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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

Index

A

Accidents and injuries, 29, 50, 92, 93, 95, 97, 106, 129

Adolescents, 29

alcohol and drug use, 129

contraceptive use, 138

delinquent behavior, 35

depression, 137

diabetes, 37

personal ties, 36, 54, 74-75

positive health, 52, 54

predisease pathways, 29, 34-35, 36, 37

pregnancy, 138-139

sexually transmitted diseases, 122, 138-139

smoking, 34-35, 128

socioeconomic status, 104

Adrenal gland, 33, 45, 80, 168

epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174

norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174

see also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

African Americans,

see Black persons

Age factors, 4, 45

alcohol abuse, 129

cumulative risk and aging, 27

diet, 139

disability/disease onset, 2, 5, 10, 46, 47, 48, 64, 81, 131, 134, 136, 149, 165

gene expression in midlife, 65-66

fertility, 135

midlife, 65-66, 105

personal ties, 74

smoking, 128

temperament, 34

see also Adolescents;

Children;

Elderly

persons;

Infants;

Life expectancy;

Pregnancy and prenatal development

AIDS,

see HIV/AIDS

Alameda County Study, 105, 185

Alcohol and drug use, 34, 35, 129

adolescents, 129

community-level factors, 92

interventions, 35, 151

mother-child relations, 30

positive health, 52

pregnancy and prenatal development, 35

racial/ethnic factors, 106

social factors, 36

time horizons, 4, 22, 40

Allostasis and allostatic load, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 18, 46, 70, 126, 172-175, 186, 187

gender factors, 174-175

personal ties, 83-84

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

predisease pathways, 20, 26-27, 35-40

race/ethnicity, 97

socioeconomic status and, 48-49, 103, 104

Alternative medicine, 141-142, 144

Alzheimer's disease,

see Dementia

American Indians,

see Native Americans

Amino acid regulation, 32

Animal models, 179

colony infrastructure, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188

environmentally induced gene expression, 6, 66-69, 70, 77

environmental stressors, 33, 37

exercise and neurogenesis, 169

intergenerational transmission of behavior, 67-68

mother-child behavior, 28-30, 31, 32, 66-69, 77, 78-79

personal ties, 7, 76, 77, 84

positive health, 46-47, 169-170

recovery from disease, 33

self-efficacy and recovery from disease, 33

social relations, 6, 7, 13, 76, 77, 84, 170, 184, 186;

see also “personal ties” above

socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 103

substance abuse during pregnancy, 35

Anxiety, 31, 32, 33, 50, 142

Asians and Pacific Islanders, 107, 110

Assessment,

see Research infrastructure;

Research methodology

Asset and Health Dynamics Survey, 133

Asthma, 10, 126, 134-135, 143, 148

Attitudes

stigmatization, 3, 9, 23-29, 107, 109-110, 111, 155

toward cancer and HIV patients, 155

see also Emotional factors;

Racism and discrimination

B

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 185

Behavior, individual, 1-2, 17-18, 20, 40, 188

community-level factors, 91

cumulative risk, 26

gene expression, 64, 129-130, 149

intergenerational transfer, 30, 31, 34, 67-68

interventions, general, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160;

see also Health promotion

personal ties, 74-75, 82

population surveys, 10, 11, 118, 143

positive health, 5, 47, 52-53, 56, 57

predisease pathways, 3-4, 25, 32, 34-36, 176-177

primary prevention, 52-53

research methodology, 176-177, 179, 180

socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 102-103

see also Alcohol and drug use;

Exercise;

Mental illness;

Nutrition;

Personal ties;

Primary prevention;

Psychological factors;

Sexually transmitted diseases;

Smoking;

Social factors

Benzodiazapine system, 32

Birth cohorts,

see Cohort studies

Birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138

Black persons, 106, 108-111

mortality, 106, 108, 110

occupational hazards, 108

Brain function and structure, 171-172, 173

child-mother interactions, 29

hippocampus, 26, 77

historical perspectives, 17

medulla, 29, 31, 33, 168

epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174

norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174

personal ties, 7, 73, 77-79, 84

positive health, 46-47, 171

prenatal development, 28

Breast cancer, 35, 50, 75, 129, 155

Britain,

see United Kingdom

C

Cancer, 173

attitudes toward patients, 155

breast, 35, 50, 75, 129, 155

diet, 129

early childhood experiences and, 29

genomics, 69-70, 155

interventions, general, 151, 157

lung, 22, 75, 126, 132

National Cancer Act, 1, 19

National Cancer Institute, 1, 19, 45, 157-158

ovarian, 155

personal ties, 75, 151-153

population-level health, 129, 131

positive health, 52

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

psychological factors, 151, 155

race/ethnicity and, 106, 107, 108

recovery, 33, 75

Cardiovascular disease, 25, 130-131, 148, 149, 173

community-level factors, 95

cost of interventions, 139-140, 152

cumulative risk, 26, 27

diet, 129, 130-131, 139

emotional regulation and, 33

interventions, 139-140, 148, 149, 152

parenting and, 29

personal ties, 76, 83

positive health, 50, 52

psychological factors, 1, 33, 34, 38, 50, 76, 152

racial/ethnic factors, 106, 108-109

recovery from, 50

smoking, 22, 140

social factors, 22;

see also“personal ties” above

socioeconomic status, 101, 106 see also

Hypertension;

National Heart,

Lung, and Blood Institute

Catecholamines, 32, 74, 77

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 122, 134

Child-mother interactions, 28-31, 68 -69, 76, 77, 143

alcohol abuse, 30

animal models, 28-30, 31, 32, 66-69, 77, 78-79

brain development, 29

environmentally induced gene expression, 29-30, 32, 66-68

immune response, 77

socioeconomic status and, 103

Children, 45, 167-168, 174

asthma, 10, 126, 134-135, 143, 148

cancer, 29

chronic diseases and disabilities, 10, 29, 126, 127

developing countries, 135, 136

disabled, parents of, 126

divorce, effects on, 52, 74

early life experiences, 4-5, 6, 22, 28-32, 39-40, 103, 104, 133, 167-168

genetic factors, 29-30

genomics, 134-135

interventions, 153

longitudinal studies, 133

mental illness, 51

obesity, 153

personal ties, 73-75;

see also Parents and parenting

population-level health, 10, 118-119, 125-126, 133, 134-135, 136, 168

resilience, 48

school-based interventions, 11, 54

socioeconomic status, 48, 103, 104, 134

see also Adolescents;

Birth weight;

Infants;

Pregnancy and prenatal development

Cholesterol, 25, 27, 33, 51, 139-140, 149, 153, 165, 173

Chronic disease and disability, 45, 168-169

alternative medicine therapies, 142

childhood, 10, 29, 126, 127

elderly persons, 120, 130, 131, 132, 136-137

interventions, general, 11, 151

onset of, 2, 5, 10, 46, 47, 48, 64, 81, 131, 134, 136, 149, 165

pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152

population-level health, 119-121, 126, 127, 130-133

psychological factors, 34

quality of life, 51

socioeconomic status, 101, 131-132

see also specific diseases and body systems

Cities,

see Urban areas

Clinical practice guidelines, 36

Cognitive factors, 169

cumulative risk, 26

mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188

personal ties, 74

positive health, 50, 52

predisease pathways, 26, 32

recovery from disease, 50

social relationships, 22, 74

socioeconomic status, 104

see also Educational attainment

Cohort studies, 13, 104-106, 110, 130, 165-167, 172, 185, 186

Communicable disease,

see Immune system and infectious diseases

Community-level factors, 3, 8, 18, 23, 91-99, 143

alcohol and drug use, 92

children, 48

interventions, general, 11, 13, 91, 153-154, 156, 158, 187

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

longitudinal studies, 8, 92, 98, 105, 143, 185-186

positive health, 5, 8, 57

predisease pathways, 2, 39, 97

racial segregation, 9, 92, 93, 108, 111

research infrastructure, 13, 185-186, 187, 188

animal colonies, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188

research methodology, 8, 95-97, 98, 164, 170

resilience, 48

socioeconomic status, 92-95, 97-98, 102-103, 106, 108

see also Rural areas;

Urban areas

Comorbidity, 20, 27

community-level factors, 92

mental illness, 51

Contraceptive use, 138

Co-occurring risk factors, see Allostasis and allostatic load

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 37, 66

Cortisol, 32, 74, 76, 172

Cost and cost-benefit factors, 158, 167

adolescents, contraceptives, 138-139

adolescents, smoking cessation, 150

alternative medicine therapies, 142, 144

asthma, 143

cardiovascular disease interventions, 139-140, 152

cholesterol therapy, 139

community-level interventions, 91

disabled children, parents of, 126, 143

elderly, care of, 136-137

health promotion, 138-139

managed care, 10, 140-141, 144

medical interventions, 138, 139-140, 142, 144, 152;

see also Health insurance

nutrition interventions, 53

population-level health, 126, 136-137, 139-140, 142, 143, 144, 153-154

tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157

Council of Public Representatives (COPR), 14-15, 53, 56

committee study methodology, xii, 14

Crime and criminal behavior, 8, 92, 108, 129

adolescent delinquence, 35

homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106

smoking laws, 154

suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111

see also Alcohol and drug abuse

Cultural factors, 10, 17, 52, 75, 92, 93-94, 97, 111

language, 73-74

religion, 111

violence, 8, 94

see also Social factors

D

Dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173

Demographic and Health Surveys, 119

Demographic factors

migration, 110

see also Age factors;

Community-level factors;

Educational attainment;

Elderly persons;

Gender factors;

Population health;

Race/ethnicity;

Rural areas;

Socioeconomic status;

Urban areas

Depression, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 105, 137, 142, 171

Developing countries, 101, 135, 136

Diabetes, 26, 36, 37, 48, 106, 130-131, 148

Diet,

see Nutrition

Differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101

Disabilities and disabled persons,

see Chronic disease and disability

Discrimination,

see Racism and discrimination

Dopamine regulation, 32, 34, 35

Drug use,

see Alcohol and drug use

E

Eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157

Economic factors

population health and macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144

see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;

Employment and unemployment;

Funding;

Socioeconomic status;

Taxation, tobacco

Education,

see Health promotion;

Professional education;

Public education

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

Educational attainment, 9, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 132

smoking, 128

Elderly persons, 10, 45, 165, 169, 174-175, 187

chronic diseases and disabilities, 120, 130, 131, 132, 136-137

comorbidity, 27

dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173

disabled, 120

female family caregivers of, 39

gender factors, 39, 174-175

resilience, 55

self-efficacy, 32-33

temperament, 34

personal ties, 74

Emotional factors, 5, 7, 84, 179

anxiety, 31, 32, 33, 50, 142

cancer, 75

depression, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 105, 137, 142, 171

disabled children, parents of, 126

neurological factors, 33, 77-78

positive health, 50-51, 52, 54-55

recovery from disease, 50-51, 75

regulation of emotions, predisease pathways, 29, 30, 32, 33

see also Personal ties

Employment and unemployment, 8, 9, 38-39, 100, 102, 103, 111, 168-169

cancer/HIV patients, discrimination, 155

disabled children, parents of, 126

fertility and, 135

gender factors, 38-39, 133

interventions, worksite, 11, 154, 158

positive health, 11, 52

race/ethnicity, 108

Environmental factors, general, 3, 11-15

(passim), 17, 21, 22, 45, 126

animal models, 6, 33, 37, 66-69, 70, 77

gene expression, 3, 6, 17-18, 23, 26, 29-30, 32, 40, 63-72, 76, 77, 166, 172

animal models, 6, 66-69, 70, 77

children, 29-30, 32, 66-68

population-level health, 10, 118

positive health, 5, 54, 56

predisease pathways, 4, 36-39, 25-26, 32, 36-39, 97

resistance and resilience, 48

see also Community-level factors;

Social factors

Environmental Genome Project, 134-135

Epidemiology, 22

personal ties, 7, 75, 76, 82

see also Longitudinal studies;

Mortality;

Population health

Epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174

Ethnicity,

see Race/ethnicity;

Racism and discrimination

Europe, 101-102, 105

see also United Kingdom

Exercise, 34, 35, 46-47, 52, 129, 139, 149, 151, 152, 169

F

Familial factors, 14, 38, 74-75, 83

dementia, caregivers, 39, 65, 77, 80

interventions, 11, 152-153, 156

predisease pathways, 4, 25-26

working women, 38-39

see also Child-mother interactions;

Children;

Marriage and marital status;

Parents and parenting

Federal government

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 122, 134

health insurance, 138;

see also Medicare

tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157

toxic waste regulations, 132

see also Funding;

Legislation;

terms with “National Institute”

Females,

see Gender factors

Fertility, 135

Foreign countries,

see International perspectives

Framingham Study, 105, 143, 185

Funding, 179, 188

historical perspectives, 1, 19

interventions, general, 158

social factors, 186-187

socioeconomic status research, 104-105

see also Research infrastructure

G

Gender factors

adolescent sexual activity, 138-139

allostatic load, 174-175

cancer risk, 47-48

chronic disease, 130

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

diet, 139

elderly, caregivers of, 39

elderly persons, 174-175

employment, 38-39, 133

HIV, optimism among male patients, 50

life expectancy, 136

personal ties, 74, 75, 83

recovery from disease, 50

sexually transmitted diseases, 133

smoking, 34, 128

see also Breast cancer;

Child-mother interactions;

Ovarian cancer;

Pregnancy and prenatal development

Genetics, 47-48

behavioral risk factors, general, 64, 129-130, 149

cancer risk, 47

cumulative risk and, 26

diabetes, 48

emotional regulation, 33

environmentally induced gene expression, 3, 6, 17-18, 23, 26, 29-30, 32, 40, 63-72, 76, 77, 166, 172

animal models, 6, 66-69, 70, 77

children, 29-30, 32, 66-68

historical perspectives, 17

hypertension, 47-48, 67-68

intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 30, 31, 34, 67-68

microarray chip technologies, 6, 64, 70, 166

mother-child interactions and, 29-30

personal ties and, 7, 29, 65-66, 76, 77, 84

positive health, 5, 53, 57

predisease pathways, 4-5, 26, 28, 32, 155

time horizons, 22

Genomics, 45, 69-70, 64, 69-70, 155

allostatic load, 175

cancer, 69-70, 155

child health, 134-135

personal ties, 74

prenatal development, 28

Geographic information systems, 97

Going for the Goal (GOAL) program, 54

Gonorrhea, 121-122

H

Harvard Mastery of Stress Study, 185

Health and Retirement Survey, 133, 185

Health care,

see Medical interventions

Health insurance, 133, 138, 143

managed care, 10, 140-141, 144

Medicare, 133, 137, 140

Health promotion, 1, 5, 11, 12, 19, 148

adolescents, 54

cholesterol reduction, 139-140, 149, 153

cost of, 138-139

research infrastructure, 13, 45

smoking prevention, 35

Public education

Heart disease,

see Cardiovascular disease

Hippocampus, 26, 77

Hispanics, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111

Historical perspectives, 17, 19, 21, 22

alternative medicine therapies, 141-142

chronic diseases, 130-131

communicable disease, 123-125

disability rates, 120-121

life expectancy, 17, 119, 120, 130-131

medical interventions, 17, 130, 138

nutrition, 130-131

personal ties and autonomic activity, 79

racism, 107

socioeconomic status, 100-101

substance abuse, 129

HIV/AIDS, 28, 50, 108, 122, 123, 129, 148, 152, 153, 155, 157

Homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106

HPA axis,

see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Hypertension, 25, 131, 165

cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions, 139-140

cumulative risk, 26

genetic factors, 47-48, 67-68

intergenerational transfer of behavior, 67-68

occupational stress and, 38, 39

parents and children, 33

personal ties, 75, 76

psychological factors, 1, 33, 38

social isolation, 75

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 26, 27, 31, 46, 70, 76, 77, 80, 168

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

I

Immigration and immigrants, 110

see also Asians and Pacific Islanders;

Hispanics

Immune system and infectious diseases, 169, 172

children, 77

chronic stress, 6, 37

cumulative risk, 26

personal ties, 65-66, 77, 79-82, 84

population-level health, 118, 121-125, 132, 133-134

positive health, 55

psychological factors, 33-34, 151

tuberculosis, 108, 121, 123-125, 134

see also Neurological factors;

Sexually transmitted diseases;

specific diseases

Indians,

see Native Americans

Infants, 12

birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138

mortality, 91, 92, 93, 119, 125, 130, 134, 135

see also Child-mother interactions

Infectious disease,

see Immune system and infectious diseases

Injuries,

see Accidents and injuries

Insurance,

see Health insurance;

Managed care

Inter-American Development Bank, 135-136

Interdisciplinary approaches

committee study at hand, 19, 20

see also Multidisciplinary approaches

International perspectives

chronic disease and disability, 120-121

cultural factors, 75, 102

life expectancy, 119, 120, 131, 135, 136

macroeconomic effects, 135

medical interventions, 137, 138

mortality, 135, 136

population health, 119, 120-121, 123, 131, 135-136, 153-154, 165-166, 185-186

quality of life, 119

racism, 108

sexually transmitted disease, 122

socioeconomic status, 104-105, 101-102, 119, 130, 131, 135-136

tuberculosis, 123

Interventions, general, 2, 3, 11-12, 24, 148-163, 178-179, 187-188

alcohol and substance abuse, 35, 151

cancer, 151, 157

cardiovascular disease, 139-140, 148, 149, 152

children, 153

chronic diseases and disabilities, 11, 151

community-level factors, 11, 13, 91, 153-154, 156, 158, 187

immigration and immigrants, 110

individual behavior, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160

longitudinal studies, 159, 166-167

multidisciplinary, 11, 12, 178-179, 187

nutrition, 53, 149, 151

pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152

population health, 149, 153-154, 158

psychological factors, 11, 12, 148-149, 151-152, 156, 160

school-based, 11, 54

smoking, 35, 128, 148, 150-151, 154, 157

social, 36-37

weight control, 35

worksite, 11, 154, 158

see also Exercise;

Health promotion;

Medical interventions;

Primary prevention;

Public education

K

Kaiser Family Foundation, 121 (n.2)

L

Language factors, 73-74

Legislation

managed care, 140

National Cancer Act, 1, 19

Life expectancy, 2, 17, 118, 119, 120, 130-131, 136, 148

see also Mortality

Local factors,

see Community-level factors

Longitudinal studies, 5, 12, 13, 40, 133, 143, 174, 185, 188

children, 133

cohort studies, 13, 104-106, 110, 130, 165-167, 172, 185, 186

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

community-level factors, 8, 92, 98, 105, 143, 185-186

co-occurring risk factors, 12, 27

interventions, 159, 166-167

occupational stress, 38

personal ties, 7, 8, 27, 84

positive health, 12, 13, 49, 51-52, 56

predisease pathways, 4, 40, 56, 165-167, 185

racism and discrimination, 109-110

socioeconomic hierarchies, 9-10, 102, 104-106, 109-110, 111

see also Population health;

specific studies and surveys

Lung cancer, 22, 75, 126, 132

M

MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, 165

Malaysian Life History Survey, 105

Males,

see Gender factors

Managed care, 10, 140-141, 144

Marriage and marital status, 36, 74, 83

divorce and marital conflict, 31, 52, 74

recovery from disease, 75

Maternal factors,

see Child-mother interactions

Medical interventions, 11, 132-133, 137-142, 143, 144, 148, 160, 186-187

alternative medicine therapies, 141-142, 144

behavioral interventions integrated with, 156

cost factors, 138, 139-140, 142, 144, 152;

see also Health insurance disabled children, parents of, 126

historical perspectives, 17, 130, 138

international perspectives, 137, 138

population studies, 11, 118, 120-121

racial segregation, 108

Medicare, 133, 137, 140

Medulla, 29, 31, 33, 168

epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174

norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174

Men,

see Gender factors

Mental illness, 45, 51-52, 148, 165, 169, 173

children, 51

community-level factors, 92

cumulative risk, 26

dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173

eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157

occupational stress and, 38-39

parenting and, 29

personal ties, 74

predisease pathways, 26, 29, 32

primary prevention, 51

socioeconomic status, 103, 105

suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111

see also Alcohol and drug use;

Crime and criminal behavior

Methodology, see Research methodology

Mexican Americans, 111

Mexico, 136

Microarray chip technologies, 6, 64, 70, 166

Migration, 110

Mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188

Minorities,

see Race/ethnicity;

specific groups

Mother-child interactions,

see Child-mother interactions;

Pregnancy and prenatal development

Mortality, 17, 168-169

communicable diseases, 123-125

differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101

environmental exposures, 17

homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106

infant, 91, 92, 93, 119, 125, 130, 134, 135

international perspectives, 135, 136

personal ties and, 75, 76, 82, 153

race/ethnicity and, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110

socioeconomic status, 91, 92, 95, 100-103 (passim), 135

suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111

see also Life expectancy

Moving to Opportunity program, 93, 96

Multidisciplinary approaches, 1, 3, 4, 13-14, 18, 21-22, 179-180

committee study at hand, xi-xii, 19, 20, 21

community-level factors, 92-93

environmentally induced gene expression, 64, 70

interventions, 11, 12, 178-179, 187

nonlinearities, 177

personal ties, 84

positive health, 51, 56

primary prevention, 51

professional education, 3, 13, 188

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

N

National Cancer Act, 1, 19

National Cancer Institute, 1, 19, 157-158

National Cholesterol Education Program, 139

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 123, 185

National Health Interview Survey, 185

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1, 19, 51, 134, 157-158

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 135

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 134-135

National Longitudinal Survey, 185

National Long Term Care Survey, 105, 120, 133

National Survey of Black Americans, 109-110

National Survey of Families and Households, 185

National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, 186

Native Americans, 106, 108, 155

Neurological factors, 6, 27, 31-32, 39, 171-172

alternative medicine therapies, 142

catecholamines, 32

child-mother interactions, 66

chronic stress, 6

dopamine regulation, 32, 34, 35

emotional regulation, 33, 77-78

exercise and neurogenesis, 169

occupational stress, 39

personal ties and, 7, 76, 77-80, 84

positive health, 5, 46-47, 55, 57, 171

serotonergic dysfunction, 29, 30, 32, 35, 168

substance abuse, 35

sympathetic nervous system, 27, 29, 32, 33 see also

Allostasis and allostatic load;

Brain function and structure

Norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174

North Karelia Project, 153-154

Nutrition, 56, 128-129, 130-131

cancer and, 129

diabetes and, 36

eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157

food preservation, 130-131

interventions, 53, 149, 151

parenting and behavior, 31, 68-69

personal ties, 75

predisease pathways, 31, 34, 128-129

primary prevention, 52, 53 see also

Weight factors

O

Occupations, see

Employment and unemployment

Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), xi, 2

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 120

Ovarian cancer, 155

P

Pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152

Pan American Health Organization, 135-136

Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 105, 185

Parents and parenting, 7, 28-31, 73, 74-75

cardiovascular disease and, 29

community-level factors, 93

disabled children and, 126, 143

emotional factors and hypertension, 33

intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 30, 31, 34, 67-68

nutrition, 31, 68-69 see also

Child-mother interactions

Pathways, see

Predisease pathways

Personal ties, 3, 6-7, 23, 73-90, 168

adolescents, 36, 54, 74-75

allostatic load, 83-84

animal models, 7, 76, 77, 84

brain development, 7, 73, 77-79, 84

cancer and, 75, 151-153

cardiovascular disease and, 76, 83

children, 73-75; see also

Child-mother interactions;

Parents and parenting

chronic disease and quality of life, 51

epidemiology, 7, 75, 76, 82

gender factors, 74, 75, 83; see also

Marriage and marital status

genetic factors, 7, 29, 65-66, 76, 77, 84

genomics, 74

hypertension, 75, 76

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

immune system and infectious diseases, 65-66, 77, 79-82, 84

individual behavior, 74-75, 82

informational resources, 75-76

interventions, 152-153

language, 73-74

longitudinal studies, 7, 8, 27, 84

mortality and, 75, 76, 82, 153

neurological factors, 7, 76, 77-80, 84

positive health, 82-84

predisease pathways, 4, 7, 25-26, 36-37

see also Familial factors;

Marriage and marital status;

Parents and parenting

Physical activity,

see Exercise

Pituitary gland,

see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Population health, 3, 5, 10-11, 24, 37, 118-147

cancer, 129, 131

children, 10, 118-119, 125-126, 133, 134-135, 136, 168

chronic diseases and disabilities, 119-121, 126, 127, 130-133

communicable diseases, 118, 121-125, 133-134

cost factors, 126, 136-137, 139-140, 142, 143, 144, 153-154

elderly persons, 10, 55, 120

environmental factors, general, 10, 118

fertility, 135

individual behavior and, 10, 11,118, 143

international perspectives, 119, 120-121, 123, 131, 135-136, 153-154, 165-166, 185-186

interventions, general, 149, 153-154, 158;

see also “medical interventions” below

macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144

medical interventions, 11, 118, 120-121

personal ties, 75

psychological factors, 10, 11, 118

research infrastructure, 13, 184-186, 188

research methodology, 143-144, 168, 178

social factors, 10, 11, 75, 118, 143

see also Community-level factors;

Epidemiology;

Genomics;

Longitudinal studies

Positive health, xii, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 45-62

adolescents, 52, 54

alcohol abuse and, 52

animal models, 46-47, 169-170

brain development, 46-47, 171

cardiovascular, 50, 52

cancer, 52

cognitive factors, 50, 52

community-level factors, 5, 8, 57

defined, 23

emotional factors, 50-51, 52, 54-55

employment, 11, 52

environmental factors, general, 5, 54, 56

genetic factors, 5, 53, 57

individual behavior and, 5, 47, 52-53, 56, 57

longitudinal studies, 12, 13, 49, 51-52, 56

neurological factors, 5, 46-47, 55, 57, 171

personal ties, 82-84

population surveys, 143

research infrastructure, 13, 45, 47, 53, 56-57

research methodology, 12, 13, 56-57, 169-170

social factors, 5, 13, 36, 46, 47, 51, 54-57, 187 see also

Health promotion;

Quality of life;

Resilience and resistance

Post-traumatic stress disorder, 37-38

Poverty,

Predisease pathways, 3-5, 25-44, 56

adolescents, 29, 34-35, 36, 37

allostatic load, 20, 26-27, 35-40

cognitive factors, 26, 32

committee study methodology, 2, 23

community-level factors, 2, 39, 97

defined, 3-4, 25

emotional regulation, 29, 30, 32, 33

environmental factors, general, 4, 36-39, 25-26, 32, 36-39, 97

familial factors, 4, 25-26

genetic factors, 4-5, 26, 28, 32, 155

genomics, 69-70

individual behavior and, 3-4, 25, 32, 34-36, 176-177

intergenerational transfer of behavior, 30, 31, 34, 67-68

longitudinal studies, 4, 40, 56, 165-167, 185

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

mental illness, 26, 29, 32

nutrition, 31, 34, 128-129

personal ties, 4, 7, 25-26, 36-37

psychological factors, 3-5, 25, 32-34, 38, 176, 185

regulation of emotions, 29, 30, 32, 33

research methodology, 12, 13, 49, 164, 165-170, 175, 176-177

social factors, 3-5, 26, 32, 36, 165-166, 176, 185, 186-187;

see also“personal ties” above

socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 37, 91, 92, 95, 100-104 (passim), 106, 108109, 110-111

time horizons, 23, 25

see also Primary prevention;

Risk factors

Pregnancy and prenatal development, 2, 28-32

brain development, 28

chronic maternal stress, 37

fertility, 135

gene expression and, 64-65

genomics, 28

Hispanics, 111

nutrition, 130-131

smoking, 34-35

social factors, 36

socioeconomic status, 103

substance abuse, 35

teenage, 138-139

see also Birth weight;

Infants

Primary prevention, 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11-12, 13, 51-54, 130, 148, 149

cost of, 138-140

individual behavior, 52-53

longitudinal studies, 51-52

mental illness, 51

nutrition, 52, 53

sexually transmitted disease, 123

see also Health promotion;

Public education

Priorities for Prevention Research at the NIMH, 51

Professional education, 13-14, 19

multidisciplinary approaches, 3, 13, 188

Psychological factors, 3, 10, 17-18, 22

cancer, 151, 155

cardiovascular disease, 1, 33, 34, 38, 50, 76, 152

chronic disease, 34

chronic stress, 37-38

hypertension, 1, 33, 38

immune system and infectious diseases, 33-34, 151

interventions, 11, 12, 148-149, 151-152, 156, 160

mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188

occupational stress, 38

population-level health and, 10, 11, 118

positive health, 5, 13, 46, 47, 50-51, 56

predisease pathways, 3-5, 25, 32-34, 38, 176, 185

primary prevention, 51

recovery from disease, 50-51

research infrastructure, 13, 185, 186-187, 188

research methodology, 12, 13, 176, 180

self-efficacy, 32-33, 52, 53, 179

socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106

see also Attitudes;

Emotional factors;

Mental illness;

Personal ties;

Social factors

Public education, 52-54

adolescents, 54

committee study methodology, 21

cost of, 138-139

disabled children, 126

school-based interventions, 11, 54

smoking, 35, 52 see also

Educational attainment;

Health promotion

Q

Quality of life, 51, 119, 139, 148

pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152

R

Race/ethnicity, 2, 37, 106-111

alcohol and drug use, 106

allostatic loads, 97

cancer, 106, 107, 108

cardiovascular disease, 106, 108-109

employment, 108

mortality rates, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110

prenatal development, 111

resilience and resistance, 110, 111

sexually transmitted disease, 122

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

socioeconomic status, 100, 106-111, 155 see also

specific groups

Racism and discrimination, 2, 3, 9, 23-24, 107-110, 111

cancer/HIV patients, discrimination, 155

medical interventions, 108

segregation, 9, 92, 93, 108, 111

Recovery from disease, 5, 22, 49-51, 54

animal models, 33

cancer, 33, 75

cardiovascular disease, 50

differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101

emotional factors, 50-51, 75

marital status, 75

socioeconomic status, 48-49, 104

Religion, 111

Reproductive systems and functions, 32 see also

Pregnancy and prenatal development

Research infrastructure, 13-14, 24, 45, 184-189

animal colonies, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188

community-level factors, 95-97, 188

Council of Public Representatives (COPR), xii, 14-15, 53, 56

health promotion, 13, 45

individual behavior, 176-177, 179, 180

integration with practice, 1, 2-3

interventions, general, 157-158, 160

mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188

population health studies, 13, 184-186, 188

positive health, 13, 45, 47, 53, 56-57

psychological factors, 13, 185, 186-187, 188

social factors, 13, 185, 186-187, 188 see also

Multidisciplinary approaches;

Professional education

Research methodology, 12-13, 24, 143-144, 164-183

allostatic load, 27, 49, 70, 172-175, 180

committee study at hand, xi-xii, 2-3, 19-21

community-level factors, 8, 95-97, 98, 164, 170

environmentally induced gene expression, 70

interventions, 13, 157-160, 166-167, 178-179, 180

neurology, 169, 171-172

personal ties, 84, 164, 168

population health, 143-144, 168, 178

positive health, 12, 13, 56-57, 169-170

predisease pathways, 12, 13, 49, 164, 165-170, 175, 176-177

psychological factors, 12, 13, 176, 180

social factors, 12, 13, 98, 165-166, 169, 180

socioeconomic status, 102, 170 see also

Animal models;

Longitudinal studies;

Multidisciplinary approaches;

Population health

Resilience and resistance, 3, 5, 23, 47-49, 55, 57, 63, 164, 169-170

children, 48

community-level factors, 48

differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101

microarray chip technologies, 64

race/ethnicity, 110,

socioeconomic status, 48-49, 104, 110, see also

Immune system and infectious diseases

Respiratory system, 29, 45, 47-48, 52, 69-70, 81, 126, 132

asthma, 10, 126, 134-135, 143, 148

lung cancer, 22, 75, 126, 132 see also

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

Risk factors, general, 2, 4-5, 9-10, 11, 19, 20

co-occurring, 18, 20, 26-27

cumulative, 9, 13, 26-27

genetics, 64, 129-130, 149

interventions, 12, 148, 150-160

population-level health, 126-130

prenatal and early, 4, 25, 28-32 see also

Allostasis and allostatic load;

Behavior, individual;

Environmental factors;

Health promotion;

Predisease pathways;

Primary prevention;

Public education;

specific risk factors (e.g., Smoking)

Rural areas, 98, 108, 129

S

School-based interventions, 11, 54

Serotonergic dysfunction, 29, 30, 32, 168

substance abuse, 35

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 34, 35, 121-123, 130, 133-134, 138-139

adolescents, 122, 138-139

HIV/AIDS, 28, 50, 108, 122, 123

Sleep, 82-83

Smoking, 22, 29, 34, 52, 92, 126, 128, 132, 140, 150-151, 154, 155

adolescents, 34-35, 128

cardiovascular disease, 22, 140

gender factors, 34, 128

prenatal development, 34-35

tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157

Social factors, 10, 17-18, 20, 22, 97-98

alcohol and drug use, 36

animal colonies, 6, 7, 13, 76, 77, 84, 170, 184, 186

cognitive factors, 22, 74

gene expression, 64

interventions, 11, 12, 51, 149, 151-153, 155, 156, 157, 160

isolation, 4, 26, 74, 75, 82-83, 149, 153, 155

occupational stress, 38

population-level health and, 10, 11, 75, 118, 143

positive health, 5, 13, 36, 46, 47, 51, 54-57, 187

predisease pathways, 3-5, 26, 32, 36, 165-166, 176, 185, 186-187

pregnancy, 36

recovery from disease, 50-51

research infrastructure, 13, 185, 186-187, 188

research methodology, 12, 13, 98, 165-166, 169, 180

see also Child-mother interactions;

Community-level factors;

Cultural factors;

Personal ties;

Racism and discrimination

Socioeconomic status, 2, 3, 7, 9-10, 19, 23-24, 48-49, 91, 92-95, 97-98, 110-117, 143

adolescent health, 104

allostatic load, 48-49, 103, 104

animal studies of social hierarchies, 9, 103

cardiovascular disease, 101, 106

children, 48, 103, 104, 134

chronic diseases and disabilities, 101, 131-132

community-level factors, 92-95, 97-98, 102-103, 106, 108

educational attainment, 9, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 128, 132

historical perspectives, 100-101

immigrants, 110

individual behavior, 9, 102-103

international perspectives, 101-102, 104-105, 119, 130, 131, 135-136

interventions and, 149, 155

life expectancy, 135, 136

longitudinal studies, 9-10, 102, 104-106, 109-110, 111

macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144

mental illness, 103, 105

mortality rates, 91, 92, 95, 100-103, 135 (passim)

parenting and, 31

positive health, 52

predisease pathways, 9, 37, 91, 92, 95, 100-104 (passim), 106, 108-109, 110-111

pregnancy, 103

psychological factors, 9, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106

race/ethnicity, 100, 106-111, 155

recovery from disease, 48-49, 104

resilience, 48-49, 104, 110, 111

sexually transmitted diseases, 133

see also Employment and unemployment

South Africa, 108

Stanford Five-City Project, 154

Stanford Three Community Study, 153-154

Stigmatization, 3, 9, 23-29, 107, 109-110, 111, 155

see also Racism and discrimination

Substance abuse,

see Alcohol and drug use

Suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111

Surgeon General, 126, 128, 132

Survey of Income and Program Participation, 185

Sustainable Seattle project, 8, 96

Sympathetic nervous system, 27, 29, 32, 33

T

Taxation, tobacco, 150, 154, 157

Technological innovations, 12, 130, 132-133, 138, 156, 160

animal colonies, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188

food preservation, 130-131

geographic information systems, 97

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
×

historical perspectives, 17

managed care, 141

microarray chips, 6, 64, 70, 166

Television, 75, 102

Time horizons, 4, 22, 118

alcohol and drug use, 4, 22, 40

genetic factors, 22

predisease pathways, 23, 25

see also Longitudinal studies;

Population health

Tobacco use,

see Smoking

Training,

see Health promotion;

Professional education;

Public education

Triglycerides, 33

Tuberculosis, 108, 121, 123-125, 134

U

United Kingdom, 104-105, 120, 131, 165-166, 186

United Nations, 135-136

Urban areas, 8, 92, 97-98

childhood asthma, 135

race/ethnicity, 9, 108

V

Venereal diseases, see Sexually transmitted diseases

W

Weight factors

adults, 35, 36, 52, 53, 75, 129, 156

birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138

childhood obesity, 153

eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157

Whewell, William, 22

Whitehall II Study of the British Social Service, 105, 165

Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), 105, 110, 165, 172, 185

Women,

see Gender factors

World Health Organization, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10002.
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New Horizons in Health discusses how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) can integrate research in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences to better understand the causes of disease as well as interventions that promote health. It outlines a set of research priorities for consideration by the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), with particular attention to research that can support and complement the work of the National Institutes of Health. By addressing the range of interactions among social settings, behavioral patterns, and important health concerns, it highlights areas of scientific opportunity where significant investment is most likely to improve national—and global—health outcomes. These opportunities will apply the knowledge and methods of the behavioral and social sciences to contemporary health needs, and give attention to the chief health concerns of the general public.

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