LTPP Data Analysis: Influence of Design and Construction Features on the Response and Performance of New Flexible and Rigid Pavements (2005)

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i CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY 1.4 REPORT ORGANIZATION CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF SPS 1, 2 AND 8 EXPERIMENTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 STRATEGIC STUDY OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS—SPS-1 2.2.1 Experiment Design 2.2.2 Current Status of the Experiment (Release 17 of DataPave) 2.2.3 Construction Guidelines for SPS-1 Experiment 2.3 STRATEGIC STUDY OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS—SPS-2 2.3.1 Experiment Design 2.3.2 Current Status of the Experiment 2.3.3 Construction Guidelines for SPS-2 Experiment 2.4 SPS-8 EXPERIMENT 2.4.1 Current Status of the SPS-8 Flexible Pavements 2.4.2 Construction Guidelines for SPS-8 Flexible Pavements 2.4.3 Current Status of SPS-8 Rigid Pavements 2.4.4 Construction Guidelines for SPS-8 Rigid Pavements 2.5 INSTRUMENTED SPS TEST SECTIONS 2.5.1 SPS-1 Sections 2.5.2 SPS-2 Sections CHAPTER 3 DATA AVAILABILITY AND EXTENT 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 IDENTIFICATION OF DATA ELEMENTS 3.3 DATA AVAILABILITY IN SPS-1 EXPERIMENT 3.3.1 General Site Information 3.3.2 Material Data 3.3.3 Design versus Actual Construction Review 3.3.4 Extent and Occurrence of Distresses vi vii viii 1 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 17 19 26 26 29 31 37 37 38 41 41 41 42 45 50 50 50 56 58 62 62 71

ii 3.3.5 Dynamic Load Response Data (DLR)—Flexible Pavements 3.4 DATA AVAILABILITY IN SPS-2 EXPERIMENT 3.4.1 General Site Information 3.4.2 Materials data 3.4.3 Pavement Structure data 3.4.4 Monitoring data 3.4.5 Design versus Actual Construction Review 3.4.6 Extent and Occurrence of Distresses 3.4.7 Dynamic Load Response Data (DLR)—Rigid Pavements 3.5 DATA AVAILABILITY IN SPS-8 EXPERIMENT—FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS 3.5.1 General Site Information 3.5.2 Material Data 3.5.3 Design versus Actual Construction Review 3.5.4 Extent and Occurrence of Distress 3.6 DATA AVAILABILITY FOR SPS-8 EXPERIMENT—RIGID PAVEMENTS 3.6.1 General Site Information 3.6.2 Design versus Actual Construction Review 3.6.3 Distress Occurrence CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS METHODS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 4.3 OVERALL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS METHODS 4.3.1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 4.3.2 Extent of distress 4.3.3 Linear Discriminant Analysis 4.3.4 Binary Logistic Regression 4.4 SITE-LEVEL ANALYSIS METHODS 4.5 METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING APPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAVEMENT RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE 4.5.1 Univariate Analysis 4.5.2 Multiple Regression Analysis CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR THE SPS-1 EXPERIMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES 5.2.1 Summary of Findings 5.3 EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE 5.3.1 Construction-related Issues 5.3.2 Drainage-related issues 5.4 SPS-1 PROJECT PERFORMANCE SUMMARIES 5.5 SITE-LEVEL ANALYSIS 5.5.1 Effects of design features on performance—Paired Comparisons at Level-A 88 91 91 94 98 98 100 107 115 116 116 118 121 122 126 126 126 130 133 133 133 139 139 147 147 148 148 154 154 154 155 155 156 156 159 160 169 175 181 184

iii 5.5.2 Effects of design features—Paired Comparisons at Level-B 5.6 OVERALL ANALYSIS 5.6.1 Extent of Distress by Experimental Factor 5.6.2 Frequency-based methods 5.6.3 Analysis of Variance 5.6.4 Effect of Experimental Factors on Pavement Response 5.7 APPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE 5.7.1 Overall Analysis—Explanatory Relationships 5.7.2 Site Level Analyses—Predictive Relationships 5.7.3 Overall Analyses—Predictive Relationships 5.7.4 Dynamic Load Response for OH (39) test sections 5.8 SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS FROM ANALYSES 5.8.1 Effects of structural factors for flexible pavements—SPS-1 experiment CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR SPS-2 EXPERIMENT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 PREVIOUS FINDINGS 6.3 EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE 6.4 SITE-WIDE PERFORMANCE SUMMARIES 6.5 SITE-LEVEL ANALYSES 6.5.1 Effect of design features on performance—Comparisons at level-A 6.5.2 Effect of design features—Paired Comparisons at Level-B 6.6 OVERALL ANALYSIS 6.6.1 Extent of Distresses by Experimental Factor 6.6.2 Frequency-based Methods 6.6.3 Analysis of Variance 6.6.4 Effect of Experimental Factors on Pavement Response 6.7 APPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE 6.7.1 Site Level Analyses—Predictive Relationships 6.7.2 Relationship between strain and performance 6.8 SYNTHESIS OF ANALYSES RESULTS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS 6.8.1 Effects of experimental factors for SPS-2 experiment CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR THE SPS-8 EXPERIMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SPS-8 EXPERIMENT FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS 7.2.1 Site-Level Analysis 7.2.2 Overall Analysis 7.2.3 Comparison between Similar Designs of SPS-8 and SPS-1 Experiments 7.3 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SPS-8 EXPERIMENT FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS 188 190 190 201 206 251 255 255 257 264 274 277 278 291 291 292 294 301 308 311 321 325 327 330 341 357 361 361 365 366 369 376 376 376 377 377 380 380

iv 7.3.1 Site-Level Analysis 7.3.2 Overall Analysis 7.3.3 Comparison between Similar Designs of SPS-8 and SPS-2 Experiments 7.4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 7.4.1 Effect of SPS-8 Experimental Factors on Performance of Flexible Pavements 7.4.2 Effect of SPS-8 Experimental Factors on Performance of Rigid Pavements CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS— SPS-1 EXPERIMENT 8.2.1 Effect of Design and Site Factors on Pavement Performance 8.2.2 Effect of Design and Site Factors on Pavement Response 8.2.3 Apparent Relationship between Response and Performance 8.3 EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS—SPS-2 EXPERIMENT 8.3.1 Effect of Design and Site Factors on Pavement Performance 8.3.2 Effect of Design and Site Factors on Pavement Response 8.4 EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE ABSENCE OF HEAVY TRAFFIC FOR FLEXIBLE & RIGID PAVEMENTS—SPS-8 EXPERIMENT 8.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSES 8.5.1 Experiment-related issues 8.5.2 Data-related issues 8.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH REFERENCES APPENDIX A1 SITE SUMMARIES FOR SPS-1 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX A2 SITE-WIDE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SPS-1 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX A3 DYNAMIC LOAD RESPONSE (DLR) DATA FOR SPS-1 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX A4 SITE-LEVEL ANALYSIS FOR SPS-1 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX A5 DATA ANALYSIS FOR SPS-1 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX B1 SITE SUMMARIES FOR SPS-2 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX B2 SITE-WIDE PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SPS-2 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX B3 DYNAMIC LOAD RESPONSE (DLR) DATA FOR SPS-2 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX B4 SITE-LEVEL ANALYSIS FOR SPS-2 EXPERIMENT 380 384 385 388 388 389 390 390 392 392 399 400 401 401 403 405 406 406 407 408 411 A1-1 A2-1 A3-1 A4-1 A5-1 B1-1 B2-1 B3-1 B4-1

v APPENDIX B5 DATA ANALYSIS FOR SPS-2 EXPERIMENT APPENDIX C SITE SUMMARIES FOR SPS-8 EXPERIMENT B5-1 C-1