Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements (2003)

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vContents Topic 1 Introduction and Seminar Objectives............................................................................................3 R. Gary Hicks, MACTEC Larry Santucci, University of California, Berkeley Tim Aschenbrener, Colorado Department of Transportation AASHTO Survey .............................................................................................................................23 Topic 2 Chemical and Mechanical Processes of Moisture Damage in Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements ....37 Dallas N. Little, Texas A&M University David R. Jones IV, Owens Corning Questions and Answers ...................................................................................................................71 Topic 3 Test Methods to Predict Moisture Sensitivity of Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements .........................77 Mansour Solaimanian, Pennsylvania State University John Harvey, University of California, Davis Maghsoud Tahmoressi, PaveTex Engineering and Testing Vivek Tandon, University of Texas at El Paso Questions and Answers ...................................................................................................................111 Topic 4 Treatments........................................................................................................................................117 Jon Epps, Granite Construction Eric Berger, Chemical Lime Co. James N. Anagnos, Akzo Nobel Asphalt Applications, Inc. Questions and Answers ...................................................................................................................178 Topic 5 Material Production, Mix Design, and Pavement Design Effects on Moisture Damage...........187 John DÕAngelo, Federal Highway Administration R. Michael Anderson, Asphalt Institute Questions and Answers ...................................................................................................................202

iv • Rita B. Leahy, MACTEC (formerly LAW-Crandall); • David Jones, Owens Corning; • Dallas Little, Professor of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University; • James Moulthrop, Fugro-BRE, Inc.; • David Newcomb, Vice President, Research and Technology, National Asphalt Pavement Association; • Sundaram Logaraj, Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC; • Dale Rand, Flexible Pavements Branch, Texas Department of Transportation; • Larry Santucci, Pavement Research Center, University of California, Berkeley; and • Jim St. Martin, Executive Director, Asphalt Pavement Association. The proceedings are being published by the Transportation Research Board under the sponsorship of Committee A2D03, Characteristics of Bituminous-Aggregate Combinations to Meet Surface Requirements, a cosponsor of the seminar. COMMITTEE ON CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS-AGGREGATE COMBINATIONS TO MEET SURFACE REQUIREMENTS (A2D03) Timothy B. Aschenbrener, Chair Brian D. Aho Hussain U. Bahia W. R. Bill Ballou Mark S. Buncher Samuel H. Carpenter L. Allen Cooley, Jr. Dale S. Decker John E. Haddock Kevin D. Hall Kent R. Hansen Thomas P. Harman Michael A. Heitzman Gerald A. Huber Kang-Won Wayne Lee Eyad A. Masad G. W. Maupin, Jr. Yusuf A. Mehta Louay N. Mohammad James S. Moulthrop John W. H. Oliver David B. Powers Murari M. Pradhan Vittorio Ranieri James A. Scherocman Larry Scofield Scott Shuler John J. Weigel, Jr. Frederick D. Hejl, TRB Staff Representative

iii Preface Moisture damage in asphalt pavements is a national concern. Correctly identifying the problem and isolating the contributing factors—materials and construction—are equally challenging. The goals of this national seminar are twofold: technology transfer on the topic from leading experts and the start of a road map to solve this problem. The topics addressed include the following: • Identification of the problem—distinguishing between materials-induced and construction-related factors, • Fundamental concepts—binder and aggregate considerations and failure mechanisms, • Test methods—laboratory and field, • Remediation—additives and construction practices, • Field performance and case studies, • Specifications—shortcomings and need for improvements, and • Environmental and health issues. The papers included in this volume document the work accomplished during the national seminar held in La Jolla, California, on February 4–6, 2003. The objectives of the papers, and the breakout sessions that followed, were to identify • Best practices, • Gaps in knowledge, and • Research needs. More than 100 people participated in the national seminar, and this document contains the proceedings of the meeting. In addition to the papers, summaries of the questions raised and answers given are included. Questioners and respondents were informed and gave permission for their inclusion. Special thanks are extended to the sponsors of the seminar, especially the California Department of Transportation, which provided the major portion of the funding. Thanks are also extended to the members of the steering committee, who planned the event: • Mike Anderson, Director of Research, The Asphalt Institute; • Tim Aschenbrener, Materials Engineer, Colorado Department of Transportation; • Elissa Brainard, Director, Meeting Planning Division, Woodward Communications; • Mike Cook, Office of Flexible Pavements Materials, California Department of Transportation; • John D’Angelo, Materials Engineer, Federal Highway Administration HIPT; • Jon Epps, Engineering Services Manager, Granite Construction; • Michael Essex, Division of Research and Innovation, California Department of Transportation; • Frederick Hejl, Engineer of Materials and Construction, Transportation Research Board; • Steve Healow, Federal Highway Administration, California Division Office; • R. Gary Hicks, MACTEC (formerly LAW-Crandall);

ii Transportation Research Board Miscellaneous Report ISBN 0-309-09450-X Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org/trb/bookstore, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334-2519; or email TRBsales@nas.edu). Printed in the United States of America NOTICE: The views expressed in the presentations and papers contained in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the conference planning group, the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the sponsors of the workshop. The workshop was sponsored by the California Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration, the National Asphalt Pavement Association, the California Asphalt Pavement Alliance, and the Transportation Research Board.

Washington, D.C. 2003 www.TRB.org Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements A N A T I O N A L S E M I N A R February 4–6, 2003 San Diego, California TRB Committee on Bituminous–Aggregate Combinations to Meet Surface Requirements Sponsored by California Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration National Asphalt Pavement Association California Asphalt Pavement Alliance Transportation Research Board

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2003 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* Chair: Genevieve Giuliano, Director, Metrans Transportation Center, and Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Vice Chair: Michael S. Townes, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Virginia Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board Michael W. Behrens, Executive Director, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin Joseph H. Boardman, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany Sarah C. Campbell, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, D.C. E. Dean Carlson, President, Carlson Associates, Topeka, Kansas (Past Chair, 2002) Joanne F. Casey, President and CEO, Intermodal Association of North America, Greenbelt, Maryland James C. Codell III, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort John L. Craig, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads, Lincoln Bernard S. Groseclose, Jr., President and CEO, South Carolina State Ports Authority, Charleston Susan Hanson, Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts Lester A. Hoel, L.A. Lacy Distinguished Professor of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Past Chair, 1986) Henry L. Hungerbeeler, Director, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor and Chairman, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Ronald F. Kirby, Director, Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington, D.C. Herbert S. Levinson, Principal, Herbert S. Levinson Transportation Consultant, New Haven, Connecticut Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Jeff P. Morales, Director of Transportation, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento Kam Movassaghi, Secretary, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge Carol A. Murray, Commissioner, New Hampshire Department of Transportation, Concord David Plavin, President, Airports Council International, Washington, D.C. John Rebensdorf, Vice President, Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, Nebraska Catherine L. Ross, Harry West Chair of Quality Growth and Regional Development, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta John M. Samuels, Senior Vice President, Operations Planning and Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia (Past Chair, 2001) Paul P. Skoutelas, CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Martin Wachs, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2000) Michael W. Wickham, Chairman, Roadway Corporation, Akron, Ohio Marion C. Blakey, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Samuel G. Bonasso, Acting Administrator, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia (ex officio) George Bugliarello, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Thomas H. Collins (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Jennifer L. Dorn, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Robert B. Flowers (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) Robert S. Kirk, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy (ex officio) Rick Kowalewski, Acting Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) (Past Chair, 1992) Mary E. Peters, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Suzanne Rudzinski, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ex officio) Jeffrey W. Runge, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Allan Rutter, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Annette M. Sandberg, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) William G. Schubert, Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Robert A. Venezia, Program Manager, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. (ex officio) ______________________________ * Membership as of November 2003.

February 4–6, 2003 San Diego, California A N AT I O N A L S E M I N A R Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements