serin’s campus address was 416 Physics Labora- tory, while Bardeen’s was 307. p. 219 “I think that this”: “Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg,” Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Technical Information Department, Berkeley, California. p. 219 “We felt greatly honored”: Jane Bardeen to Dr. J. R. Maxwell and Beth Maxwell, May 13, 1962, BFC. p. 220 “every nook from basement to attic”: University of Illinois, Department of Physics (1980), 59. p. 220 he could see the afternoon sun: Bray (1993b). p. 220 officemate could receive: Frederick Lamb to L. Hoddeson, private communication, October 3, 2000. p. 221 coauthored a research monograph: Baym and Kadanoff (1962). Here gauge invariant means having the freedom to make certain formal changes in the electromagnetic potentials without changing the electric or magnetic fields. p. 221 three most important centers: The Landau-Ginzburg theory, the derivation of Landau-Ginzburg from BCS, and the Landau Fermi liquid theory were among the great projects of the Landau Institute during this period. See Hoddeson, et al. (1992), ch. 8, esp. 538–541, 558–572. p. 221 Bardeen served as the leader: Baym (1992). p. 222 the heart of a problem: John Wheatley to John Bardeen, October 25, 1976. Hess (1991). p. 222 McDonald has studied: McDonald (2000 draft) and (2001). The authors are indebted to McDonald for sharing his re- search with us prior to its publication. See also McDonald and Kautz (1999). Among those interviewed by McDonald were Morrel 

418 NOTES Cohen, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, William Little, Robert L. Powell, Geoffrey Sewell, and Harold Weinstock. p. 223 “cutting in”: Walter A. Harrison to Vicki Daitch, No- vember 14, 1993. p. 223 “are not paired”: John Bardeen (1961). p. 223 Phillips joined his colleagues: Cohen, et al. (1962), 316–318. p. 223 “pairing does not extend”: John Bardeen (1962), 148– 149. p. 223 “a disconcerting experience”: P. Anderson (1970), 23. p. 224 “was fascinated by the idea of broken symmetry”: Jo- sephson (1974), 251. p. 224 “perfectly possible for”: McDonald (2001), 48. p. 224 argued that the probability: Josephson (1974), 251. p. 224 “It was some days”: Ibid., 252. p. 224 “We were all”: P. Anderson (1970), 23–24. p. 224 “The embarrassing feature”: Josephson (1974), 252. p. 225 “new effects are predicted”: P. Anderson (1970), 23–24. Josephson’s classic paper is Josephson (1962). p. 225 submitted his paper: John Bardeen (1962), 148–149. p. 225 “wanted macroscopic quantum phenomena”: Derek Martin, private communication to Donald G. McDonald, cited in McDonald (2000). p. 225 “I introduced Josephson to Bardeen”: Ivar Giaever, pri- vate communication to Donald G. McDonald, cited in McDonald (2000). p. 225 “was crowded late in the afternoon”: McDonald (2001), 49–50. p. 226 “Bardeen was outspokenly skeptical”: Wolfgang Klose to Vicki Daitch, July 11, 1995, UIUC-A. p. 226 “Bardeen’s basic error”: Brian Josephson, cited in McDonald (2001), 50. p. 226 The issues would be fully spelled out: Anderson and Rowell (1963); Rowell (1963). p. 226 “Your evidence, particularly the effect”: John Bardeen to Philip Anderson, February 26, 1963, UIUC-A. p. 226 “several startling accompaniments”: Shapiro (1963), 82. p. 226 second-order phase transition: Josephson (1966). p. 227 “sent off for little photographs”: Robert Schrieffer, re- marks made at John Bardeen’s memorial service, February 8, 1991. 

Pages 222-231 419 p. 227 “Makes one feel humble”: John Bardeen to A. Abrikosov, L. Gor’kov, and I. Khalatnikov, June 4, 1968, UIUC-A. p. 227 transistor radio inside: Makoto Kikuchi to John Bardeen, May 18, 1976; Bardeen to Kikuchi, May 25, 1976; George Hatoyama to John Bardeen, June 4, 1976; Bardeen to Hatoyama, June 7, 1968, UIUC-A. p. 227 play tricks with it: Bray (1993b). p. 227 “I will have to take it apart”: John Bardeen to George Hatoyama, December 18, 1985, UIUC-A. p. 228 a controversial problem: Bray (1993a). p. 228 “not just to throw you into the wolves”: Bray (1993a, 1993b). p. 228 “I was sitting in coffee hour”: Salamon (2000). p. 228 “we jumped in”: Bray (1993b). p. 228 “excess conductivity”: Ibid. Bray’s thesis was titled “Fluctuation Conductivity from Charge Density Waves in Pseudo- one-dimensional Systems.” David William Allender’s thesis was titled “Model for an Exciton Mechanism of Superconductivity, in Planar Geometry.” p. 229 “So we went to John”: Baym (1992). p. 229 “Well, it’s just the same as”: Ibid. p. 229 “So we went back to John”: Ibid. The reference was to Bardeen and Schrieffer (1961). B and H are discussed on page 188. p. 229 “I was going to see Bob Schrieffer”: Baym (1992). p. 229 “Well it’s just the difference”: Frederick Lamb, private communication to L. Hoddeson, October 2, 2000. p. 230 “The Comstock Prize is more significant”: John Bardeen to C. Kittel, November 28, 1967. p. 230 “contributions to the theory”: C. Kittel to F. Seitz, De- cember 19, 1967. p. 230 “came to realize”: Slichter (1995). p. 230 “an area that has had”: John Bardeen to Nobel Com- mittee for Physics of the Royal Academy of Sciences, January 27, 1967, UIUC-A. p. 231 He renewed the nominations: Ibid.; John Bardeen to the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Academy of Sci- ences, January 4, 1971, and January 25, 1973; A. B. Pippard to John Bardeen, January 3, 1973; John Bardeen to A. B. Pippard, February 15, 1973, UIUC-A. 

420 NOTES p. 231 “John was a very politically savvy person”: Slichter (1995). p. 231 “I didn’t quite believe him”: “Bardeen Physicists Galore,” Chicago Tribune, October 21, 1972, clipping in John Bardeen file, UIUC-P. p. 231 “I’ve got my wife working”: John Bardeen (1973b); John Bardeen to Robert L. Weber, January 12, 1979. p. 231 “. . . had that door for years”: Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, October 20, 1972, clipping in UIUC-P. p. 231 the champagne: Pines and Slichter (1972). p. 231 “At a few minutes before”: Simon (1973). p. 232 “spoke softly, slowly”: Paula Peters (1972). p. 232 “does not miss home games”: Simon (1973). p. 232 “another Nobel Prize with two other guys”: Nick Holonyak, private communication to L. Hoddeson, February 4, 2001. p. 232 “Sorry you could not get your garage door open”: Walter Brattain to John Bardeen, October 30, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 232 “Jane and I have been going over”: John Bardeen to W. Brattain, November 7, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 232 “. . . feeling of all club members”: George A. Russell, president, Champaign Country Club to John Bardeen, November 17, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 232 “. . . keep these things in perspective”: Letter to the editor by John Smetana, Urbana, Illinois, no name of newspaper listed, n.d., clipping in UIUC-P. p. 233 “Being eighth-graders”: Shannon, Illinois, eighth grade class, to John Bardeen, October 27, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 233 “I would be so pleased”: Sister Rita Michael Aguillard to John Bardeen, November 21, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 233 Bardeen wrote back that: John Bardeen to Sister Rita Michael Aquillard, December 28, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 233 “very pretty beading”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, November 24, 1972, BFC. p. 233 “so we arrived at O’Hare”: Jane Bardeen, notes on “Nobel Journey 1972,” BFC. p. 233 “to catch our breath”: John Bardeen to Aage Bohr, November 7, 1972; Jane Bardeen, notes on “Nobel Journey 1972,” BFC. 

Pages 231-235 421 p. 233 “almost no time to shop”: Jane Bardeen, notes on “Nobel Journey 1972,” BFC. p. 234 “We were quite a crew”: “Bardeen Compares Nobel Trips,” The Courier, Champaign-Urbana, December 21, 1972. p. 234 thank-you and season’s greetings card: Typed mailing list and card in BFC. p. 234 “. . . profits show a sharp drop”: John Bardeen to Carl G. Vernersson, December 28, 1972. See also Carl Vernersson to John Bardeen, November 20, 1972, UIUC-P. Three years later Bardeen and other Nobel Prize winners would return to Stockholm for a grand celebration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Nobel Prize. p. 234 stopped off in Switzerland: John Bardeen to Olli v. Lounsasmaa, November 8, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 234 “John Bardeen’s second Nobel Prize”: Jim Fisk to John Bardeen, November 22, 1972. p. 234 “Naturally, all of us at Wisconsin Telephone”: H. B. Groh, president, Wisconsin Telephone Company to John Bardeen, December 12, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 234 “. . . warm feeling for my home state”: John Bardeen to H. B. Groh, January 3, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 234 the quality of the exchanges: Bray (1993a); Goldwasser (1992). p. 234 They were unable to agree: Jim Phillips to John Bardeen, September 11, 1972; John Bardeen to Jim Phillips, Sep- tember 26, 1972, UIUC-A. p. 235 an editorial blunder: Bray (1993a); Phillips (1972); Allendar, et al. (1973). p. 235 “inexcusable set of blunders”: Bray (1993a). p. 235 “An author certainly has a right”: John Bardeen to Samuel Goudsmit, January 5, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 235 “the author must have been in contact”: Samuel Goudsmit to John Bardeen, January 25, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 235 “Poor McMillan never knew”: Hess (1991). p. 235 “semiconductors with different”: Allender, et al. (1973); P. Anderson (1992); Inkson and Anderson (1973). p. 235 “agreed to disagree”: P. Anderson (1992). p. 235 “I got better while”: Bray (1993a). 

422 NOTES p. 236 “It was something my father would remember”: Allender (1993). p. 236 He rarely used a cart: Werstler and Werstler (1992). p. 236 “mental toughness”: Graham (1990), xviii. p. 236 A player’s game suffers: Graham (1990), 16. p. 237 “He’d get out there”: Bray (1993b). p. 237 “never rushed things”: Coleman (1992). p. 237 respectably in the low 80s: Ibid. p. 237 numerous golfing friendships: Werstler (1992). p. 237 One foursome consisted of: Robert Kabel to Vicki Daitch, December 20, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 237 “never gave me the feeling”: Werstler (1992). p. 237 “Call him again!”: The authors would like to thank Robert Kabel for sharing the card with us. Robert Kabel to Vicki Daitch, October 25, 1993. p. 237 His scientific renown: Robert Kabel used the word “ordinary” to describe Bardeen, as did another member of the golf- ing community: attorney Art Lerner. Art Lerner private communi- cation to L. Hoddeson, c. March, 1992. p. 237 “Say John, you know I’ve been meaning to ask”: Cited in Simon (1973). p. 237 the large and garrulous Louis Burtis: Coleman (1992). p. 238 “Boy, things aren’t very good”: Drickamer (1992). p. 238 “If it couldn’t be John”: Bhatt (1992). Bhatt’s thesis was titled “Electronic Instabilities and the Martensitic Transition in A-15 Compounds” (1976). p. 238 Physics 463: Bhatt (1992). p. 239 “great distaste for any formal”: R. O. Simmons to P. Handler, N. Holonyak, and D. Pines, January 27, 1975, UIUC-P. p. 239 “There’s been BCS and APS”: “Symposium on Fron- tiers in Condensed Matter Physics to Honor Professor John Bardeen,” October 15, 1976, dinner menu, UIUC-A. p. 239 “really encyclopedic knowledge of solid-state”: J. Miller (1993); Pines (1993). p. 240 “You feel more self-confidence”: Young (1972). p. 240 . . . almost garrulous: A. Anderson (1992); Baym (1992). Frederick Lamb, private communication to L. Hoddeson, October 3, 2000. Baym traces Bardeen’s new talkativeness to the receipt of his second Nobel Prize. 

Pages 236-244 423 13 A Hand in Industry p. 241 A Hand in Industry: This chapter draws on material prepared in 1992 by Fernando Irving Elichirigoity and on a Univer- sity of Illinois senior thesis by Andrew Dribin, “John Bardeen and Xerox: Bridging the Gap between Science and the Empirical Art.” Dribin (1997). The authors are grateful to both Elichirigoity and Dribin for their contributions. p. 241 “whether there is a technological basis”: Hess (1991). p. 241 “I choose another problem”: “John Bardeen to retire,” The Daily Illini, February 14, 1975, UIUC-P. p. 242 “face always lit up”: Leonard (1992). p. 242 “never once mentioned”: Gallo to the editor, Physics Today, April 1992, 15. p. 242 Haloid Company had invested: Harold Clark, “The Early Association of John Bardeen with the Haloid Company,” unpublished manuscript. The authors would like to thank Erik Pell for generously sharing this document with us. p. 242 Haloid’s president, Joseph Wilson: Dessauer (1971), 9. Wilson was the grandson of one of Haloid’s four founders. Except where indicated, our story of the early years of Xerox comes from Dessauer’s book. p. 242 Paul Selenyi: R. Radnai, and R. Kunflavi, Physics in Budapest (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1988), 64, cited in Dribin (1997), 78. p. 243 application for a patent: Dessauer (1971). p. 243 Haloid bought the patents: Ibid. Carlson remained in- volved and later raised the money to buy back some of his own rights in electrophotography. p. 243 Dessauer considered it unlikely: Harold Clark, “The Early Association of John Bardeen with the Haloid Company,” un- published manuscript. p. 243 copies that Princeton had required: Bardeen’s file in PRIN contains a form letter dated December 11, 1935, explaining that “it will be necessary for the candidate to file two copies of his dissertation in the office of the Graduate School.” p. 244 “a key to our development”: Joseph R. Wilson, quoted in the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, September 25, 1960, BFC. 

424 NOTES p. 244 “challenge its short-run position”: Peter Bart, “Adver- tising: TV Series on U.N. Stirs Debate,” The New York Times, April 10, 1964. p. 244 “in a few laboratory rooms”: John’s Bardeen’s lecture to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Tehran, Iran, cited in Dribin (1997), 17. p. 244 “the most successful product”: Fortune magazine, quote cited in International Dictionary of Company Histories (Chi- cago: St. James Press, 1991). p. 244 innovation, for which he filed a patent: Patent 3041166, “Xerographic Plate and Method,” February 12, 1958, UIUC-A; Pell (1995). p. 244 Bardeen’s presence as a consultant: Dessauer and Pell (1992). p. 244 “would listen intensely”: J. D. Wright to Morton Weir, February 1, 1991, BFC. p. 245 “the business of research”: Charles B. Duke to A. C. Anderson, March 21, 1991. Copy provided to the authors by C. B. Duke. p. 245 “levels of effort”: John Bardeen to G. E. Pake, Report of visit to Webster, New York, November 29–December 1, 1978 with TAP, UIUC-A. p. 245 “invention does not occur”: John Bardeen (c. 1968). p. 245 “Those doing basic research”: John Bardeen to Dr. N. B. Hannay, vice-president, Bell Laboratories, March 8, 1973, BFC. The term “bean counters” appears to have been widely used among Xerox’s technical staff to deride executives whose efforts to save money undermined the company’s long-term investment in research and development. Pell (1995); Smith and Alexander (1988), 162. p. 246 “. . . to control the flow of electrons”: John Bardeen (c. 1968); John Bardeen (1965a), 65. p. 246 “finding something in science”: John Bardeen (c. 1968). p. 246 “Basic research is defined”: John Bardeen (1965a), 56–57. p. 247 “really no sharp dividing line”: John Bardeen (c. 1968). p. 247 “areas where significant advances”: John Bardeen (1965a). See also John Bardeen to B. D. Thomas, September 18, 1964; John Bardeen to Jerome Weisner, September 18, 1964; John Bardeen to John Dessauer, February 1958, UIUC-A. 

Pages 244-251 425 p. 247 “scientific dust bowl”: The industrial laboratories (the “cat”) would never consume all the interesting scientific problems of solid-state physics (the “cream”), as there would be a constant flow of new ones. John Bardeen (1965a), 68; Pippard (1961), 38. p. 247 “the most difficult to find”: John Bardeen (c. 1968). p. 247 “to publish their results”: John Bardeen (c. 1968). p. 247 Bardeen was elected: Joe Wilson to John Bardeen, Feb- ruary 23, 1961, UIUC-A; Lewis (1991). p. 247 “the outstanding problem in computers”: John Bardeen to John Dessauer, October 6, 1961, UIUC-A. p. 248 “build one of the finest industrial laboratories”: Charles Duke to Ansel Anderson, March 21, 1991. p. 248 he became the driving force: Goldman (2000). p. 248 PARC had barely opened: Hiltzik (1999), 56. p. 248 threat from the “bean counters”: Goldman (2000); Hiltzik (1999), 56–57. p. 249 the Alto computer: Smith and Alexander (1988), 14. p. 249 “Dallas turned out to grow”: Jack Goldman, quoted in Smith and Alexander (1988), 163. p. 249 “It seems to me”: John Bardeen to C. Peter McColough, May 14, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 250 “be difficult to attract”: Ibid. p. 250 It was too late: Archie McCardell to John Bardeen, May 22, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 250 Bardeen was deeply troubled: Smith and Alexander (1988), ch. 14. p. 250 “The problem is not so much”: John Bardeen to George Pake, December 18, 1980, UIUC-A. p. 250 “It is your name”: John Bardeen to John Dessauer, January 2, 1976, UIUC-A. p. 250 Holonyak noticed his mentor’s name: Holonyak (2001). p. 250 Bardeen resigned from his GE: John Bardeen to A. H. Markham, June 30, 1961. See also John Fisher to John Bardeen, July 29, 1959; John Bardeen to John Fisher, August 28, 1959, UIUC-A. p. 251 mentoring a former student: Pao (1994). Information on Supertex is from Corporate Technology Directory, 1989 edition. p. 251 Silicon Valley workers accepted: Pao (1994). p. 251 John’s shaky hands: Ibid. p. 251 “John Bardeen is a great figure in science”: “Sony gift 

426 NOTES honors Nobel laureate,” Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, Octo- ber 6, 1989. p. 252 “. . . he wanted to have Nick on the Bardeen Chair”: Mikoto Kikuchi to Jane Bardeen, February 26, 1993, BFC. p. 252 “last day in Tokyo”: Nakajima (1993). p. 252 the Midwest Electronics Research Center: John Bardeen, “Plans for an Industrial Research Visitor’s Program,” lec- ture given at Industry-University Research Forum, April 18, 1963, UIUC-A. p. 252 the center sponsored symposia: John Bardeen to John A. Kennedy, Illinois Governor’s Office, July 24, 1964, UIUC-A. p. 252 “When I took John along”: Coleman (1992). p. 252 “low keyed, a little on the shy side”: Ibid. p. 253 “The fact that you think”: Charles Gallo to John Bardeen, January 30, 1986, UIUC-A. p. 253 university, in turn, gained: Coleman (1992). John Bardeen, “Comments on Industry-University Interactions,” en- closed in a letter to Floyd Ingersoll, Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc., September 30, 1982. 14 Citizen of Science p. 254 “the fact that there are all too few people”: Bardeen (1960). Illinois State Normal University, May 1960, UIUC-A. p. 254 “is doing a very effective job”: Ibid.; Hoxie (1990). p. 254 appointed James Killian: Bardeen (1960); see also Rigden (1987), 247–250. Rabi was an important participant in the creation of PSAC. p. 255 “They looked for generalists”: Slichter (1995). p. 255 “all sorts of questions”: Ibid.; Press release and typed copy of talk by John Bardeen at Illinois State Normal University, May 1960, UIUC-A. p. 255 “it might be best”: John Bardeen to Earl G. Droessler, March 10, 1961, UIUC-A. p. 256 “the problems of ICAS”: John Bardeen to Jerome Wiesner, March 10, 1961, UIUC-A. p. 256 “What is needed”: John Bardeen to George B. Kistiakowsky, May 31, 1960, UIUC-A. p. 256 “There was a time”: Bardeen (1960). 

Pages 251-259 427 p. 256 “I feel strongly”: John Bardeen to Robert E. Green, Au- gust 5, 1963, UIUC-A. p. 256 “We thought it was pretty important”: Seaborg (1995). See also White House press release, February 28, 1959, in Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. p. 256 “Everyone who was on it”: Slichter (1995). p. 257 “. . . express my deep gratitude”: John Bardeen to Presi- dent Dwight D. Eisenhower, January 27, 1961, UIUC-A. p. 257 The work of PSAC enhanced: The authors would like to thank Glenn T. Seaborg for sending us his “National Service with Ten Presidents of the United States” Seaborg (n.d.). p. 257 PSAC’s accomplishments included: Rigden (1987), 250–251. p. 257 “the committee as a whole”: John Bardeen to Presi- dent John F. Kennedy, January 21, 1963, UIUC-A. p. 257 series of handwritten notes: Harvey Brooks, President’s Science Advisory Committee, memo, “Issues on Research and Development in the Federal Government,” n.d., UIUC-A. p. 258 “is a topic in which”: John Bardeen to G. B. Kistiakowsky, October 7, 1959, UIUC-A. Bardeen also told Kistiakowsky that he was on the Executive Committee of the Graduate College at Illinois and that he had “participated in study groups on engineering education.” p. 258 “In the support of basic research”: Harvey Brooks, “Issues on Research and Development in the Federal Government,” UIUC-A. p. 258 “in the long run make it impossible”: John Bardeen to the Hon. Emilio Q. Daddario, House of Representatives, Washing- ton, D.C., March 20, 1970. p. 258 “Seaborg report”: Glenn T. Seaborg, “Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg,” Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Technical Information Department, n.d. The authors thank Glenn Seaborg for generously sharing these documents with us. p. 259 “factors determining the desirable rate”: John Bardeen, notes on PSAC memo, “Jobs to be Done on the Basis of the Kistiakowsky Paper,” UIUC-A. p. 259 “My own feeling”: John Bardeen to I. I. Rabi, Novem- ber 18, 1960, UIUC-A. p. 259 “not a Communist”: USOPM, Official Personnel Folder on John Bardeen. 

428 NOTES p. 259 Bardeen’s personal distaste: Charles Piozet, Special As- sistant to the Chief of Industrial Relations, Department of the Navy to John Bardeen, October 31, 1952, Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. p. 260 “endanger the common defense”: Notifications of Per- sonnel Action dated June 26, 1952, and June 26, 1953, John Bardeen personnel file, USOPM; Alan T. Waterman, Director NSF to John Bardeen, June 2, 1952; John Bardeen to Alan T. Waterman, June 24, 1952, John Bardeen personnel file, USOPM. p. 260 Bardeen subsequently served: John Bardeen personnel files, USOPM. Others on the Special Commission on Weather Modification included Adrian R. Chamberlain, Qilliam G. Colman, John C. Dreier, Leoni Hurwicz, Thomas F. Malone, Arthur W. Murphy, Sumner T. Pike, William S. Von Arx, Gilbert F. White, and Karl M. Wilbur, according to the list in Bardeen’s government per- sonnel file. p. 260 President’s Commission on the Patent System: Presi- dent Lyndon B. Johnson to John Bardeen, July 23, 1965; John Bardeen to Alfred C. Marmor, President’s Commission on the Patent System, July 29, 1965; Lawrence Fleming to John Bardeen, August 29, 1966; John Bardeen to Alfred C. Marmor, comments on draft of committee report, August 29, 1966, UIUC-A. p. 260 “. . . rapid and free exchange of technical information”: John Bardeen to Alfred C. Marmor, August 29, 1966, UIUC-A. p. 260 “the grace period is valuable”: John Bardeen to Alfred C. Marmor, President’s Commission on the Patent System, Sep- tember 29, 1966 and October 17, 1966, UIUC-A. p. 260 “Medallic History of Science”: Vincent J. Higgins to John Bardeen, January 9, 1979, UIUC-A. p. 261 charming town of St. Andrews: Robertson (1974); Jack Allen to David Pines, April 28, 1992, UIUC-A. p. 261 John rushed to her side: Jane Bardeen (1994). p. 261 “There was hardly any pain”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, July 12, 1967, BFC. p. 261 “lost no time in locating a projector”: John Bardeen to John Dessauer, July 25, 1967, UIUC-A. p. 261 “John was a bit chagrined”: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, October 6, 1993; John Bardeen to John Dessauer, July 25, 1967, UIUC-A. p. 261 the “Bardeen clubs”: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, Octo- ber 6, 1993; Enid Sichel to L. Hoddeson, May 9, 1998, UIUC-A. 

Pages 259-264 429 p. 262 “had the best holiday”: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, October 6, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 262 “longer range technological”: John Bardeen to T. Suguwara, February 24, 1971, UIUC-A. p. 262 The contracts were cancelled: John Bardeen to T. Suguwara, February 24, 1971, UIUC-A; “Washington Pulls Plug on 4 Helium Contracts After a Year of Talks,” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 1971, UIUC-A. p. 262 “expressing sorrow and anger”: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, October 6, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 262 “The original basis”: John Bardeen to Hugh Odishaw, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., December 8, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 262 U.S. helium conservation program: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, October 6, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 263 “it seems impossible”: John Bardeen to Charles Laverick, August 30, 1974, UIUC-A. p. 263 “the energy crisis has been known”: John Bardeen (1973b). p. 263 “My greatest concern is the environment”: Hackett (1989). p. 263 Population Crisis Committee: James W. Riddleberger, Population Crisis Committee, Washington, D.C., to John Bardeen, June 12, 1970; John Bardeen to James W. Riddleberger, July 16, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 263 Foreign aid and birth control: “John Bardeen: Quiet Brilliance,” Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, January 9, 1981. p. 263 he supported Planned Parenthood: Betsy Bardeen, pri- vate communication to Vicki Daitch, October 1994. p. 264 “involves using the APS organization as a weapon”: Conyers Herring, “On the Wisdom of Cancelling a Meeting in a ‘Disapproved’ City,” draft of statement to the American Physical Society, UIUC-A. p. 264 Even if the APS Council: John Bardeen to Elliott Lieb, MIT, November 5, 1968; Jay Orear to John Bardeen, President, American Physical Society, 29 October 1968; John Bardeen to Rich- ard J. Daley, Mayor of Chicago, October 17, 1968; W. W. Havens to John Bardeen, November 14, 1968, UIUC-A; Drickamer (1992). p. 264 “If we were scheduling”: John Bardeen to William C. H. Joiner, November 20, 1968, UIUC-A. 

430 NOTES p. 264 Bardeen was greatly relieved: Drickamer (1992). p. 264 “my physics has been neglected”: John Bardeen to Reiner Kummel, January 17, 1969, UIUC-A. p. 264 found it unacceptable: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, No- vember 15, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 265 “I regret very much”: John Bardeen to Dr. T. Sugawara, General Secretary, Twelfth International Conference on Low Tem- perature Physics, Tokyo, Japan, March 26, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 265 “. . . remotest connection with weapons research”: The military laboratories represented included the U.S. Naval Research Lab and the Royal Military College of Canada. John Bardeen to Dr. T. Sugawara, June 1, 1970; John Bardeen to Jack Allen, St. Andrews, Scotland, July 7, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 265 “so few cases are involved”: John Bardeen to Dr. T. Sugawara, June 1, 1970 and June 11, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 265 contacted Jack Allen: John Bardeen to Jack Allen, July 7, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 265 whether he would say a few words: John Bardeen to Jack Allen, July 27, 1970, UIUC-A. p. 265 ran without a hitch: Jack Allen to Vicki Daitch, No- vember 15, 1993, UIUC-A. p. 266 “grave reservations about attending”: John Bardeen to Dr. J. So’lyom, Central Research Institute for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, August 13, 1976, UIUC-A. p. 266 “there have to date been few restrictions”: John Bardeen to Senator Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., April 22, 1959, UIUC-A. p. 266 “I don’t remember the reason”: John Bardeen to Tho- mas H. Johnson, March 24, 1982, UIUC-A. p. 266 “but he pushes himself too hard”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, March 27, 1974, BFC. p. 266 “they were unable to find a specific cause”: John Bardeen to John D. Hoffman, March 8, 1973, UIUC-A. p. 266 rising inflation, the war in Vietnam: Ibid. p. 267 “a liberating influence”: B. L. R. Smith (1990), 3–4. p. 267 “. . . I am useless in a group”: Keyworth (2000). p. 267 “but his heart wasn’t in it”: Slichter (1992). p. 268 “John was very, very useful”: Keyworth (2000). p. 268 White House was less enthusiastic: Marshall (1985). p. 268 “while this country is the leader”: John Bardeen to 

Pages 264-271 431 James G. Ling, November 24, 1982. The WHSC Federal Laboratory Review Panel consisted of Bardeen, David Packard (chair), James G. Ling (executive secretary), Mrs. Minh-Triet Lethi (policy analyst), D. Allan Bromley, Donald S. Fredrickson, Arthur K. Kerman, Ed- ward Teller, and Albert D. Wheelon. “Report of the White House Science Council,” Appendix A, May 1983, UIUC-A. p. 269 “Such a far-reaching proposal”: John Bardeen (1986a); Marshall (1985). p. 269 “there was no point”: Slichter (1992). p. 269 “he was being used for his name”: Goldwasser (1992). p. 269 “I do not feel”: John Bardeen to George Keyworth, April 11, 1983, UIUC-A. p. 269 “thought that I might be helpful”: Ibid. p. 269 “when I resigned I was more concerned”: John Bardeen to Eugene P. Goldberg, Professor, Materials Science and Pharma- cology, Director, Biomedical Engineering Center, University of Florida, Gainsville, February 12, 1986, UIUC-A. Draft 4 of letter on Marshall’s (1985) article states Bardeen’s point of view is more bluntly. John Bardeen, letter in regard to Marshall’s article on Keyworth’s resignation, Draft 4, December 23, 1985, UIUC-A. p. 269 “impotent and obsolete”: John Bardeen (1986b). p. 269 all but unanimously opposed: Ibid.; John Bardeen to George J. Keyworth, Office of Science and Technology Policy, White House, Washington, D.C., April 11, 1983, UIUC-A. p. 270 exacerbate the arms race: A. Anderson (1992). p. 270 “pushing this petition”: Lazarus (1992). p. 270 “As noted in my letter”: John Bardeen to Hans A. Bethe, February 3, 1986, UIUC-A. p. 270 “. . . a $25 billion price tag”: Ibid. p. 270 Bardeen and Bethe’s coauthored editorial: Hans Bethe to John Bardeen, April 9, 1986, UIUC-A; John Bardeen to Hans Bethe, April 18, 1986, UIUC-A; Hans A. Bethe and John Bardeen, “Back to Science Advisors,” New York Times, Op-Ed page, May 17, 1986. Bethe and Gottfried were members of the Union of Con- cerned Scientists. Bardeen published a number of editorials in addi- tion to the one with Bethe. See, for example, John Bardeen (1986a), 203, 231. p. 271 “even if composed largely of scientists”: Bethe and Bardeen (1986); also Herken (1992). 

432 NOTES p. 271 “the most important issue”: John Bardeen to Professor Joseph A. Burton, the Arms Control Association, Washington, D.C., April 21, 1986, 7–22, UIUC-A. p. 271 “militarization of space”: Bardeen (1986b). p. 271 “was very careful about what he endorsed”: Goldwasser (1992). p. 271 Bardeen was so cautious: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, pri- vate communication to Vicki Daitch, October 1994. p. 271 “In agreement with general principles”: Bardeen to Peace Research Institute, October 27, 1962, BFC. Also, Peace Re- search Institute to John Bardeen, October 26, 1962. p. 272 “the death penalty has a place”: Paul Cornil, European Committee on Crime Problems, to John Bardeen, January 20, 1965, UIUC-A. p. 272 “I do not believe”: John Bardeen to Paul Cornil, March 5, 1965, UIUC-A. p. 272 “I do not feel that I should lend my name”: John Bardeen to Pierre-Frantz Chapou, February 26, 1981, UIUC-A. p. 272 “didn’t say a word”: Bray (1993a). p. 272 “being of the mind”: Jane Bardeen (1993). p. 272 “I did it for the Jews”: Ibid. p. 272 The “Janes” also designed: Ibid. “The Urban League of Champaign County, Inc.: Building Toward Equality,” brochure, n.d. p. 273 “once you break the door”: Ibid. p. 273 he occasionally made comments: Hess (1991). p. 273 “You can’t measure intelligence”: Bardeen’s comments written by hand on a draft of Karen Fitzgerald’s obituary of William Shockley for the IEEE Spectrum, UIUC-A. p. 273 local steering committee: Flyer produced by Scientists and Engineers for Johnson/Humphrey, UIUC-A. p. 273 “eradicate poverty”: Illinois Scientists and Engineers for Johnson/Humphrey, “Statement of Principles,” October 6, 1964, UIUC-A. p. 273 “In this and all other areas”: Ibid. p. 273 the Johnson-Humphrey ticket: Cameron B. Satterthwaite to members, Scientists and Engineers for Johnson/Humphrey, Champaign-Urbana Chapter, December 22, 1964, UIUC-A. p. 274 “were really heartbroken”: C. J. Chang to Vicki Daitch, November 21, 2001. 

Pages 271-277 433 p. 274 “played an important role”: John Bardeen to E. L. Goldwasser, October 21, 1981, UIUC-A; Goldwasser (1992); C. J. Chang to Vicki Daitch, November 21, 2001. p. 274 “You can’t cut back continually”: “Prof. Bardeen—Re- search Top Priority,” Technograph, October 1972, UIUC-P. p. 274 “people who do well in course work”: John Bardeen to Gerald Almy, April 25, 1966, UIUC-A. p. 275 “better science education for a larger”: Goldwasser (1992). p. 275 active in national attempts: “Marjorie Bardeen Named ‘Outstanding Woman Leader,’” FermiNews, April 21, 1989, BFC. p. 275 “Natural scientists are not all geniuses”: “Panel Shifts Approach on Natural Science,” The Christian Science Monitor, May 28, 1958. p. 276 need special clearances: John Bardeen to G. B. Kistiakowsky, May 31, 1960; David Z. Beckler to John Bardeen, June 7, 1960, the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, PSAC Records, Series III, Box 6, Correspondence B folder. p. 276 clearances suddenly came through: John Bardeen to James Bardeen, September 6, 1960; John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 7, 1960, BFC. p. 276 moved “slowly here”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 10, 1960, BFC. p. 276 Peter Kapitza, Isaac Khalatnikov: John Bardeen, “Re- port on Trip to Prague and the Soviet Union, August 25–September 25,” UIUC-A. p. 276 came to consider Bardeen a second mentor: Abrikosov (1993); John Bardeen to Lawrence C. Mitchell, Staff Director, Sec- tion on USSR and Eastern Europe, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., September 26, 1969, UIUC-A. p. 276 “we are familiar with the very outstanding”: John Bardeen, handwritten notes, n.d., UIUC-A. p. 276 Everyone was “very friendly”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, December 1, 1963, and December 5, 1963, BFC. p. 276 “a distinguished theorist”: John Bardeen and David Pines, “Report of Trip to Moscow to Attend a Conference on Solid State Theory, December 1–12, 1963,” UIUC-A. p. 277 “We know the result now”: Lev Gor’kov to David Pines, February 6, 1991, BFC. 

434 NOTES p. 277 “one of the greatest distinctions”: John Bardeen to G. I. Marchyuk, July 6, 1988, UIUC-A. p. 277 rare foreign membership: John Bardeen to A. P. Alexandrov, President, and C. R. Skriabin, Secretary, USSR Acad- emy of Sciences, Moscow, October 1, 1982, UIUC-A. p. 277 “going into some real depth”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 12, 1975, BFC. p. 277 “one of the few of our group”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 25, 1975, BFC. p. 277 “I’m certain much of the warmth”: Samuel C. Chu to Vicki Daitch, December 21, 1991. p. 277 “enjoy some of the beauties of China.”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 25, 1975, BFC. p. 277 “. . . This house needs you”: Jane Bardeen to John Bardeen, September 25, 1975, UIUC-A. p. 278 “given VIP treatment”: John Bardeen’s Summary Re- port of Visit to Peoples Republic of China as Exchange Lecturer, April 30–May 30, 1980, UIUC-A. p. 278 “introduce Chinese physicists”: Ibid. p. 278 “Science should set an example”: “Bardeen Calls for a New Style of Life,” Delhi Statesman, January 11, 1977, BFC. p. 278 Project on the History: John Bardeen to Robert N. Noyce, April 10, 1980, UIUC-A. p. 278 improve the resulting book: Hoddeson, et al. (1992). p. 278 a science advisor for Elizabeth Ante’bi’s: John Bardeen to Elizabeth Ante’bi’, Editions Hologramme, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, June 2, 1982, UIUC-A, C-13, C-81. p. 279 “This fund is being established”: Bardeen to J. David Ross, December 29, 1972. Jane, too, was generous, donating funds to provide for a $10,000 endowment over time to the Citizens Li- brary in Washington, Pennsylvania, in memory of her mother, Elizabeth Patterson Maxwell. p. 279 “More than anyone else”: “Nobel Prize-Winner Estab- lishes Duke Physics Research Fund,” Chapel Hill Newspaper, March 29, 1973, 8, BFC. p. 279 “Fritz was so happy”: Edith London to John Bardeen, 13 April 1973. UIUC-A. p. 279 “for the basic ideas”: John Bardeen to Edith London, May 21, 1973, UIUC-A. 

Pages 277-282 435 p. 279 Superconducting Super Collider: See Riordan, et al. (forthcoming). p. 280 “It wasn’t a political gesture”: Goldwasser (1992). p. 280 “The Super Collider should proceed”: John Bardeen and Robert Schrieffer, “Response to New York Times article of April 28, 1987,” (Editorial, “Super Hasty on the Super Collider,” New York Times, April 28, 1987), draft, May 6, 1987, published May 14, 1987, UIUC-A. p. 280 “Walter made a good pick”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, June 7, 1958, BFC. p. 280 “please send the date of Bill’s”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, May 30, 1958, BFC. p. 281 “it has been nice”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, Oc- tober 5, 1978, BFC. p. 281 doing “good work”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, Oc- tober 11, 1978, BFC. p. 281 “a little research” on family history: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, June 15, 1958, BFC. p. 281 “It was like going back”: Douglas Scalapino to Jane Bardeen, February 28, 1991; Woodward (1979). p. 281 he had paintings at home: Bill Bardeen to John Bardeen, November 22, 1970, BFC. p. 281 John liked traveling best: Betsy Bardeen Greytak, pri- vate communication to Vicki Daitch. p. 281 “It is going to be a long time away from home”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 2, 1975, BFC. p. 281 left his raincoat: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, August 27, 1960, BFC. p. 281 “I was able to get $500”: John Bardeen to Jane Bardeen, September 2, 1975, BFC. p. 282 “the only thing that got really cold”: “C-U Awaits Re- lief from Blizzard,” Champaign-Urbana Courier, January 27, 1978. p. 282 “I was pretty sure they’d come along”: “Blizzard Traps Bardeens on I-57,” Illinois Alumni News, March 1978, UIUC-P. p. 282 National Inventors Hall of Fame: Alfred L. Haffner, Jr., to John Bardeen, January 28, 1974, UIUC-A. p. 282 His fellow honorees included: “John Bardeen Among 21 to Get Medal of Freedom,” Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, January 2, 1977, BFC. 

436 NOTES p. 283 “Dr. Bardeen is contributing to the city”: “Prize-Win- ning Professor Awarded Key to City from Champaign Mayor,” Daily Illini, October 4, 1989. 15 Pins and Needles and Waves p. 284 Pins And Needles: The authors are grateful to Joseph Tillman for allowing this discussion of Bardeen’s work on charge density waves to draw freely on his 1995 senior thesis at the Uni- versity of Illinois. p. 284 “And this gray spirit”: Tennyson (1987), 11–12. p. 285 typical of the exceptionally creative: Csikszent- mihalyi (1996), 211–212. p. 285 “band begins to march”: Brown and Grüner (1994), 51–56. p. 285 “Peierls instability”: Peierls (1930); (1964), 108–112. p. 285 related to superconductivity: The ground states of both are described as a coherent superposition of pairs—pairs of elec- trons in superconductivity and electron-hole pairs in the CDW case. Fröhlich (1954), 296. Campell (1998). p. 286 Ong and Pierre Monceau: P. Monceau et al. (1976). p. 286 London’s picture: Bardeen (1990a). p. 286 potential importance to industry: Thorne (1996), 42. p. 286 analogous to Josephson tunneling: John Bardeen (1980a); John Bardeen to Joel Moses, March 3, 1987. p. 286 Bardeen envisioned a collective tunneling: Tucker, et al. (1982), 25. p. 286 “If you have a brick wall”: Grüner (2000). p. 287 Among the prominent physicists: Most of the refer- ences to the classical model are from Grüner (1983), 183–197. p. 287 The Aerospace Corporation: The visit appears to have occurred on November 11, 1974. John Bardeen to Ivan Getting, October 29, 1974. p. 288 “Hello, this is John”: Tucker (1995). p. 288 “It was only the second example”: Tucker (1995). p. 288 “reaching for something that was exotic”: Ibid. p. 288 Tucker’s first student: J. Miller (1993). p. 289 “We used to hold group meetings”: Tucker (1995). p. 289 “Throwing theoretical spaghetti”: Tucker (1995). 

Pages 283-294 437 p. 289 “. . . the system is still noisy”: Bardeen to P. Monceau, February 3, 1982. p. 289 “Maybe he was just carried away”: Grüner (2000). p. 289 “I’m really working hard”: Salamon (2000). p. 289 “The first set of experiments”: Grüner (2000). p. 290 Karlheinz Seeger: Seeger had been one of the early workers to study TTF-TCNQ. John Bardeen (1987); Karlheinz Seeger to Vicki Daitch and Lillian Hoddeson, September 21, 1995. The authors are grateful to Seeger for contributing much informa- tion about his work on CDWs with Bardeen. p. 290 “didn’t have one minute”: McMillan (1995). p. 290 “I feel a deep sense”: John Bardeen (1985). p. 291 “excellent agreement is found”: John Bardeen to the editors of Physical Review Letters, May 21, 1985. p. 291 “greatly upset Bardeen”: Tucker (1995). See also Bray (1993a). p. 291 “the opportunity to work”: Lyding (2000). p. 291 “. . . nice working with Bardeen”: Ibid. p. 292 It had never been easy: Zawadowsky (1998). p. 292 friends avoided discussing: Leonard (1992); Tucker (1995); Zawadowsky (1998). p. 292 “Tucker always seemed on edge”: Frederick Lamb, priv. comm to Hoddeson, October 2, 2000. p. 292 “. . . you are the establishment”: Douglas Scalapino to Vicki Daitch, December 10, 1991. p. 292 his own serious reservations: Tucker (1995). p. 292 “. . . ticket to Stockholm”: Lyding (2000). p. 293 “lemming effect”: A. B. Pippard to L. Hoddeson, sum- mer 1987. p. 293 “. . . didn’t hang together”: Salamon (2000). p. 293 “John is trying to do”: Salamon (2000); Salamon and Bardeen (1987). p. 294 “wasn’t at all wedded”: Salamon (2000). p. 294 “Boy, I’m glad this high-Tc came out”: Ibid. p. 294 “It is inconceivable to me”: John Bardeen to H. Takayama and H. Matsukawa, May 29, 1987. p. 294 his hot temper: Holonyak (1993a). p. 294 Tucker tried to avoid Bardeen: John Tucker to John Bardeen, dated November 8, 1987, sent May 5, 1988. 

438 NOTES p. 295 his own “strong pinning” theory: John Tucker to John Bardeen, October 23, 1987. p. 295 “in strong pinning, every impurity stops”: John Tucker to L. Hoddeson, March 17, 2001. p. 295 “I think he felt betrayed”: Salamon (2000). p. 295 everything necessary to support the physics: Tucker (1995). p. 295 Tucker called for help: Tucker (1995); J. Miller (1993). p. 295 “Don’t let people”: Holonyak (1998a). p. 296 “an ugly ceremony”: Karlheinz Seeger to Vicki Daitch and Lillian Hoddeson, September 21, 1995. p. 296 “general feeling at the conference”: Robert Thorne to John Bardeen, October 8, 1987. p. 296 “I don’t think that’s true”: Lyding (2000). p. 296 “would lead to some kind of calm”: Lyding (2000). p. 296 “talk fast and think”: Ibid. p. 297 “is confirmed by many experiments”: John Bardeen to John Tucker, October 24, 1987. p. 297 “messenger boy”: Lyding (2000). p. 297 “diatribe”: Ibid.; and Lyding’s personal notes from the period. p. 297 “seem to be narrowing”: John Bardeen to John Tucker, November 6, 1987, UIUC-A. p. 297 “. . . correct as it stood”: John Tucker to John Bardeen, dated November 8, 1987, sent May 5, 1988. p. 297 “I hope that we can make progress”: John Bardeen to John Tucker, November 13, 1987. p. 297 ignoring available experimental facts: John Tucker to John Bardeen, November 13, 1987. p. 297 “I am glad that we agree”: John Bardeen to John Tucker, November 23, 1987. p. 298 “Your statement that we now agree”: John Tucker to John Bardeen, November 25, 1987. p. 298 “Because of the change”: John Bardeen to NSF, Janu- ary 4, 1988. p. 298 “with no strings attached”: Lyding (2000). p. 298 “You have by no means”: John Bardeen to John Tucker, January 5, 1988. p. 298 “No plausible classical model”: John Bardeen (1989a). p. 299 “I know you’re recruiting”: Bhatt (1992). 

Pages 295-303 439 p. 299 “A considerable body of evidence”: John Bardeen (1989a). p. 299 “few other theorists have worked”: John Bardeen to Gene L. Wells, April 18, 1989. p. 299 “Everyone is so busy writing”: Nick Holonyak to L. Hoddeson, February 3, 2001. p. 299 last of Bardeen’s single-authored papers: John Bardeen (1990). p. 299 “mattered a lot to him”: Betsy Greytak (2000a); John Bardeen (1990b). p. 300 It is not impossible: See e.g., J. Miller (1993). p. 300 “the referee was totally out of line”: Lazarus (1992). p. 300 Psychologists claim the behavior: Csikszentmihalyi argues that such people are not workaholics. “For most of them work is not a way to avoid a full life, but rather is what makes a life full.” Csikszentmihalyi (1996), 224. p. 300 “. . . a lot of criticism”: Tucker (1995). 16 Last Journey p. 301 He had not been feeling well: Nick Holonyak private communication to L. Hoddeson, February 4, 2001. p. 301 “I come in most every day”: John Bardeen (1990a). p. 302 “the junction transistor is a bipolar transistor”: Holonyak, quoted in John Bardeen (1990a). p. 302 “Brattain and I have the basic patent”: John Bardeen (1990a). Bardeen is referring to his patent 2,524,033 (October 2, 1950) filed on February 26, 1948, prior to the Bardeen and Brattain transistor patent, 2,524,035, which was filed on June 17, 1948. p. 303 “of course he was very excited”: John Bardeen (1990a). p. 303 “a tragedy that he got involved”: Peterson (1981). For a detailed account of Shockley’s arguments, including documents prepared by Shockley, see Pearson (1992). p. 303 “could have accomplished much more”: John Bardeen to Eric Weiss, September 6, 1989, UIUC-A. p. 303 “the existence of tragic genetic deficiencies”: William Shockley, “Sperm Banks and Dark-Ages Dogmatism,” Position paper presented at the Rotary Club of Chico, California, April 16, 

440 NOTES 1980, 227; “Interview with William Shockley,” Playboy, August 1980, both from Pearson (1992). p. 304 “if you’ve been jacking off”: Holonyak (1998a). p. 304 “enjoyed teaching undergraduates”: John Bardeen (1994), 81. p. 304 “A part of my life is gone”: Illini Week, undated and untitled clipping, UIUC-P. p. 304 “. . . I’d drop anything and everything”: Holonyak (1998b). p. 304 “While history will remember Walter”: John Bardeen (1988). p. 304 “in memory of a long-time friend”: John Bardeen to Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, Walter H. Brattain Lectureship, November 11, 1987, UIUC-A. p. 305 “his scientific ideas and where”: Greytak (2000a). p. 305 “wanted to emphasize what he’d done”: Pines (1993). p. 305 He could no longer read: Holonyak (1998b); Greytak (2000b). p. 305 “coming to Japan this fall”: George Hatoyama to John Bardeen, October 1, 1990, BFC. p. 305 “stop, take his shoe off”: Werstler (1992). p. 305 dangerous plaque had begun to build: Greytak (2000b). p. 305 “and now this!”: Holonyak (1998b). p. 305 “Probably a few names”: “Professor Among ‘Most In- fluential’ Americans,” The Daily Illini, September 6, 1990. p. 306 his Physics Today: John Bardeen (1990b). p. 306 “He wanted me to be sure and get a copy”: J. McMillan (1995). p. 306 When the local doctors: Holonyak (1998b). p. 306 trust the local doctors: Greytak (2000b). p. 306 “He learned to swim”: Andrew Greytak, January 12, 1990, BFC. p. 307 might have talked a little physics: Holonyak (1998a). p. 307 “I was struck right away with his analytical”: Sugarbaker (2001). p. 307 The surgery went smoothly: Ibid. p. 308 “How’s your day”: Sugarbaker (2001). p. 308 “found him unresponsive”: Ibid. p. 308 “very thought-provoking incident”: Ibid. p. 308 “a man with a lot of presence”: Ibid. 

Pages 303-313 441 p. 309 several hundred friends: Inside Illinois 10, (February 7, 1991), 10. p. 309 “children have all ended up”: Statements by William Bardeen in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, February 8, 1991. p. 309 “I suppose you would not consider”: Statements by William Bardeen in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, Febru- ary 8, 1991. p. 309 “he rough-housed”: Statements by James Bardeen in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, February 8, 1991. p. 309 “Most of all, my father enjoyed his grandchildren”: Statements by Elizabeth Bardeen Greytak in “John Bardeen Memo- rial,” Illini Union, February 8, 1991. p. 310 “quiet, genuinely modest”: Statements by David Pines in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, 8 February 1991. p. 310 “John was a wonderful colleague”: Ibid. p. 310 “Holonyak! Who in the hell”: Statements by Nick Holonyak in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, 8 February 1991. p. 310 “I was walking down the hallway”: Statements by Charles Slichter in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, 8 Feb- ruary 1991. p. 311 “And there was John in a set of tails”: Statements by Robert Schrieffer in “John Bardeen Memorial,” Illini Union, 8 Feb- ruary 1991. p. 311 planted a tree on the fifteenth tee: Burtis (1995); Werstler (1992). p. 311 “As the luncheon ended”: Fred Seitz to Jane Bardeen, March 6, 1991, BFC. p. 311 “. . . a lot to Louis Ridenour.”: Seitz (2001). p. 311 “John was so quiet and modest”: Walter Osterhoudt to Jane Bardeen, February 4, 1991, BFC. p. 312 “I will always remember the good times”: John Tucker to Jane Bardeen, February 1991, BFC. p. 312 “learning to be a widow”: Gretchen Osterhoudt to Jane Bardeen, May 11, 1994, BFC. p. 313 “I’m going to die”: Norma Marder, “Mama’s Stroke, a memoir,” forthcoming. p. 313 “Every time we attend a funeral”: Jane Bardeen to Betty Maxwell, March 27, 1974, BFC. 

442 NOTES p. 313 low stone monument: William Bardeen, private com- munication to Lillian Hoddeson, December 2000. 17 Epilogue: True Genius and How to Cultivate It p. 314 True Genius: Much of the material in this epilogue is based on Hoddeson (2001). p. 314 For centuries: For a brief historical overview of the field, see R. S. Albert and Mark A. Runco (1999). p. 314 the vast literature: A large number of the references can be found in Amabile (1996); Boden (1996); Csikszentmihalyi (1996); Gardner (1993); Holton (1973, 1978); Howe (1999); Miller (1984, 1996, 2001); Simonton (1988, 1990, 1999); Sternberg (1999); Sulloway (1996); Weisberg (1993); and Zuckerman (1977). A recent section on creativity in the American Psychologist, Sternberg and Dess (2001), featuring pieces on Charles Darwin, Linus Pauling, Thomas Young, and Claude Monet, suggests that the field is mov- ing in the direction of using historical cases studies. p. 314 comparisons across many cases: See e.g., the studies of Michael Faraday (Nersessian, 1984; Tweney, 1985), Charles Dar- win (Gruber, 1981; Simonton, 1999), and Sigmund Freud (Sulloway, 1983). p. 315 Terman built on Galton’s work: Sternberg (1999). p. 315 association with a domain: See, e.g., Csikszentmihalyi (1996), 22–50. p. 315 “paradigms” of their domain: Kuhn (1962), 1–23. p. 316 “high intellectual traits”: Cox cited in Albert and Runco, p. 27. p. 316 the genius profile: See e.g., Feist (1999), or Howe (1999). p. 316 importance of talent and intelligence: Howe (1999), 188–205. p. 317 trained to achieve master-level performance: Ericsson, et al. (1993); Weisberg (1999). p. 317 right kind of intelligence: Gardner (1993), p. 20. p. 317 “Only one who bursts”: Waley (1989) Book VII(8), 124. p. 317 “intrinsic motivation”: Amabile (1996). p. 318 “flow into his being”: Schrieffer (1974, 1992a). p. 318 childish ways of focusing: Gardner (1993); Gopnik, et al. (1999), Einstein (1949). 

Pages 313-325 443 p. 318 childhood traumas: Alice Miller (1990). p. 319 engage in constructive competition: Pines (1993). p. 319 “in competition basically with himself”: Schrieffer (1974). p. 319 work actively into their senior years: Csikszent- mihalyi (1996), 210–233. p. 319 “He’s the only man”: Lazarus (1992). p. 319 search through a “problem space”: Simon (1978); A. Newell, and H. Simon (1972); Langley, et al. (1987). p. 320 more complex (“chunked”): Chase and Simon (1973); Reimann and Chi (1989); Chi, et al. (1981). p. 320 learned from Wigner: Bardeen (1977, 1984). p. 320 his full attention: Schrieffer (1974, 1992a). p. 320 Althea Bardeen probably preconditioned: Harmer (1936), 335. p. 321 “You reduce a problem”: Bardeen (1984b). p. 321 “bully through”: Frederick Seitz, private communica- tion to Lillian Hoddeson, April 2001. p. 321 try a range of approaches: Pines (1993). p. 321 scientific study of divergent thinking: Guilford (1950). p. 321 multiple intelligences: Gardner (1985). p. 322 the brainstorming (or “blockbusting”): de Bono (1992). p. 322 Countless examples of this approach: Hoddeson, et al. (1993); Hoddeson (1987); Bradshaw (1992). p. 322 “experiment came first”: Pines (1993). p. 322 “to create laws”: Abrikosov (1993). p. 322 “. . . formalism could lead one astray”: Schrieffer (1992b), 47. p. 322 “I don’t generally work”: Holonyak (1993b). p. 323 such moments “epiphanies”: Lederman and Teresi (1993), 7. p. 323 a clever dance analogy: Schrieffer (1974). p. 323 analogy as a mapping: Gentner (1989). p. 323 he and Brattain mapped well-studied features: Bardeen Bell Labs Notebook 20780, December 20, 1947. p. 325 how metaphors can themselves act as models: Arthur Miller (2001), 217–262; see also Lakoff and Johnson (1980). p. 325 “that electron-lattice interactions are”: Bardeen’s handwritten notes, 1950, UIUC-P. 

444 NOTES p. 325 “knows a lot about”: Brian Ross, personal communi- cation, February 2001. See also Medin and Ross (1996), “Expertise,” 469–91. p. 325 “had one wonderful quality”: Wigner (1981). p. 326 community of scholars conducting studies: See, e.g., Nersessian (1984); Tweney (1985); Gruber (1981); Simonton (1999); Sulloway (1983); Langley, et al. (1987). p. 326 third dimension of the genius profile: See e.g., Csikszentmihalyi (1996); Gardner (1993); Sternberg (1988, 1999); Weisberg (1993); Zuckerman (1977). p. 326 “hang on” to problems: Althea Harmer Bardeen to Charles William Bardeen, n.d., BFC. p. 326 “bulldog tenacity”: Seitz in Del Guercio, et al. (1998). p. 326 “The greatest opportunity”: C. W.’s inscription in the book he wrote about his boyhood adventures in the Civil War, pre- sented to John on his tenth birthday. p. 327 skipped three grades had generally benefited him: Bardeen (1977a). p. 327 “allowed to go ahead”: Charles William Bardeen to Charles Russell Bardeen, March 4, 1919. p. 328 “Nobel–bound” mentors: Zuckerman (1977), 62, 96– 143, 200–202. p. 328 “accomplishments are a good bit of luck”: Bardeen’s hand-edited copy of Karen Fitzgerald’s profile of him for the IEEE Spectrum, Bardeen papers, U. of I. p. 328 “on the ground floor”: Harvard Society of Fellows (1987). p. 329 In experiments the parameters: e.g., Ward (1999); Feist and Gorman (1998); Langley, et al. (1987); Dunbar (1997); Csikszentmihalyi (1996). p. 329 “In hindsight, the path taken may look straight”: de Waal quoted in History Newletter (Spring 2001), 23, Center for His- tory of Physics of the American Institute of Physics, excerpted from de Waal, “The Ape and the Sushi Master,” as quoted in Chronicle of Higher Education, 30 March 2001, B6. p. 329 legendary stories: Weisberg (1986), 27–33.