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37 Potential Portfolio for EU-U.S. Research on Road Transport Automation Katherine F. Turnbull, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, USA, Rapporteur Katherine Turnbull served as the rapporteur for the symposium. In addition to summarizing the presentations by the breakout group reporters, she had the opportunity to review the list of opportuni- ties, barriers, and potential research topics identified in each breakout group. In the discussion of the three use case scenarios, 245 research topics were identified in 18 breakout groups. Although these research topics ranged from a few words to a few sentences, the opportunities and barriers identified by individual participants helped establish the context for the research areas. Many cross- cutting research topics emerged from the discussions. The rapporteur expanded on the overarching themes provided by Maxime Flament and developed a potential portfolio for EU-U.S. research on road transport auto- mation. The potential research topics are grouped by the following subject areas: public policy and legal issues, automated technologies, design and operations, human factors and public acceptance, field operations tests (FOTs) and demonstrations, and information sharing and ongoing coordination. These research topics may be considered by the U.S. Department of Transportation, the European Commission, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, and other groups. PubliC PoliCy anD legal issues Numerous public policy research topics were discussed during the symposium. These topics addressed legal and regulatory changes that may be needed for widespread use of automated transport services, liability concerns in the event of crashes, and other policy implications, as follows: ⢠Legal aspects of safety concerns with automated vehicles (AVs), including liability, risk assessment, and risk assignment; ⢠Potential equity concerns and related policy impli- cations associated with different use case scenarios; ⢠Policy and regulatory changes relating to traffic laws and vehicle operations needed for deployment of different use cases; ⢠Possible changes in commercial driver hours of ser- vice regulations for drivers of following vehicles in truck platoons; and ⢠Possible impacts on land use, housing, mobil- ity, development patterns, and the environment from different use case scenarios, including unintended consequences. automateD teChnologies ⢠Testing regimes that address the verification, vali- dation, and certification of technology performance; ⢠Testing regimes for the operation of the different use case scenarios; ⢠Robustness of sensors, digital maps, and other needed technologies; ⢠Readiness of other technologies needed for differ- ent use case scenarios;
38 T O W A R D S R O A D T R A N S P O R T A U T O M A T I O N ⢠Human factors issues associated with Level 3 auto- mation, especially reengaging in the driving task after being in an automated mode; and ⢠Humanâmachine interface for Level 4 automation and for pedestrians and other vulnerable road users. fots anD Demonstrations There was strong support from symposium participants for FOTs, demonstrations, pilots, and model deploy- ments. The following research topics were identified by participants to support these ongoing efforts: ⢠Examination of methods to gain support from cit- ies and communities for FOTs and demonstrations [Pos- sible research could include developing business models outlining the benefits to communities, providing incen- tives for early adoption of technologies and services, and linking communities and businesses in strategic partner- ships (e.g., adopt a community or neighborhood).]; ⢠Development of an overarching guide for evalu- ating FOTs, demonstrations, pilots, and model deploy- ments (The guide would address the key elements of unbiased evaluations, but it would be scalable to match the objectives, scope, and available resources of differ- ent projects. Development of the evaluation guide would draw on guides developed for evaluating other transpor- tation projects.); ⢠Analysis of available data from current FOTs and demonstrations and sharing of lessons learned (one sug- gestion was to focus on current experiences with truck platooning and urban transport tests); ⢠Documentation of the results of FOTs and dem- onstrations and sharing of information on all aspects, including the technologies utilized, the implementation methods, any policy or regulatory changes, user accep- tance, economic and demographic impacts, operations, and overall use; ⢠Possible innovative business models for testing and deploying different use case scenarios, including publicâ public and publicâprivate partnerships; ⢠Paths to deployment, including phased or transi- tional approaches; and ⢠FOTs and demonstrations of urban freight AV applications as well as tests of other use cases in urban and rural settings. information sharing anD ongoing CoorDination Several opportunities for ongoing transatlantic informa- tion sharing, coordination, and collaboration were sug- gested by participants during the symposium: ⢠Technical requirements for different technologies, AV applications, and supporting components such as digital maps; and ⢠Cybersecurity issues related to the different use case scenarios and approaches to mitigate potential concerns. Design anD oPerations ⢠Possible roadway design issues in relation to differ- ent AV applications, including entry and exit ramps to accommodate platooning vehicles, self-parking vehicles, and safe pickup and drop-off zones for automated chauf- feur services; ⢠Guidelines for the interaction and integration of transportation management systems, intelligent trans- portation systems, and AVs (This research would exam- ine the link between existing transportation management systems or intelligent transportation systems projects and future AV use case scenarios. Topics to be examined include data sharing, data integration, and maximizing system operations.); ⢠Code of practice for the operation of different use case scenarios; ⢠Guidelines for road design and infrastructure needs for different types of use case scenarios, including the potential of certifying road segments for AVs; ⢠Approaches to ensure safe stops of vehicles in all types of use cases [Examining safe stops of platoon- ing vehicles (truck-only platoons or platoons involv- ing private passenger vehicles) was one of the early research topics identified by participants, but accom- modating safe stops for all use cases was noted as important.]; ⢠Concept of operations plans for platooning vehi- cles, including joining and leaving a platoon, operating a platoon, and other elements; ⢠Benefits from truck platooning for suppliers, ship- pers, and other road users; ⢠Interaction of AVs and vulnerable road users in dif- ferent use case scenarios; and ⢠AV traffic flow and analysis models for different use case scenarios. human faCtors anD PubliC aCCePtanCe ⢠Public acceptance of different technologies and automated transport services (research could include reviewing the lessons learned from public acceptance technologies); ⢠Human factors issues regarding in-vehicle technol- ogies, including factors influencing driver overload and driver distractions;
39P O T E N T I A L P O R T F O L I O F O R E U - U . S . R E S E A R C H ⢠Present summaries of the symposium by sympo- sium participants and agency staff at conferences and other appropriate venues, such as the annual Auto- mated Vehicles Symposium organized by the Transpor- tation Research Board (TRB) and the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International. ⢠Encourage participation in the University Trans- portation Centers Spotlight Conference: Connected and Automated Vehicles, sponsored by TRB and the U.S. Department of Transportation and to be held November 4 and 5, 2015, in Washington, D.C. Hold a meeting of symposium participants as part of the conference. ⢠Convene symposium participants at the 2016 TRB annual meeting in an information-sharing meeting. ⢠Develop a general session on the key topics addressed at the symposium for the 2016 TRB annual meeting and promote sessions at future annual meetings and specialty conferences and workshops.
