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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Index

A

Acalyptratae, 113

Accommodations, 55-56

Actins, 50

Adaptation.

See also Coadaptation;

Color vision;

Temperature adaptation to altitude, see High-altitude adaptation to climate, 19-20

comparative studies, 183, 187-204, 227

to environmental challenges, xvii, 13, 15-16, 18-19, 225, 226-227

and evolution, 73-76, 83, 84, 95, 98, 101-103, 135, 184, 187-204, 226

fitness tradeoffs, 129, 130, 133-134, 137-138, 139, 140-142, 143, 225, 226, 227-238

functional, 14, 17, 73, 239-255

to habitat, 19-20, 74

Levins’ principle of allocation, 226, 233-234

local, 211

selection experiments, 227

symbiotic associations, 165-166, 169-170, 171-172, 180

Alternative splicing, 70, 71, 94

Altitude. See High-altitude adaptation

Altruism.

See also Reproductive altruism

defined, 134

gene, 134-136, 139, 143

American Civil Liberties Union, 297

Amoebae, 168

Answers in Genesis, 287

Anthropogenic selection, 214

Antibiotic resistance, 15-16

Ants, 54, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160-161, 174, 177

Aphids, 155, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181

Apoptosis, 59, 73-74, 133, 273, 279

Aquinas, Thomas, xv

Arabidopsis, 213, 223

Archaea, 170

Arginine biosynthesis, 178

Argument against chance, 5, 8-9, 20

Argument from design.

See also Intelligent Design

Paley’s, xv, 5, 6-8, 10, 14, 293, 294

Arkansas Education Association, 287

Army ants, 152

Arrow, Gilbert, 281

Arthropods, 50, 60, 93, 112, 115, 180, 188, 267-268, 269, 277

Arthur M. Sackler colloquia, iv, viii, xiii-xiv, xvii, 43

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii

Artificial life models. See Avida populations

Artificial selection, 13, 14, 88, 183-184, 217.

See also Plant domestication

Atta ants, 160-161

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Auchenorrhyncha, 173-176

Avida populations

frequency and distribution of function, 35-37

functional information of, 26, 28, 30, 33-40, 41, 42, 43

islands of function, 36-40

measures of function, 34-35

software, 43

stepped behavior, 37-38, 39-40, 41

Avise, John C., iv, xiii-xiv, 43, 163, 181

Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv, xvii, 3-21, 43, 68, 163, 181, 183, 296

B

Bacteria.

See also Escherichia coli

age of, 19

coadaptation, 171

evolution of multicellularity, 132

flagellum, 171, 285, 289-290, 291, 292, 293

genome analysis, 50, 170

horizontal gene transfer, 167, 168, 170-171, 172, 179

loss of function, 69, 167

pathogenic, 168, 170

phototrophic, 171

resistance to antibiotics, 15-16

symbiotic associations, 167, 170-171, 172, 174-179

toxins, 167

type-III secretory systems, 167

Bacteriocytes, 174

Bacteriomes, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179

Bacteriophages, 170, 179

Baldwin effect, 57, 58

Bananas, 206, 211, 212

Barley, 206, 209, 212, 213, 214

Bat wing evolution, 55-56, 73-74, 75

Baumania cicadellinicola, 175, 176, 177

Beall, Cynthia M., 184, 239-255

Beavis effect, 211

Bees, 50, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159-160, 161, 162, 172

Beetle horn diversification

allometry, 257, 258, 262, 271, 272, 275, 277-279, 281

axis of outgrowth, 265-270, 275-276, 280

comparative studies, 277

developmental model, 258, 275-280

developmental stages, 267

dimorphism and, 257, 261, 262-265, 266, 275, 279, 280, 281

fossil record, 261

gains and losses, 257, 258, 261-262, 264, 280-281

insulin sensitivity, 272, 277-279, 280

morphology, 257, 260, 261, 262-265, 266, 273, 275-277, 279, 280, 281

mutations, 261, 280

natural history of scarabs, 184, 257, 259-265

nutrition-related modulation, 257, 270-273, 275, 277-279

origin, 185, 257, 275-276

patterning genes, 276-277, 279, 280

physical location of horns 262, 263, 273-277, 281

pupal remodeling, 265, 267, 273-275, 279

shape, 257, 262, 264, 276-277, 279, 281

stepwise evolution, 265-275

Behe, Michael, 288-289, 290, 291, 293, 295-296, 299

Bell, Charles, 10, 12

Bennett, Albert F., 183, 225-238

Bernard, Gary D., 187-204

Bess beetles (Passalidae), 259, 260

β-tubulins, 50

Bicyclus anynana, 191

Biocomplexity.

See also Avida populations;

Eusocial insect colonies;

Multicellular organisms

artificial, 26

behavioral, 28

competitive, 32

conserved core processes, 54-55

of cross-purpose, 147

developmental constraints, 65

dimensionality, 28

diversity, 27-28

hierarchical levels, 105-107

information content–function relationship, 27

measuring, 150-151

modeling emergent events, 26, 42-43

natural selection and, 16-17, 54, 55, 68, 69, 73, 85, 93, 95-96

nonadaptive forces, 90-95

origins and evolution of, xvii, 42, 83, 84, 93-95, 103

of purpose, 147

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

quantifying, 25, 27-28;

see also Functional information

structural, 27

symbiosis and, 171-172

symbolic, 27-28

Biodiversity, xiii, 16, 83

Bioinformatics, 220, 221

Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 287

Biopolymers, 25, 26, 40-41, 42

Bird, Wendell, 297, 299

Bliss, Dick, 293

Blochmannia, 177

bmp gene, 62

Bone morphogenic protein (Bmp), 49, 61, 62, 73-74

Bovine rhodopsin, 199-200, 200, 204

Bowtie effect, 60

Bradley, Walter, 298

Bricolage, 68, 69, 70, 73.

See also Evolutionary tinkering

Bridgewater Treatises, 9-10

Briscoe, Adriana D., 187-204

Britten, Roy H., 23, 66

Bryan, William Jennings, 286

Buchner, Paul, 173-174, 176

Buchnera, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180

Buell, Jon, 297, 298

Busk, George, 12

Butterflies.

See also Color vision in butterflies

wing morphology, 124, 125, 279

C

Cajal bodies, 94

Calmodulin signaling, 61, 62, 73

Cambrian geological period, 16, 48, 50

Carothers, James M., 23, 25-43

Carpenter ants, 174, 177

Carroll, Sean B., 86, 88, 105, 109-127

Carsonella rudii, 178, 179

CD44, 71

Cell–cell signaling, 49, 59, 61, 95, 110

Cell death. See Apoptosis

Cell proliferation, 58, 59, 74, 80, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272-273, 274, 275, 276-277, 279, 280

Cell specialization, 49, 106, 107, 129, 131-133, 134, 137-139, 140-142, 150, 165, 174.

See also Multicellular organisms

Center for Science and Culture, 288

Clark University, vii

Ceroplophana modiglianii, 259

Chafers (Rutelinae), 259, 260

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 131, 132, 135

Christian fundamentalism, 286-287, 295,297

Chromophores, 188, 190, 199-201

Cicadas, 173

Cichlid fishes, Lake Malawi, 62

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs).

See also Transcription-factor binding sites

altered gene expression, 61, 62

cooption, 114, 123

evolutionary significance, 111

and fitness penalties, 118-120

functional conservation of, 111, 115

modularity, 110, 111

and novelty, 114-117, 120

transcription factor interactions with, 120-122

Climate change, 226

Coadaptation, 166, 171, 179, 180

Cockroaches, 174

Coevolution

regulatory changes and, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61, 62

symbiotic associations, 169, 170-171

Colobopsis ants, 150

Color vision in butterflies

absorbance spectra, 191-194

bovine rhodopsin model compared, 199-200, 200, 204

branch-site models of selection, 195, 197, 198-199, 203-204

character mapping of L opsin λmax values, 187, 195-196, 197

chromophore binding pocket, 188, 190, 194

epimicrospectrophotometry, 187, 191-192, 193, 201

homology modeling, 188, 199-201, 204

humans compared, 200-201

L opsin sites, 188, 199-201

McDonald-Kreitman test for selection, 194-195, 196, 202-203

Nymphalid model, 190, 191-195

opsin sequences, 191-194

papilonid, 195

parallel and/or convergent evolution, 187, 190, 196-198, 199, 201, 203

PCR, cloning, and sequencing, 187, 202-203

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

phylogenetic reconstruction, 187, 189, 195, 197, 198, 203

pierid, 195

primates compared, 183, 187, 188-190, 194, 200-201

red–green, 190, 193

sample collecting, 202

Compartmentation, regulatory, 49, 51, 59-60

Competitive systems, 32, 170, 209

Complexity. See Biocomplexity

Conserved core components and processes

adaptability, 51, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 62, 63

appendage and limb formation, 50, 55-56, 115, 269

complexity, 54-55

exploratory behavior, 45, 51, 54-55, 60, 63

and facilitated variation, 45-46, 48-51

functional information, 36-37, 51, 61-62, 80

genetic change and, 60-61

genetic networks, 79, 80

and genome analysis, 50

origins and evolution of, 48-51, 62-63

in pigmentation patterns, 113, 116, 122

and regulation of gene expression, 24, 111, 115

regulatory compartmentation and, 49, 51, 59-60, 63, 122

robustness, 51, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 62, 63

state selection, 52-53, 60

weak regulatory linkages and, 51-54, 60, 63

Convergent evolution, 79, 187, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196-198, 199

Copernican Revolution, xvii, 3, 4-5

Copernicus, Nicolaus, xvii, 4

Creation myths, 68

Creation science movement, 285, 287, 288, 293-302

Cretaceous, 154

Cuerna sayi, 175

Cuevas, Cristina I., 187-204

Cyanobacteria, 170

Cytoplasmic P bodies, 94

D

Dalrymple, G. Brent, 296

Danaus plexippus (Monarch butterfly), 191, 197

Darrow, Clarence, 286

Darwin, Charles, 188, 289

beetle collection, 184-185

on domestication, 183-184, 207-209

evidence of evolution, 5-6, 13, 46, 61, 132

and evolutionary tinkering concept, 68

natural selection theory, xvi, xvii, 3, 5, 6, 10-12, 13-16, 21, 68, 86, 146, 151, 153, 169, 226, 235

Origin of Species, 5-6, 12-15, 132, 183, 207

Paley’s influence, xv, 6, 10, 14, 146

and phenotypic variation, 46, 56, 57, 183-184

scientific method, 146

on sexual selection, 163, 254, 258, 260, 281

superorganism view, 151, 153

Darwinian Revolution, xvii, 3, 4

Davidson, Eric, 23, 66, 74

Davis, Percival William, 298-299

Dawkins, Richard, 293

Decapentaplegic gene, 268, 269, 277

Dembski, William, 288, 289, 290, 293, 296, 298, 301

Dictyostelium, 168

Diptera, 112-114, 124, 125, 126, 172.

See also Drosophila

Discovery Institute, 288, 303

Divergence.

See also Morphological evolution

acquisition of foreign genes and, 168

beetle horns, 257, 262, 279

functional, 199

of Galapagos finches, 46, 63, 73

obligate nutritional symbionts of insects, 177, 178

rate of, 262

regulatory elements and, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 124, 125, 127, 135, 136

silent-site level of, 91

of sticklebacks, 61, 73, 74-76, 119

tradeoffs and, 234

tryptophan pathways, 167

DNA sequences

changes in, see Genetic variation

noncoding, 111

nonfunctional intergenic, 90, 172

nontranscribed, 47

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, xviii

Drosophila

cis-regulatory evolution, 114, 115-117, 118, 119, 121, 124-125

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

compartmentation, 60

conservation of DNA sequences, 50, 57-58, 60, 269

demographic models, 217

fitness, 118

gene loss, 172

haltere development, 124-126

Hox proteins, 121, 124-125

imaginal discs, 266, 268, 269, 276

insulin sensitivity, 278

kikkawai, 121

larval hairs, 119

melanogaster, 114, 120-122

patterning genes, 268, 269, 276

Pax6 gene, 70

phenotypic variation, 57-58, 61, 213

pigmentation patterns, 114-117, 118, 121, 124-125

regulatory networks, 61, 70

selection testing, 213, 217-218

willistoni, 121

Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae), 259, 260, 267, 269

E

Education. See Public school evolution education

Embryonic development

cell differentiation, 58

compartmentation, 59, 60

and facilitated variation, 62

forelimb development, 73

phylotypic stage, 59-60

placenta and, 16-17

Embryonic induction, 53

Emlen, Douglas J., 185, 257-281

Enhancer binding proteins, 53

Environmentally induced change.

See also High-altitude adaptation;

Temperature adaptation

persistence of traits, 57;

see also Heritibility;

Natural selection

sex differentiation, 54

Epistasis, 87, 95-100.

See also Genetic networks

Erythropoietin, 246, 252-253

Escherichia coli, 50, 184

horizontal gene transfer, 168

tradeoffs in temperature adaptation, 225, 227-238

Eudorina elegans, 131, 132

Eukaryotes

conserved sequences, 50

genome architecture, 86, 90, 91, 92, 98

horizontal gene transfer, 165, 166, 168

multicellular, 90, 91, 93, 102, 132, 165, 166, 171-172

number of genes, 51

symbiosis, 171-172

unicellular, 51, 90, 91, 93, 168

Eukaryotic cells, 49, 50, 94, 102, 130, 147,171

Eusocial insect colonies

castes, 150, 159, 160, 161

complexity, 26, 145, 148, 150-151, 163

cooperation and common purpose, 106, 145, 147, 148-149, 152, 163

cross-purpose and conflicts, 106, 145-146, 147-148, 158, 159-161, 162, 163

dance language, 152

dispersion, 153

division of labor, 148-150, 151-152, 154-155

fortress defenders, 145, 155-157, 159

haplodiploid hypothesis, 106, 154-155

kin selection theory, 155-158, 159, 162, 163

kinship ties, 106, 145, 147-148, 153-154, 157, 161

life insurers, 145, 155, 157, 159

mobility, 150, 151

multicellular organism compared, 149-152

origins of sociality, 154

parental care, 155

queenless, 157, 161

queens, 145, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159-161, 162

reproductive altruism, 106, 148, 154, 155, 157

sex ratio conflict, 154, 158, 159, 163

success of, 152-153

superorganism view of, 147, 149-152, 153, 158, 159

worker reproduction and policing, 161-162, 163

Evolution.

See also Humans;

Phenotypic variation

acceptance of theory, 302-304

adaptive, 73-76, 83, 84, 95, 98, 101-103, 135, 184, 187-204, 226;

see also Divergence

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

behavioral, 54, 57, 95, 101, 106, 148, 149, 161, 240

of complexity, xvii, 42, 83, 84

conserved core processes, 48-51, 62-63

convergent, 79, 187, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196-198, 199

Darwin’s evidence, 13

directionality, 83, 85, 87, 88-89

diversification (cladogenesis), 14, 17;

see also Beetle horn diversification

education, see Public school evolution education

genetic variation and, 47, 54, 86, 118, 258

geographic evidence, 11

gradualness, 54, 75

interval vs. external forces, 88-89

Lamarckism, 56-5763

metaphors, 67-69

microevolutionary scale, 24, 65, 76-80, 85, 86, 123, 294-295

misconceptions about, 84, 85-86

Modern Synthesis, 57, 86

molecular reconstruction of, 17, 85, 176

morphological changes, see Morphological evolution

mutations and, 15, 54, 83, 85, 87, 88-89, 90-92

natural selection and, 14-15, 84, 85, 87, 92, 93, 95, 118

network perspective, 66, 67-69

neutral model, 90-92, 195

nonadaptive forces, 83, 86-87;

see also Genetic drift;

Genetic recombination;

Mutations

parallel, 56, 60, 79, 174, 176, 178, 188, 190, 194, 196-198, 199, 201, 203-204, 209, 223

pre-Darwinian theories, 11

population genetic environment and, 24, 83, 84-88

predictions of alternative trajectories, 24, 65

process, 3-4, 15, 18, 129

theory of, 5-6, 21, 62

tradeoffs, 68, 129, 130, 133-134, 137-143, 225-238

transitions, 129-143, 174

Evolutionary tinkering

concept, 68-69

in functional adaptation, 239, 255

molecular constraints on, 51, 69-73

morphological, 68

Evolvability, 83, 100-102, 103, 130

Ewen-Campen, Ben, 185, 257-281

Exploratory processes, 54-55, 91

Eye.

See also Color vision in butterflies

butterfly, 191, 192, 201

complexity argument, 7-8, 9, 146

dioptric distortion, 7-8

evolutionary tinkering, 70

fruit fly, 70

image-resolving, 188

molluscan, 17-18, 183, 188

rhabdom structure, 191, 201

stepwise evolution, 16, 17-18, 70, 132, 183

F

Facilitated variation, theory of

compartmentation, 59-60

conserved core processes and, 45-46, 48-56

and evolution, 62-63

experimental evidence, 60-62

exploratory processes, 54-55

favorable sources and paths, 56-59

steps, 47-48

weak regulatory linkages and, 48, 51-54

Falciprum malaria, 254

Finches, beak morphology, 46, 61-62, 73, 74, 75

Fish.

See also Stickleback fish

cis-regulatory evolution, 119

facilitated variation, 61, 62

functional adaptations, 7

placental, 17

sex determination, 54

vision, 188

Fitness.

See also Reproductive s

artificial life models, 35, 37

cis-regulatory elements and, 118-120

components, 133-134

covariance effect, 140-142

Darwinian fitness coefficient, 254

heritability, 130, 133

horizontal gene transfer and, 170

reorganization of, 130, 134

sociality and, 155-157

symbiotic associations and, 170

temperature adaptation in E. coli and, 225, 227-238

tradeoffs, 129, 130, 133-134, 137-138, 139, 140-142, 143, 225, 226, 227-238

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Flax, 223

Flower beetles (Cetoniinae), 259, 260

Forelimb evolution, 88, 90, 146

Formica exsecta, 158

Forrest, Barbara, 301

Fossil record, 20, 86, 153, 174, 176, 294

Foundation for Thought and Ethics, 297-298

Foxtail millet, 214

Frentiu, Francesca D., 183, 187-204

Functional information

applications, 42-43

of Avida populations, 26, 28, 30, 33-40, 41, 42, 43

and biopolymers, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 40-41, 42

calculation, 28-30

conserved sequences, 37

defined, 23, 25

discontinuities, 36-40

in higher-dimensional systems, 41-42

of letter sequences, 25, 26, 28, 30-33, 37, 40, 42

in statistically random systems, 39

G

Gain of function, 77-78, 90, 114

Galileo, xvii, 4

Gammaproteobacteria, 168, 175, 176

Gaut, Brandon S., 184, 205-223

Genes

cooption/recruitment, 69-70, 71, 75, 105, 115, 116, 122, 123, 129, 134, 135, 136, 142, 189

duplication, 82, 86, 94, 96-97, 98, 99, 111, 124, 126, 168, 172, 189, 190, 193, 201

interactions, 24, 87;

see also Genetic networks

loss, 50, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172

subfunctionalization, 92, 94, 97, 98, 100, 123

regulation, 24;

see also Genetic networks

transfer, see Horizontal gene transfer

Genetic assimilation, 57-58

Genetic drift, 24, 79, 83, 85, 86-87, 89, 90, 91, 96, 99, 103, 127, 194, 214

Genetic networks, 24

analysis, 67

complex morphological traits, 65, 268

conceptual framework, 66, 57-59

conserved, 79, 269

enhancer/silencer units, 71-72

evolutionary metaphors and, 67-69

evolutionary process, 75-76

and experimental research, 73-76

feedback loops, 77

forcing structure, 77

functional connectivity patterns, 76-77

general properties, 76-77

modularity, 65, 70-72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79-80, 81, 83, 85, 92, 94, 95-100, 135-136, 268, 269, 270, 275, 292

and mutational events, 69, 71, 72

and natural selection, 72, 86, 95-96

passive emergence, 95-100

pathways, 77, 78-79

predictive capability, 65, 67, 76-80

regulatory, 66, 71-72, 78, 92, 95-100, 105-106, 109

schematic, 71

in systems biology, 66

Genetic recombination, 86, 87, 88, 93, 102, 103, 127, 178, 179, 180, 216, 217

Genetic variation.

See also Mutations

in adaptive traits, 215, 218, 234, 255

cis-regulatory changes, 47

and complex morphological changes, 123-126, 258

and evolution, 47, 54, 86, 118, 258

and gene regulation, 47

lethality, 48, 56, 61

nonadaptive mechanisms in, 86, 90, 101

and phenotypic variation, 45, 46-47, 56, 58, 59, 60-61, 205-223

in protein regulatory regions, 48

sources, 15, 47

at transcription sites, 47-48

Genome analysis, xvi

artificial life, see Avida populations

bacteria, 50, 170

comparative sequencing, 50, 166, 169, 176-177

Genomes

evolution of, 90-92

mobile elements, 88, 90, 92, 94, 102

plasticity, 179-180

Genomic imprinting, 148

Gerhart, John, 24, 45-63, 81, 84

Gish, Duane, 295

God, xv, 6-7, 9-10, 293, 294, 301

Gompel, Nicolas, 105, 109-127

Gonium pectoral, 131, 132

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Gould, Stephen Jay, 296

Graphocephala atropunctata, 177

Gray, Asa, 12

Griffin, Patrick L., 23, 25-43

H

Hamilton, W. D., 153-154

Hamiltonella defensa, 179

Haplodiploid hypothesis, 106, 154-155

Haplotype blocks, 212

HapMap project, 223

Hazen, Robert M., 23, 25-43

Hedgehog gene, 268, 277

Heliconius erato, 191

Heliconius sara, 197

Hemoglobin, 240, 244-246, 250, 252-253

Heritability

of adaptations, 57

defined, 100

of fitness-related traits, 130, 133-134

genetic variance and, 101

of high-altitude adaptation, 239-340, 250-255

of phenotypic variations, 46, 57, 60-61

of regulatory change, 45, 53

of symbiotic associations, 106, 165, 169, 179-180

Herschel, John, 11

High-altitude adaptation

arterial oxygen, 246, 247, 250, 252-253

basal metabolic rate, 242, 243

blood flow rates, 246-250, 254

blood oxygen levels, 241, 244-246, 250, 251, 254

candidate gene approach, 239, 254-255

capillary density, 249, 250, 252-253

Darwinian fitness coefficient, 254

effect size, 250

energy production, 242-243

erythropoietin concentrations, 246, 252-253

evolutionary tinkering, 239

genetic admixture analysis, 239, 251

H1F1 transcription factor, 254-255

hemoglobin concentration, 246, 252-253

hemoglobin oxygen saturation, 240, 244-246, 250, 252-253

heritability, 239-340, 250-255

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, 247-248

hypoxic ventilator response, 243, 245, 251, 252-253

mitochondrial volume, 241-242, 249, 250, 252-253, 254

myoglobin gene, 254

nitric oxide synthesis, 248, 250, 252-253, 254

offspring survival, 239, 248, 254

oxygen diffusion rates, 241, 246-250, 254

oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin, 249

points of, 242-250

pulmonary hypertension, 248, 250, 252-253, 254

quantitative genetic approach, 239, 250-251, 252-253

Tibetan-Andean population differences, 184, 240-241, 244-255

uteroplacental oxygen delivery, 248

ventilation, 243-244, 245, 251, 252-253

High-throughput analysis, 220

Histidine, 177

Hitchhiking effect, 88, 222

Homalodisca coagulata, 176

Homo sapiens, 19

Homology modeling, 188, 199-201, 204

Honey bees, 50, 146, 148, 149, 152, 159-159, 162, 172

Honeypot ants, 150

Hooker, Joseph, 11

Horizontal gene transfer

in bacteria, 167, 168, 170-171, 172, 179

barriers to, 168, 170-171, 172

in eukaryotes, 165, 166, 168, 172-173

evolutionary motivation, 166-167

and fitness, 170

and novelty, 106, 166, 168

in plants, 168

in prokaryotes, 106, 165, 167-168, 170

rates, 168

symbiotic associations and, 166, 169, 170-171, 172-173, 178-179

vectors, 170

Hox genes, 60

Hox proteins, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125

Human genome, 172

Humans

color vision, 200-201

oxygen transport cascade, 241-242

selection testing, 217-218

Hume, David, xv-xvi

Hymenoptera, 154, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Hypoxia. See High-altitude adaptation

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, 247-248

Hypoxic ventilator response, 243, 245, 251, 252-253

I

Imaginal discs, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278

Immune system, 50, 133, 285

Inachis io, 197

Individuality

cost of reproduction and, 136-140

covariance effect, 140-142

fitness tradeoffs and, 134, 137

group size and, 129, 131, 136

origins, 147

reproductive altruism and, 134-136

Information theory, xvii

Insects.

See also Beetle horn diversification;

Color vision in butterflies;

Drosophila

apoptosis in, 279

colonies. See Eusocial insect colonies

compartmentation, 59

eye, 189

fat bodies, 272

fossil record, 153, 174, 176

limb and appendage development, 60, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279

symbiotic associations, 165, 173-178

Institute for Creation Research, 287, 295

Insulin sensitivity, 272, 277-279, 280

Intelligent design, 102

arguments for, xvii, 9-10, 12, 13, 146, 288-290, 292, 293, 294

artifact analogy, 5, 9, 289-293

and common ancestry of humans and apes, 295-296

creation science movement and, 285, 287, 288, 293-302

and educational policy, xviii, 285, 296-297, 299, 302-304

emergence of, 287, 296-302

landmark court decisions, 287-288, 291, 296-297, 298-299, 301, 302

microevolution/macroevolution distinction, 294-295

modern proponents, xviii, 286, 288-289, 294, 295-296, 301

Paley’s Natural Theology, xv, 6-8, 9, 10, 146, 294

scientific failure of, xviii, 286, 288, 289-290, 291, 292-293, 296, 304

special creation, 295-296

“teach the controversy” strategy, 303-304

textbooks, 298-299

Wedge Document, 288

Introns, 90, 91, 92, 94, 102, 193, 202

Invertebrates, 91, 94, 173, 290, 295

Irreducible complexity argument, 9-10, 13, 288-289, 293, 294

Ishikawaella capsulata, 178

J

Jacob, Francois, 68, 69, 93

Junonia coenia, 195, 197, 198, 199

Jurassic, 261, 276

K

Kansas Board of Education, 296

Kauffman, S., 66, 77, 103

Kenyon, Dean, 298-299

Kepler, Johann, xvii, 4

Kin selection

in behavioral evolution, 101

in eusocial insect colonies, 106, 145, 147-148, 155-158, 159, 162, 163

and individuality, 130, 143

King, Mary-Claire, 23

Kirschner, Marc, 24, 45-63, 81, 84

L

Lamarckism, 56-57, 63

Lavine, Laura Corley, 185, 257-281

Leafhoppers, 173-175

Lenski, Richard E., 183, 225-238

Leptothorax ants, 152

Life-history

evolution, 130, 143, 226

theory, 140

tradeoff genes, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142

Limenitis spp., 187, 191-204

Limpets, 17, 18

Lingula, 12, 15

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Linnean Society of London, 11-12

Liostenogaster flavolineata, 159

Living fossils, 12, 15

Lizards and salamanders, 94, 149

Loss of function traits, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 100, 114, 118, 167, 178

Lyell, Charles, 11, 146

Lynch, Michael, 24, 83-103

M

Maize, 206, 209, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223

Malthus, Thomas, 146

Mammals

coat colors, 16, 66

ear, 68

evolutionary tinkering, 68

immune system, 285

placenta, 16-17, 248

relatedness and helping behavior, 157

vision, 183, 188, 189, 190

Manduca sexta, 203

Marsupials, 16, 79

Matzke, Nicholas J., 185, 285-304

May and June beetles (Melolonthinae), 259, 260

MC1R (melanocortin-1 receptor) gene, 16

McDonald-Kreitman test for selection, 194-195, 196, 202-203

McLean, Bill, 296

Melipona, 160

Metazoa, 172

Methanogenesis, 167

Michigan State University, Digital Evolution Laboratory, 43

Michod, Richard E., 106, 129-143

Microevolutionary theory, 24, 65, 76-80, 85, 86, 123, 294-295

Microtubules, 49, 54-55

Miller, Kenneth R., 293

Mitochondria, 147, 165, 168, 171, 172, 241-242, 249, 250, 252-253, 254

Molecular biology.

See also DNA sequences;

Genes

reconstruction of evolutionary history, 17, 85

technology, 87

Molecular clock, 67

Mollusks, 9

eye evolution, 17-18, 183, 188

Monte Carlo simulations, 42

Moran, Nancy, 42, 106-107, 165-181

Morowitz, Harold, 296

Morphological evolution, 68, 94.

See also Divergence;

Pigmentation patterns

bat wings, 55-56, 73-74, 75

beetle horns, 257, 260, 261, 262-265, 266, 273, 275-277, 279, 280, 281

developmental system drift, 96

finch beaks, 46, 61-62, 73, 74, 75

gains and losses of traits, 122-123

genetic networks, 65, 96

genetic variation, 118, 123-126, 258

insect wing, 113, 279

novelty, 50, 80, 105, 112

pleiotropy and, 119

regulatory evolution and, 105-106, 110, 111, 112-114, 115, 118-119, 120-126

sexual dimorphism, 257, 260, 261, 262-263, 266, 273, 275, 280

simplification, 84

tinkering, 68

Morrell, Peter L., 184, 205-223

Morris, Henry M., 287, 295, 299

Mouse genome, 50

Müller, H. J., 66, 173

Müller’s ratchet, 67

Multicellular organisms

complexity, 27, 106, 150-151

conflict mediation, 133

conflicts and cross-purposes, xvii, 133, 147

conserved functional components and processes, 49

cooperation and, xvii, 133, 135

division of labor, 133, 149

eusocial insect colony analogy, 149-152

fitness tradeoffs, 106, 129, 134, 136-140, 142

genome complexity, 90-92, 102

germ soma specialization, 131-132

group formation, 129, 142

hallmarks of, 94-95

horizontal gene transfer, 165, 166

individuality trait, 129, 131, 132, 142-143

interactions of systems, 105

kinship relationships, 101, 106, 131-132, 133, 142, 153

life-cycle stages, 27

modular gene structure, 94, 96-98

mutation rates, 91, 93

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

nonadaptive evolutionary forces, 85, 86, 90-92, 93-98, 102

origins, 93-95, 132

reproductive altruism, 106, 129, 133, 134-136, 142

specialization of cells, 49, 106, 107, 129, 131-133, 134, 137-139, 140-142, 150, 165, 174

structure, 149

symbioses, 106-107, 165, 166, 171-180

transition from unicellularity, 106, 129-143

unicellular organisms compared, 91, 92, 102

Murex, 17

Mutations

accumulation, 19, 94, 126, 194, 212, 235-236

bias, 88, 89

complexity-increasing, 19, 61, 135

degenerative, 86, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99

deleterious, 85, 87, 90, 93

and evolution, 15, 54, 83, 85, 87, 88-89, 90-92

examples, 15-16

fixation, 89, 194, 195

gain of function, 77-78, 90, 123

and genetic network modules, 69, 71, 72

in life-history traits, 139

loss of function, 77, 79, 100, 118, 122-123

molecular evidence of evolution, 17

and natural selection, 3, 13, 15-18, 20-21, 85, 86, 194, 195

neutral, 194

and phenotypic changes, 166

process, 15, 21

randomness, 20-21

rates, 89, 90, 93, 101, 102

and regulatory evolution, 115, 122-123, 124, 126

selective breeding, 13

single-gene, 16, 139

Mutualism, 179-180

Myoglobin gene, 254

Myrmica, 160

Mystery of Life’s Origin, 298

Myxobacteria, 132

N

Natural laws, 3, 4-5, 14, 21

Natural selection

adaptation, 3, 6, 13, 18, 101

artificial selection analogy, 183-184, 207-209

Baldwin effect, 57, 58

branch-site models, 195, 197, 198-199, 203-204

color vision, 189, 194-203

and complex design, 16-17, 54, 55, 68, 69, 73, 85, 93, 95-96

as creative process, 4, 16, 18, 20-21, 57

Darwin’s discovery, xvi, xvii, 3, 5, 6, 10-12, 13-16, 21, 86, 146, 151, 153, 169, 226, 235

and evolution, 14-15, 84, 85, 87, 92, 93, 95, 118

and genetic modularity, 72, 86, 95-96, 98

homology modeling, 188, 199-201, 204

important features, 18

levels of selection, 72, 100-102

MK test, 194-195, 196, 202-203

mutations and, 3, 13, 15-18, 19, 20-21, 85, 86

opportunism vs. design, 19-20

and reproductive success, 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 120

stepwise process, 13, 16, 17, 166

symbiosis and, 169

Wallace’s discovery, 11-12

Nautilus, 12, 15, 17

Nematodes, 93, 94, 172, 180

Nerve growth factor, 55

Networks.

See also Genetic networks;

Neural networks

biological importance, 66

evolutionary dynamics, 66

graph theory analyses, 66

scale-free, 66

Neural crest cells, 50, 58-59, 62

Neural networks, biological, 26, 37, 54, 55, 56

Neuronal transmission, 52-53

New World monkeys, 190, 194, 200-201

New York University, vii

Newton, Isaac, xvii, 4

Newtonian dynamics, 28

Nitric oxide synthesis, 248, 250, 252-253, 254

No Child Left Behind Act, 302

Nonsense-mediated decay pathway, 94

Norm of reaction, 57

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Novelty.

See also Beetle horn diversification;

Phenotypic variation

conserved core processes and, 50

cooption and, 114-117, 275

gene duplication and, 111

horizontal gene transfer and, 106, 166

morphological, 50, 80, 105, 112

natural selection and, 16

origins of, 58, 83, 105, 107, 109

pigmentation patterns, 114-117

recruitment from available components, 117

regulatory evolution and, 58, 109, 112, 114-117, 120, 126-127

symbiotic associations and, 107

Nucleotide sequences

conservation, 90

functional information, 28-29, 30, 33, 40, 41, 42, 195

mutations, 91, 98, 196, 254

reconstruction, 195, 197, 198-199, 203-204

silent-site substitutions, 92

Nymphalis antiopa, 197

O

Octopus, 17, 18

Of Pandas and People, 298, 299-301

Olsen, Roger B., 298

Onthophagus spp., 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 279, 280

Ontogeny. See Morphological evolution;

Regulatory evolution

Operons, 90, 92, 94

Opsin genes and proteins, 187-204

Organelles. See Mitochondria;

Plastids

Organisms, characteristics of, 149

Origin of life, 84

Otoferlins, 50

P

Paley, William, 162

argument against chance, 5, 8-9

argument from design, xv, 5, 6-8, 10, 14, 293, 294

biological knowledge, 7, 9

influence on Darwin, xv, 6, 10, 14, 146

irreducible complexity argument, 9, 146

Natural Theology, xv, 6-8, 9, 10, 146, 294

Palm trees, 206, 211, 212

Papilio xuthus, 197

Parallel evolution, 56, 60, 79, 174, 176, 178, 188, 190, 194, 196-198, 199, 201, 203-204, 209, 223

Peking University, viii

Permian, 174

Pest resistance to pesticides, 15, 16

Phenotypic variation.

See also Facilitated variation

characterization, 46

constraints on, 24

genetic components, 23-24;

see also Facilitated variation;

Genes;

Genetic drift;

Genetic variation;

Mutations;

Population genetics

growth-related, 80, 279

measuring, see Functional information

and natural selection, 54, 55

nutrition-related, 257, 270-273, 275, 277-279

origins of, 57

paths of change, 46, 53-54, 56-59, 61, 63

pigmentation-related, 80

plasticity, 55, 58, 59, 61, 270-272, 278-279

symbiotic associations and, 107, 169-170

Photoperiod sensitivity, 209, 213

Photopigments, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191-194, 197, 199, 201

Photoreceptors, 18, 188, 189, 191, 192, 200

Photosynthesis, 20, 132, 135, 170, 171, 209

Phototrophy, 167, 171

Phylogenetic

reconstruction, 17, 176, 187, 189, 195, 197, 198, 203, 260, 261-262

variation, xvi, 101-102, 171, 173-174

Phylogeographic methods, 207

Pieris rapae, 197

Pigmentation patterns.

See also Photopigments

abdominal, 120-123, 126

black, 114, 120

and body plan diversification, 112, 123-126

conserved components in, 80, 116, 122

eye, 17, 18

and fitness, 118-120

gene cooption and, 122

insect wings, 112-122, 126

and phenotypic variation, 80

and regulatory evolution, 112-122

sexual dimorphism in, 121-122

yellow, 114-117, 118, 119, 120-122, 123

Pitx1 gene, 74, 75

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Placenta, evolution of, 16-17, 248

Plant domestication

analogy to natural selection, 183-184, 207-209

approaches to finding adaptive genes, 184, 207, 209-223

artificial vs. natural selection, 183-184, 207-209, 221, 223

bottlenecks, 215, 216, 219

crops, 205-206, 209

demographic considerations, 215, 216-218

domestication syndrome, 208-209, 223

empirical ranking of genes, 218-220

genetic history, 214-216, 221

genome-wide association studies, 213

genotype-phenotype association, 212, 213, 214, 220-221

linkage disequilibrium mapping, 184, 209, 210, 212-214, 215, 221, 222, 223

methodical selection, 208

phenotypic changes, 208-209

phylogeographic methods, 207

population genetic analyses, 205, 209, 210, 215-221

quantitative trait loci mapping, 184, 205, 209, 210-212, 213, 214, 218, 221, 222, 223

testing hypotheses, 215-216

transgenic analyses, 210, 221

unconscious selection, 205, 208, 209, 215

Planthoppers, 173

Plants.

See also Plant domestication

desert adaptations, 19-20

genome evolution, 92

horizontal gene transfer, 168

Plastids, 165, 168, 171, 172

Pleiotropy, 59, 60, 98, 119-120, 214, 235-236

Pleodorina californica, 131, 132

Pocket mice (Chaetodipus intermedius), 16

Poeciliopsis, 17

Polistes wasps, 159

Polybia wasps, 152

Polyploidy, 222

Popper, Karl, 76

Population genetics, xvii, 83.

See also Genetic drift;

Genetic recombination;

Mutations

artificial life models, see Avida populations

epistasis, 87, 95-100, 101, 212

and evolution, 24, 83, 84-88

natural selection and, 57

polyploidy and, 222

standards of inquiry, 103

symbiotic associations, 170

Primates, 16, 19, 183, 187, 188-190, 201

Proagoderus (Onthophagus) lanista, 271

Probe Ministries, 297

Prosimians, 190

Prokaryotes

cell architecture, 93, 94

conserved core processes, 49, 50

genetic drift, 91

genomic architecture, 86, 90, 91

horizontal gene transfer, 106, 165, 167-168, 170

microbial consortia, 170-171

origins of multicellularity, 93, 95

symbiotic associations, 171

tryptophan pathway inactivation, 167

Protists, 50, 132, 167, 170

Prud’homme, Benjamin, 71, 105, 109-127

Prudic, Kathleen L., 187-204

Psyllids, 174, 178

Public school evolution education

bans on, 286-287

history of fundamentalist opposition, 286-287

intelligent design and, 297-298, 302-304

legislative attempts to promote ID, 302-303

Pulmonary hypertension, 248, 250, 252-253, 254

Q

Queller, David C., 42, 106, 145-163

R

Ray, John, xvi, 6

Red Queen hypothesis, 67

regA gene, 134-136, 139, 143

Regulatory evolution.

See also Cis-regulatory elements;

Conserved core components and processes;

Genetic networks

compounding of changes, 123-126

defined, 110

experimental systems, 111-112

gains vs. losses of traits, 122-123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

and morphological evolution, 105-106, 109, 110, 111, 112-114, 123-126

pigmentation patterns as models, 112-117

principles, 109-110, 126-127

research needs, 127

transcription factor–CRE interactions, 120-122

Regulatory linkages and networks.

See also Genetic networks

accumulation of, 117

bowtie effect, 60

compartmentation, 49, 51, 59-60, 122

and novelty, 58, 105, 122

opportunism in, 120, 122

plug-in modules, 74

stabilization, 59

weak, 48, 51-54, 58

Reproductive

altruism, 106, 129-131, 133, 134-136, 142, 148, 152, 164, 155, 157

isolation, 180

success, 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 118-120, 239, 248, 254;

see also Fitness

Reptiles, 54, 68

Reverse genetic methodologies, 220, 221

Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, 189

Rhinoceros beetles (Dynastinae), 259, 260, 269-270, 274

Rhodopsins, 199-200, 201, 202

Ribozymes, 40

Rice, 206, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 220, 222, 223

RNA, 105, 107

aptamers, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 40-41, 42

functional, 49, 51

GTP-binding, 41

interference methods, 221, 270

messenger (mRNA), 62, 92, 191, 192

microRNA processing, 48

regulatory regions, 45, 47-48

ribosomal (rRNA), 87, 177

sequences/sequencing, 40, 87, 177

Ross-Ibara, Jeffrey, 184, 205-223

S

Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii.

See also Arthur M. Sackler colloquia

Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii

Salmonella typhimurium, 289

SAND-like domain, 135-136

Scale insects, 174

Schwarziana quadripunctata, 160

Scientific Revolution, 3, 4

Scopes Monkey Trial, 286

Scott, Eugenie C., 185, 285-304

SCPP proteins, 50

Sea anemone (Nematostella), 50

Self-regulating processes, 52, 56, 99, 100

Selfish genetic elements, 135, 148

Sex chromosomes, 92

Sex differentiation, 53-54

Sexual dimorphism, 185

apoptosis and, 279

in beetle horn morphology, 257, 260, 261, 262-263, 266, 273, 275, 280

in insect wing morphology, 279

in pigmentation patterns, 121-122

regulatory processes, 60, 121-122

Sharpshooters, 174-176, 177, 178

Signal transduction pathways, 52, 70, 74, 272

Siproeta stelenes, 195, 197

Sison-Mangus, Marilou P., 187-204

Social amoebas, 41

Social behaviors, xvii.

See also Eusocial insect colonies

chemical signaling, 42

Social evolution, 130, 134, 143

Social genes, 136

Solenopsis, 160

Sorghum, 222, 223

Special creation, 295-296

Species

diversification, 6, 15, 17, 60, 110, 111, 113, 120, 123-126, 167, 160, 187, 201, 257-281

evolvability, 100-102

extinction, 19, 20, 21, 79, 83, 153, 294

inventory, 19

Specified complexity argument, 288-289, 290, 294

Spittlebugs, 173

Spliceosomes, 92, 102

Squid, 17, 200

Stag beetles (Lucanidae), 259, 260

Stenogastrine wasp, 157, 159

Stickleback fish, 61, 73, 74-76, 119

Stinkbugs, 174, 178

Strassmann, Joan E., 42, 106, 145-163

Sulcia, 174, 175-178

Sulfur fixation, 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Sunflower, 214

Superorganisms, 147, 149, 150-152, 153, 158, 159

Switch proteins, 52, 54, 66, 80

Symbiosis

in arthropods, 180

bacteria, 167, 170-171, 172, 174-179

bacteriophage and, 170

cell and organ specialization, 107

and coadaptation, 165-166, 169-170, 171, 180

coevolved associations, 170-171

cooperation in, 42

and eukaryotic adaptation and

complexity, 171-172

function topologies, 37, 42

gene loss and deterioration, 165, 167, 169, 172, 178

and genome plasticity, 179-180

genome sequencing, 176-177

genomic decay, 177-179

heritability, 106, 169, 171, 172, 173-174, 179-180

horizontal gene transfer, 166, 169, 170, 171, 178-179

insects, 165, 172-179, 180

intergenerational transmission, 107, 165, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179

metabolic interdependencies, 170-171

microbial consortia, 170-171

multipartite, 165-166, 174-176

mutualism, 179-180

nutritional, 173-179

obligate, 107, 165, 169-170, 171-172, 174, 177-179, 180

and phenotypic novelty, 107, 165, 169-170

reproductive isolation, 180

Systems biology, xvii

artificial life models, see Avida populations

and evolutionary biology, 66-67

Szostak, Jack W., 23, 25-43

T

Tajima’s D, 216, 218, 219, 220

Tbx genes, 60

Tel Aviv University, vii

Temperature adaptation in E. coli

at 20°C, 184, 225, 227-229

at 40°C, 184, 225, 228-231, 232-233

analyses, 238

antagonistic pleiotropy and, 235-236

experimental measurements, 237-238

generality of tradeoff effect, 225, 226, 227, 231

genetic basis, 235

historical thermal environment and, 226, 227, 228-229, 234-235, 238

mutation accumulation and, 235-236

nature of tradeoffs, 234, 235-236

power of experimental approach, 236

qualitative aspects of tradeoff hypothesis, 231-233

quantitative relationships in magnitude of fitness, 226, 227, 232, 233-234

study organisms, 230, 236-237

tradeoffs, 184, 226-227

universality of tradeoff effect, 225, 227, 231-232, 233

Teosinte, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220

Termites, 149, 153, 154, 155

TGF-β, 73, 74

Thaxton, Charles B., 298

Theodosia viridaurata, 259

Thermal stress, 179.

See Temperature adaptation in E coli

Thrips, 155

Tomato, 210, 221

Trans-regulatory landscape, 115-117

Transcription-factor binding sites, 53, 69, 90, 96, 97, 114, 115, 123

Transcription factors

allele-specific utilizations, 96, 97, 99

B, 99

compartmentation of regulation, 59

conserved, 60, 110, 122

demographic model, 218

down regulation, 74

engrailed, 115, 122

evolution of, 49

gene recruitment event, 69, 116

H1F1, 254-255

Hox proteins, 110, 120-122

interactions between CREs and, 105, 117, 120-122, 124-125

loss of function, 69, 74, 114

and morphological evolution, 111, 112, 114, 116

network modules, 69-70

Ubx, 124-125

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
×

Transcriptional

networks, 66

regulation, 52, 59

Transposons, 148

Treehoppers, 173

Triassic, 153

Trypoxylus [Allomyrina] dichomata, 274

Tryptophan biosynthesis, 167, 168, 178

Tsetse flies, 174

Tufts University, vii

Turbulent flows, functional information of, 26, 42

U

Ubiquitin signaling pathway, 94

Ubx protein, 124-126

Unicellular organisms

fitness tradeoffs, 137

transition to multicellularity, 129-143

Uniformitarianism, 146

University of Cambridge, 10

University of Texas at Austin, 139

V

Vanessa atalanta, 191

Vanessa cardui, 191, 197

Vasculogenesis, 56

Vertebrates

blood clotting cascade, 290

compartmentation, 59, 60

conserved core processes, 50

eye evolution and color vision, 17, 189, 199, 201

immune system, 64, 290

insulin receptor pathway, 272

limb development, 266, 279, 290

neural crest cells, 58-59

nonadaptive processes in evolution, 91, 93-94

regulatory linkages, 53

sex determination, 54

Vision. See Color vision in butterflies;

Eye

Vitreochlamys, 132

Volvocine groups

colony size, 136, 137, 139, 142

conflict mediation, 133

fitness tradeoffs, 129, 136-142

flagellation constraint, 137

group formation, 132-133

individuality, 131, 132, 142-143

motility, 136-137, 139-140, 141

palintomy, 137

reproductive altruism, 134-135

Volvox aureus, 131

Volvox carteri, 129, 131, 134-135, 139

W

Waddington, C. H., 56, 57, 66

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 11-12, 207-208

Wasps, 149, 157, 159, 179

Wells, Jonathan, 301

Wheat, 206, 209, 211, 213, 214

Whiteflies, 174, 178

Wilder-Smith, A. E., 294, 299

Wilkins, Adam S., 24, 65-81

Wilson, Allan, 23

Wilson, E. O., 150, 151

Wingless gene, 268, 269, 277, 281

Wolbachia, 180

Wright, Sewell, 59, 66, 67

Wright–Fisher model, 216

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Page 356
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 2007. In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11790.
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In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design Get This Book
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In December 2006, the National Academy of Sciences sponsored a colloquium (featured as part of the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia series) on "Adaptation and Complex Design" to synthesize recent empirical findings and conceptual approaches toward understanding the evolutionary origins and maintenance of complex adaptations. Darwin's elucidation of natural selection as a creative natural force was a monumental achievement in the history of science, but a century and a half later some religious believers still contend that biotic complexity registers conscious supernatural design. In this book, modern scientific perspectives are presented on the evolutionary origin and maintenance of complex phenotypes including various behaviors, anatomies, and physiologies. After an introduction by the editors and an opening historical and conceptual essay by Francisco Ayala, this book includes 14 papers presented by distinguished evolutionists at the colloquium. The papers are organized into sections covering epistemological approaches to the study of biocomplexity, a hierarchy of topics on biological complexity ranging from ontogeny to symbiosis, and case studies explaining how complex phenotypes are being dissected in terms of genetics and development.

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