Model Education Curricula and Toolkit for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials (2013)

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CHAPTER 2 CURRENT INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT PRACTICES RESEARCH PROCESS Existing education and training programs related to the safe, secure and efficient transportation of hazardous materials were identified and evaluated. A review of these programs provided a benchmark of the types and content of offerings that are available. A key factor to this review was to understand the differences (and overlaps) between hazmat “education” and “training.” The latter provides trainees with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform fairly narrowly defined tasks, through application of proven and tested job performance methods. This–and rightly so–is the province of most of the programs that provide instruction in hazmat transportation and incident response. Education, on the other hand, provides program graduates with a deeper understanding of fundamentals that enables them to appreciate the reasoning and factors that lie behind current job methods, the strengths and weaknesses of current methods, and the latest research results that may produce future improvements. The educated hazmat transportation professional is able to promulgate programs that maximize safety, security and efficiency and minimize operational risk; lead and manage the use of human and other resources for hazmat operations and incident response; and develop and implement improved hazmat transportation technologies and processes. While the focus of this research initiative was on education, existing training programs were not ignored. As discussed below, a number of excellent training modules and approaches were identified and subsequently incorporated in the educational curricula. Potential sources of information were identified through internet and literature sources. Promising leads were followed up via e-mail and telephone contact. Information was also gathered at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, and at meetings with the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency, and the Executive Board of the Intermodal Freight Transportation Institute at the University of Memphis. The search for relevant information was divided into the categories listed in Table 1. Overall, over 170 potential sources were reviewed, with the vast majority consider useful in some capacity. Of these, a documentation form was completed and entered it into an interactive database to facilitate subsequent analysis. 4

Table 1. Categories of Education Programs and Resources University Programs Engineering and Environmental Science Business, Law, and Emergency Management Public Policy, Public Health, Community Colleges, and Other Public Agencies U.S. Department of Transportation Department of Defense Department of Homeland Security Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency State-Supported Training for Emergency Responders Private Sector Trade Association Educational Programs Private Companies TRB Cooperative Research Programs and TRID 5

RESEARCH RESULTS The education and training resources found in each search area are discussed in the following sections. The sources that were reviewed are listed in Appendix A; references to potentially useful materials are provided in Appendix B. University Programs: Engineering and Environmental Science Contacts were initiated with twenty-five universities identified as potentially having course offerings that covered hazardous materials transportation topics. The only full courses devoted entirely to hazmat transportation were found at the University of New Mexico (UNM) and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). The UNM course, CE 584, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, was formerly taught in the Civil Engineering Department. Topics covered included accident analysis, routing, risk assessment, community preparedness, and emergency response. However, the course was last taught in 2005, and the professor is now retired. A similar course, CEE 766, Analysis of Hazardous Materials Transportation was offered at UNLV, but the professor who taught it relocated to another institution and has not offered the course at his new location. The brochure for a new Master of Science in Transportation degree at South Carolina State University lists an elective course, TRP 634, Hazardous Material Transportation and Risk Management, but no further details are available, as this is likely a planned course yet to be taught. The Arizona State University Environmental Technology and Management Program teaches ETM 401, Hazardous Waste Management. The course is focused on the regulatory requirements and prudent management practices for managing hazardous waste. Course topics include: RCRA and DOT definitions of hazardous waste and materials; modes of transportation; transportation incidents; DOT and EPA regulations; packaging; DOT Hazardous Materials Table; labeling, placarding and marking of hazardous waste and materials; shipping papers; reportable quantities; and hazardous waste discharges. This content is essentially an academic version of the regulatory compliance training that is widely available (as will be seen in a later section below). The program also teaches a course on Chemistry of Hazardous Materials. The Michigan State University School of Packaging offers PKG 477, Hazardous Materials Packaging. The course objective is to develop an understanding of hazardous materials packaging from the package developer point of view. Topics include Title 49 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, product classes, use of regulations, exceptions, authorized packaging, and the performance testing program. The George Mason University Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering offers CEIE 686, Transportation System Security and Safety. Several lectures in the course are devoted to hazmat transportation topics, including security of truck, rail, and pipeline shipments, and an overview of hazmat transportation safety and regulatory compliance. Somewhat surprisingly, no other similar course modules were found at other universities, although it is likely that a few others do exist. 6

The Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the University of South Carolina offers two 3-credit graduate courses, ENHS 788,789, Concepts of Hazardous Materials Management I, II. Topics covered include: chemical and physical properties of hazardous materials; environmental effects; statutes and regulations; classification; use and storage; disposal options; transportation requirements; site safety considerations; and management systems involving hazardous materials. Some other graduate programs in environmental science likely have similar courses, but this material is not as applicable for this research project as that from other sources, so little effort was expended to find other examples. University Programs: Business, Law, and Emergency Management Twelve graduate business education programs at universities known to have an excellent reputation for their courses in the transportation field were contacted to elicit information on current courses, course modules, or executive education offerings with hazmat transportation content. Not a single positive response was received. Apparently business schools, even those with a strong transportation and logistics bent, do not offer education on hazmat transport. While not much content was expected, it was somewhat surprising to find absolutely nothing in the way of existing business school coursework. A bit more success was found in the area of legal studies. Penn State University offers Business Law 425, Business and Environmental Regulation, which includes a course module on regulating the transportation and storage of hazardous materials. The St. John’s University School of Law teaches Environmental Law 1010, Environmental Regulation of Toxic and Hazardous Substances, which includes a topic on hazardous waste transportation and management. It is likely that law courses at other universities have similar content. The American Public University System, comprising American Public University (APU) and American Military University (AMU), offers online hazmat courses used in undergraduate and graduate degree programs in transportation and logistics, reverse logistics, emergency and disaster management, and fire science management, as well as various undergraduate and graduate certificate programs. Five APU/AMU courses that seem potentially useful are described in Table 2. Links are provided in the table for more information about each course, and copies of syllabi from previous semesters are available for four of the five courses. EDMG 330, Managerial Issues in Hazardous Materials, appears to use the National Fire Academy FESHE- approved curriculum. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has compiled a list of 465 higher education programs in the general area of emergency management. As of May 2013, this list included 257 Emergency Management programs, 131 US Homeland Security/Defense and Terrorism programs, 16 US International Disaster Relief/Humanitarian Assistance Programs, 31 Public Health, Medical and Related Programs, and 30 other related programs (Appendix C provides some additional details). The vast majority of these programs do not feature education in hazmat transportation. The emergency management programs at North Dakota State University and Oklahoma State University are typical. They focus on disaster planning and recovery and terrorism, but do not have courses devoted to hazmat transportation. Some exceptions were found, however, as noted below. 7

8 Table 2. Selected APU/AMU Courses Offered by American Public University Course Description Links TLMT 318 Hazardous Materials Transportation A study of the preparation, transportation, packaging, delivery and training required to prepare hazardous materials. Course topics include container, vehicular, storage, mode, onload/offload, and other considerations associated with hazardous materials transportation. http://www.apu.apus. edu/academic/schedu le/course/tlmt318 Archived syllabus available TLMT 381 Hazardous Materials Management Covers the requirements and regulations associated with packaging, handling, storage, transport, and incident response at the operational level for all forms of Hazardous Material. The emphasis will be on the federal regulations and their often-competing goals and contradictory provisions. http://www.apu.apus. edu/academic/schedu le/course/tlmt381 Archived syllabus available RLMT 655 Reverse Logistics and Hazardous Materials Studies the handling of hazardous materials in reverse logistics operations. The study designs a forward and reverse logistics chain to identify and analyze the point where the product becomes hazardous to workers in recycling, returns, and waste movement. The student examines the regulatory issues that govern the legal and illegal activities of returns through case studies. http://www.amu.apu s.edu/academic/sche dule/course/rlmt655 EDMG 330 Managerial Issues in Hazardous Materials Examines regulatory issues, hazard analysis, multi- agency contingency planning, response personnel, multi-agency response resources, agency policies, procedures and implementation, public education and emergency information systems, health and safety, command post dynamics, strategic and tactical considerations, recovery and termination procedures, and program evaluation. http://www.amu.apu s.edu/academic/sche dule/course/edmg330 Archived syllabus available EDMG 240 Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Covers the science associated with hazardous materials, including those used in human terrorism and the most common hazardous materials in general use. This course is designed to provide the non-scientist student with the chemical bases for the characterization of hazardous materials and resultant handling and storage considerations, as well as the interactions between materials and appropriate segregation and incident response considerations. This course does not require any prior chemistry knowledge. http://www.amu.apu s.edu/academic/sche dule/course/edmg240 Archived syllabus available

9 The Eastern Iowa Community Colleges, Health, Safety and Environmental Technology Program offers HSE-230, Transportation of Hazardous Materials. This course focuses on the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations, and also covers certain Environmental Protection Agency regulations. Students learn how a hazardous materials or an environmental health and safety technician may support professional personnel responsible for compliance with the environmental regulations for transportation of hazardous materials. Another course with an environmental regulations focus is EADP 4000, Hazardous Materials Planning and Management, at the University of North Texas, Department of Public Administration, in their B.S. degree program in Emergency Administration and Planning. This course is the study of contingency planning and management for hazardous materials. Particular attention is given to environmental regulations as they relate to hazardous materials, particularly those administered by OSHA and EPA. Topics include the role of the Awareness Level First Responder; the roles of the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) and the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC); and incident management procedures. The Public Safety Administration B.S. degree program at Eastern Michigan University offers HSEM 434, Hazardous Materials, that examines hazardous material incidents from the perspective of the public safety officer or manager. Topics include identifying hazardous materials, assessing hazardous material accidents, and planning and tactics for addressing hazardous material problems. The intent is to enable students to recognize, identify and understand the materials that they might be confronted within a hazardous material incident. Points of emphasis include analysis of hazardous materials incidents and dispersion patterns of different materials. Western Nebraska Community College teaches SFTX-1220, Transportation and Shipping of Hazardous Materials. A somewhat unusual aspect is that this course is designed for health care employees who handle dangerous goods. Specialized topics covered that are not often included in other hazmat courses include select agents and toxins, sending dangerous goods by mail, biological products, medical or clinical wastes, Category A infectious substances, shipping with dry ice, and shipping with overpacks. The search for emergency management higher education programs with hazmat content uncovered several that are apparently no longer active. For example, the Environmental Technology Management Program at Arizona State University routinely taught for many years ETM 524, Emergency Preparedness, Response and Planning for Hazardous Materials. Apparently the course was last taught in 2001, and the course number has been transferred to a different title. Defunct courses were also identified at Gwinnett Technical College in Georgia, Metropolitan Community College in Omaha and the University of Cincinnati. While not a course, a useful resource was found in the form of a guidebook produced by the Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A&M University. Their 2009 report, Public Guidance for Managing Hazardous Material Transportation in Texas, strives to answer common but critical questions concisely, and present facts and examples of management strategies. It also provides references for further information, to help sub-state level transportation planners become informed

and equipped to make better decisions regarding the transport of hazardous materials as prescribed by local conditions. University Programs: Public Policy, Public Health, Community Colleges, and Other Public Policy Programs reviewed included: • Georgetown Public Policy Institute • Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan • Kennedy School of Government – Regulatory Policy Program and Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University • Richard and Rhoda Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkley • Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona • Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs • University of Maryland, School of Public Policy • The Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A & M University In these programs, little was found related to a dedicated course or curricula focused on hazardous materials transport. However, some have programs where hazmat transport could be introduced, including the Master of Public Policy Programs at Georgetown Public Policy Institute, in their tracks for both environmental and regulatory policy and homeland security. The Kennedy School of Government, in collaboration with Stanford, has put together a related course with extensive annotation that is available to the public. Indiana University’s School of Public and Environmental Affairs offers a course in hazardous materials (E542) that provides a general overview of hazardous materials management with some focus on handling and transport. The Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University offers several courses focused on emergency response and hazardous materials management, but not covering hazardous materials transportation. However, nestled within these courses are case studies of train derailments, transportation considerations, and risk management. Public Health Much like public policy programs, little education surrounding hazardous materials transport was found within public health programs. For many universities with public health programs, the focus for hazmat transportation seems almost entirely centered around biological and chemical waste materials from laboratories or shipping of reagents/materials to and from the laboratories. As an example, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has documentation and offers training on the transportation of biological materials through the Division of Safety Research, but it primarily focuses on meeting DOT regulations. Many offer Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) training and some offer IATA or other similar train- 10

ing, examples of which are the University of Utah’s School of Medicine and the University of Minnesota’s School of Public Health through continuing education courses. Community Colleges Many community colleges offer training through continuing education initiatives for local fire and emergency responders, including hazmat training. Otherwise, except for Oakland Community College’s Hazardous Materials Transportation Program, community colleges seem to focus on courses for HAZWOPER certification, OSHA standards, and DOT regulations. Given that community colleges are numerous, a representative sample was chosen for examination based upon their offering of hazmat-related courses. These included the following: • Oakland Community College (Michigan) provides a Hazardous Materials Transportation Program that covers policy, shipping of hazmat, emergency contacts, preparation of shipping documents, placarding, emergency response and spill response procedures. While this is still very much a training course, it is the most in-depth course found related to transportation of hazardous materials. • Barton Community College (Kansas) provides both a hazardous materials management program for the general public and a vocational-technical training program for military soldiers, including courses on HAZWOPER, DOT regulations, OSHA standards, IATA Regulations and characterization of hazardous materials. A unique feature of the Barton HSE 230 Transportation of Hazardous Materials course is that it requires students presented with an actual hazmat accident to outline the reporting procedures as a practice activity and includes coverage of radioactive material packages. • Cuyahoga Community College’s Regional Transportation Institute (Ohio) offers a Hazardous Materials program with certificates of completion for 49 CFR, IATA, and IMDG. The program is primarily focused on regulations with discussion on specific job function requirements, packaging, marking, and transportation of dangerous goods. • The University of South Alabama’s School of Continuing Education and Special Programs offers HAZWOPER courses, DOT hazardous materials regulations, technical rescue training at two levels, and industrial safety and health (OSHA) training. Other The Environmental Resource Center at Cary, North Carolina, offers several seminars focused on hazardous material training, including classification, DOT, EPA, IATA, IMDG, HAZWOPER, and OSHA. The Southern California Education and Research Center at UCLA and UC Irvine offers a continuing education and outreach course titled “Certified Hazardous Materials Practitioner Exam Preparation” which is promoted as offering hands-on solutions to real world problems, including components on environmental protection, safety and public health, emergency response, transportation, storage and handling, and homeland security. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) All USDOT agencies were reviewed. The agencies provide a wealth of information about hazardous materials considered useful for developing model curricula content. 11

Several complete regulatory compliance training programs were identified. Agencies providing these include: • Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) • Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) • Transportation Safety Institute (TSI) The contents of the basic hazmat general awareness training courses offered through these agencies were quite similar. The PHMSA training is typical, and includes the following content: • Introduction module • Module 1 (Hazardous Materials Table: HMT) • Module 2 (Shipping Papers) • Module 3 (Marking and Labeling) • Module 4 (Placarding) • Module 5 (Packaging) • Module 6a (Highway) • Module 6b (Air) • Module 6c (Rail) • Module 6d (Water) The complete training package, available for download, includes the lecture slides, and instructor and student guides for each module. Due to their area of responsibility, some agencies provide specialized training appropriate to their modal focus. For example, the FAA offers the following courses designed specifically for air transport regulatory enforcement personnel: • Advanced Radioactive Material (RAM) Training • Hazardous Materials Investigations • Aviation Hazmat Portals Train-the-Trainer Course • Aviation Hazmat Portals (AHP) 2.0 • Air Transportation of Dangerous Goods - Basic • Air Transportation of Dangerous Goods Basic - International The Transportation Safety Institute (TSI), located within RITA, offers a broad array of training courses, including the following: • Air Transportation of Hazardous Materials • Cargo Tank Regulatory Compliance • Infectious Substance Transportation • Instructor Training: HM Transportation Modules • International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) • Military Airlift of Hazardous Materials • Performance-Oriented Packaging • Specialized Hazardous Materials; Cylinders • Specialized Hazardous Materials; Explosives • Specialized Hazardous Materials; Hazardous Waste and Substance • Specialized Hazardous Materials; Radioactive Materials 12

• Transportation of Hazardous Materials • Transportation of Hazardous Materials (Recurrent) Since TSI is a fee-for-service agency, it is not clear as of this writing if their course materials will be made available for this project. PHMSA co-sponsors the National Hazardous Materials Fusion Center with the International Association of Fire Chiefs, which makes training available at no charge to emergency responders. Training packages available for download include: • Biodiesel • Carbon Monoxide • Chlorine • Ethanol • Hydrochloric Acid • 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook • Hydrogen Generator • Methanol Institute Training Materials • Guidance Concerning FEMA Missions Affected by BP Oil Spill The Fusion Center also provides links to websites for a number of other training organizations. The Maritime Administration provides information about and links to the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) and the six state maritime academies. Both the USMMA and the Maine Maritime Academy provide nearly identical undergraduate courses on tanker operations, which are designed to satisfy the cargo training requirement for Tankerman and for Persons in Charge of Transfers of Dangerous Liquids and Liquefied Gases, and to meet the requirements for specialized training of personnel serving on oil and chemical tankers. A few advanced and related courses are also offered. While not reviewed, it is safe to assume that the other state academies provide similar courses. These are the only university-level courses that were found through the U.S. Department of Transportation agencies, and even these courses have considerable training content. Again, while no other formal training resources were identified, the agencies do provide a rich array of reports and web documents on hazmat transportation topics, such as truck crashes involving hazmat, hazardous material commodity flow data, building model state inspection and compliance programs, emergency response to incidents, best practices for incident prevention, traffic management during hazmat incident clearance, cargo tank safety, research findings, and a myriad of other topics. These materials are in the public domain, and constituted a principal source of content for the model curricula. Department of Defense (DOD) It appears that the primary responsibility for DOD hazmat training is centered at the Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC) at McAlester, Oklahoma, although both the Navy Supply Corps School (Newport, RI) and the 345th Aviation Training Squadron (Ft. Lee, VA) also provide hazmat training. 13

The search for relevant sources of information and training materials focused on DAC and three other DOD sources: • Army Logistics University • Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) The DAC Training Directorate is one of four main divisions, and their mission is “to provide ammunition-related training and knowledge management services for Department of Defense (DOD) military and civilian personnel.” DAC training is delivered at their facility, at other military bases and DOD facilities, and through distance learning. The following courses appear to be most applicable to this research project: • Ammo-37 General Transportation of Hazardous Materials • Ammo-43 Intermodal Dry Cargo Container/ CSC Reinspection • Ammo-51 Naval Motor Vehicle and Railcar Inspection (MV/RC) • Ammo-51-MV-DL Naval Motor Vehicle Inspection • Ammo-51-RC-DL Naval Railcar Inspection • Ammo-62 Technical Transportation of Hazardous Materials • Ammo-66-1-DL Radiation Safety • Ammo-67-DL HAZMAT Familiarization and Safety in Transportation • Ammo-86-DL Transportation of Radioactive Materials • Ammo-92 Transportation Physical Security • PACK-1A-DL Military Preservation and Packaging for Storage and Shipment (Phase 1) • PACK-1B Military Preservation and Packaging for Storage and Shipment (Phase 2) Some of these courses, especially, “Ammo 62”, are taught by DAC employees at numerous military bases in the U.S. and abroad. Other courses are primarily for DAC interns and students in the Ammunition Manager Course and the Quality Assurance Specialists (QASAS) program. Several of the course descriptions refer to compliance with the federal regulations that govern hazmat transportation regardless of whether the shipper is civilian or military. Eastern Oklahoma State College has developed a program to allow certain DAC students to pursue an Associate degree in Ammunition Management and Safety, but the program is currently inactive. A review of courses offered at the Army Logistics University (which replaced separate schools for quartermaster, ordnance, and transportation personnel) at Ft. Lee, Virginia, identified a single course entitled Defense Hazardous Materials/Waste Handling. The course description includes the following: (The course) provides the attendees with fundamental information to handle hazardous waste as required by the RCRA regulations (40 CFR 260-265), by appropriate state and local requirements, and DOD and Army policy. This course fulfills the general training requirements initially required for hazardous waste handlers by RCRA regulations (40 CFR 264.16 and 265.16), The Hazard Communication Program (29 CFR 1910.1200), and DOT Hazardous Material Training (49 CFR 172.704). The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) offers a set of training courses that are comparable to the compliance-based course offered by many civilian sources. The DLA course titles are: 14

• First Responder: Awareness Level • First Responder: Awareness Level (IVT Version) • First Responder: Operations Level • Hazard Communication (HAZCOM) Standard • HAZWOPER Refresher • Transportation of Hazardous Material/Hazardous Waste (HM/HW) for DOD • Transportation of Hazardous Material/Hazardous Waste (HM/HW) for DOD Recurrent Training Finally, a review of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Managers and Supervisors Training Handbook (the “Purple Book”) identified two courses, both compliance based: • HW Manifest/DOT Certification • Radioactive Waste Transport/DOT Recertification The web site for USACE Environmental and Munitions Center of Expertise (EM CX) provides information and links to sources that could be useful in developing and delivering hazmat transportation curricula. “Compliance Fact Sheets” summarize various federal regulations pertaining to hazardous materials, each with suggested USACE points of contact for clarification. The DOD regulations on hazmat transportation were found at the U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) website, as part of Defense Transportation Regulations, Cargo Movement 4500.9-R-Part II, June 2008). Chapter 204 of those regulations covers hazardous materials, and training is covered in subsection D. Department of Homeland Security A number of hazmat-related training resources are available from the Department of Homeland Security, primarily through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). The FEMA Emergency Management Institute (EMI), headquartered at the National Emergency Training Center in Emmetsburg, Maryland, offers a number of courses related to hazmat transportation. Some of the EMI courses that might be useful are described in Table 3. The first listed course, An Introduction to Hazardous Materials (IS-5.A), seems to offer the most potential for adaptation as part of hazmat transportation introductory material. The “MERRTT” course (IS 302), developed by the Department of Energy, will be useful for content that focuses on radiological hazards. Other listed courses could be helpful for a module on incident management. All but one of the listed courses are designed for “self study,” and students can complete an online exam and receive continuing education unit (CEU) credit. Course material, including manuals and training modules, can be downloaded for all of the self-study courses. The FEMA EMI also offers a suite of independent study courses that explain the fundamentals and components of emergency management from a federal perspective. These could be helpful 15

to the extent that the hazmat transportation curricula include an overview of emergency management: • IS-230.b Fundamentals of Emergency Management • IS-800.b National Response Framework, An Introduction • IS-700.a National Incident Management System (NIMS) An Introduction • IS-100.b Introduction to Incident Command System • IS-821 Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Support Annex • IS-801 ESF #1 Transportation • IS-803 ESF #3 Public Works and Engineering • IS-810 ESF #10 Oil and Hazardous Materials Resources The EMI established the Emergency Management Higher Education program in 1994 “with the aim of promoting college-based emergency management education for future emergency managers and other interested personnel.” According to the EMI website: A goal of FEMA is to encourage and support the dissemination of hazard, disaster, and emergency management-related information in colleges and universities across the U.S. We believe that in the future more and more emergency managers in government as well as in business and industry will come to the job with college education that includes a degree in emergency management. We also believe that in order to build disaster resistant and resilient communities, a broad range of college students and professionals need courses that introduce them to hazards, risk, vulnerability, disasters, and what to do about them. A number of resources reviewed can be accessed at FEMA’s Higher Education program website (http://www.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/). Information about other emergency management training courses is provided by the FEMA National Training and Education Division, through a catalog that includes the courses provided by the EMI, but also courses offered by other federal, state and local organizations. A hard copy of the course catalog can be downloaded and a searchable On-line Course Catalog (OCC) is also available. A review of the catalog identified the non-EMI courses shown in Table 4 as potentially relevant to the research project objectives, although several are very specialized. The first course shown in Table 4 (Port and Vessel Security for Public Safety and Maritime Personnel) is also available in a “self-paced, web-based” version. Although the course does not focus on hazmat, it does offer relevant information about maritime operations. The FEMA Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP) also provides hazmat training, including field exercises, at a state-of-the-art facility in Anniston, Alabama. The CDP describes itself as “DHS’s only federally chartered Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) training center.” The DHS’s U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) also offers training resources, including resident courses at the National Fire Training Academy (NFA), also located at the Emmetsburg campus. Table 5 shows the NFA’s resident hazardous materials courses. 16

Table 3. Selected EMI Courses Related to Hazardous Materials Transportation FEMA Course Number Course Title Description IS-5.a An Introduction to Hazardous Materials Course is intended to provide a general introduction to hazardous materials that can serve as a foundation for more specific studies in the future. IS-340 Hazardous Materials Prevention The Emergency Management Institute EMI) has designed this course to assist States, Tribes and local communities to better prepare for and respond to hazardous materials incidents. IS-346 An Orientation to Hazardous Materials for Medical Personnel Hospital emergency department personnel face many risks and difficult tasks when dealing with patients involved in hazardous materials incidents. Therefore, it is essential that all personnel who come in contact with patients have a general awareness of the issues and concerns when dealing with hazardous materials incidents. This course is designed to prepare hospital personnel to analyze hazardous materials situations, take the necessary steps to assure medical provider safety, and identify appropriate resources for decontamination and medical care. IS-302 Modular Emergency Radiological Response Transportation Training This course includes the following topics: radiological basics, biological effects, hazard recognition (markings, labels, and placards), initial response actions, radioactive material shipping packages, on-scene patient handling, radiological terminology and units, assessing package integrity, radiation detection instrumentation, and radiological decontamination. E920 IEMC: Hazardous Materials Preparedness and Response This “Integrated Emergency Management Course” focuses on preparing for and responding to a major hazardous materials incident. This exercise-based course is conducted with a “generic” audience. The participants represent communities from throughout the country. The IEMC places public officials and other key community leaders in a disaster simulation. The course methodologies of classroom instruction, planning sessions, and exercises, allow for structured decision making in a learning, yet realistic, environment. 17

Table 4. Courses Identified Through the NTED Catalog Course No. Title Source AWR- 144 Port and Vessel Security for Public Safety and Maritime Personnel Rural Domestic Preparedness Consortium AWR-147 Rail Car Incident Response Rural Domestic Preparedness Consortium PER-212 Operational Level Response to HazMat/WMD Incidents Texas Engineering Extension Service PER-241 Radiological/Nuclear Course for Hazardous Material (HazMat) Technicians Nevada Test Site PER-250 Emergency Response to Terrorism: Operations International Association of Fire Fighters PER-261 Hazardous Materials Technician for CBRNE Incidents Center for Domestic Preparedness PER-292 Leadership and Management of Surface Transportation Incidents Transportation Technology Center, Inc. 18

Table 5. NFA Resident Courses Related to Hazardous Materials Course Delivery Advanced Life Support Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents (R247) 10-Day On-Campus Hazardous Materials Operating Site Practices (R229) 10-Day On-Campus Chemistry for Emergency Response (R233) 10-Day On-Campus Hazardous Materials Incident Management (R243) 6-Day On-Campus Special Operations Program Management (R254) 6-Day On-Campus 19

The USFA also sponsors a higher education program—the Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education (FESHE) program. A section of their website, entitled “Model Curriculum”, offers details under these headings: • Associate’s Curriculum • Baccalaureate Curriculum • Emergency Medical Services Associate’s/Bachelor’s Curriculum • Discipline-Specific Concentrations: Courses and Activities • Seeking Curriculum Approval • National System for Fire-Related Higher Education Courses are available through a network of colleges and universities. Details about a course entitled Managerial Issues in Hazardous Materials can be found at: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/nfa/higher-ed/ba-courses/mihm.pdf . The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Yorktown Training Center offers sets of courses on contingency preparedness and port operations. The latter courses train Coast Guard members on the applicable regulations regarding marine transfer facilities, explosives handling, and pollution response, with more emphasis on oil than other hazmat. Department of Energy (DOE) The Environmental Management component in the Department of Energy operates the Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program (TEPP). According to its website, the TEPP mission is to “ensure that federal, state, tribal, and local responders have access to the plans, training, and technical assistance necessary to safely, efficiently, and effectively respond to transportation accidents involving DOE-owned radioactive materials.” One course in the program is Modular Emergency Response Radiological Transportation Training (MERRTT). DOE delivers this course in two versions, a full 16-hour offering, and a one-day 8-hour version for radiological monitoring only. The course provides an understanding of basic radiological response hazards and safety, and teaches the responders to safely monitor for radiation. There is also a train-the-trainer version. TEPP includes other resources that might be useful. The MERTT course is also available through the FEMA Emergency Management Institute’s Independent Study program as IS-302. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) offers several in-house training courses for employees who are involved in shipping hazardous materials. One of these is the “Hazardous Materials Transportation Training Program”, which is essentially identical to the same course offered by the Transportation Safety Institute. Other applicable training topics include modules on cargo and portable tanks, federal motor carrier safety regulations, and transportation security plans. ORNL made its training materials available to this research project. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for protecting both human health and the environment from hazardous material releases through various guidelines and 20

regulations. The EPA gathers health, safety and exposure data, requires necessary testing, and controls human and environmental exposures for numerous chemical substances and mixtures including hazardous materials such as hazardous waste. The EPA website, including the pages on the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (Sections 302-304) and the Pollution Prevention Act, provides volumes of information about reporting of chemicals being produced and shipped, incident and chemical releases, and other information to protect the public from adverse exposure to chemicals (included hazardous materials). EPA offers some training through the Hazmat Hazardous Materials Training and Research Institute and also online. Online courses include the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) BASIC CONCEPTS Online Training Module and the Toxic Release Inventory ADVANCED CONCEPTS Online Training Module. Both of these modules are focused on making release calculations, reporting requirements and appropriate form use, and overviews of the TRI program and processes. Another option, again with a training focus, is the Waste Treatment, Transportation and Disposal training course offered through The Training Exchange Website (TRAINEX) (http://www.trainex.org/offeringslist.cfm?courseid=46&all=yes) which focuses on treatment, transportation, and disposal of waste possibly including hazardous materials. The course is offered free of charge and often presented by a private consultant on behalf of the EPA. This is likely the only course that has components specifically focused on transportation of waste, but the extent to which hazardous materials are included is not known. Other similar courses are offered that may have relevance to hazardous materials but not transportation, such as the Wastes, Pesticides and Toxics Training or the Pesticides: Safety Training. Again, the focus of these courses is on training, not education. Some components of these courses may offer benefit to development of post-secondary hazmat transportation curricula. State-Supported Training for Emergency Responders Emergency responder training for hazmat transportation is provided by state emergency management agency’s (EMAs), fire services training academies, and other state-supported organizations. In large cities, many local EMAs and fire services academies also provide such training. In many states, colleges and universities offer degrees and certificate programs in fire services, emergency management and homeland security, and some universities operate statewide extension programs for fire and other emergency services. Most of the state EMAs are the designated authorities within their respective state governments for hazmat preparedness and response to the most significant hazmat incidents, in addition to being the state agency responsible for overall emergency management. Most of the training provided by State EMAs appears to be parallel and closely coordinated with training offered by FEMA, with adaptations made to address unique needs within the respective states. In most of the agencies, training is managed in combination with exercises. A scan of EMA websites indicates that most of the training is compliance focused, with some adjustments to address unique priorities. To illustrate, the following excerpts are from the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA) website: 21

TEMA Hazardous Materials Awareness Level Course This 4-hour resident course covers the basic skills to recognize, detect, and identify the presence of hazardous materials during an emergency. Students will learn how to define and describe how hazardous materials are classified; understand the risks associated with them and proper notification procedures. Other topics of instruction include: understanding the importance of initiating command and control activities during a hazardous materials incident, surveying a hazardous material incident and identifying the containment systems and materials involved, and use of the Emergency Response Guidebook. Students who successfully complete this course will have met the standards under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 and NFPA 472 (2008). TEMA Hazardous Materials Operations Level Course This 40-hour resident course covers the basic operating procedures for first responder that teaches a systematic response to hazardous material incidents. The curriculum defines hazardous materials, and describes the roles, responsibilities and risks associated with an incident. It also describes the types, uses and sources of information needed to identify hazards, as well as the basic options, requirements and limitations of methods used to control, contain or confine a hazmat incident. Students who successfully complete this course will have met the standards under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 and NFPA 472 (2008). Hazardous Materials Team Operations Course (Technician Level) In this 80-hour course, the student is trained to operate in an offensive mode when responding to a hazardous materials incident. It is also designed to prepare team members to operate safely and as a unit in dealing with hazardous materials incidents. Emphasis is on teamwork and the use and limitations of existing team equipment. Content includes personal protection, safety procedures, basic physical and chemical properties, container characteristics, basic tactics and guidelines for team policies, procedures and operations. MERRTT: Modular Emergency Response Radiological Transportation Training TEMA works with the Department of Energy and delivers this course, which was described above. FCRR: Fundamentals Course for Radiological Response This 3-day course covers the concepts of radiation protection, radiation detection instruments, radiological monitoring techniques, radiological hazards and protective actions, team building, and basic procedures to support planning and response for emergency and recovery activities in the event of a radiological incident. The course covers all types of radiological hazards from fixed facility to transportation to WMD. The last two courses reflect the presence of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. Perhaps the most extensive state program for emergency management training is the California Specialized Training Institute (CSTI), operated by the California EMA “for the training of firefighters, police officers and emergency management personnel.” The CSTI course catalog lists the following Hazardous Materials Section courses: • Assistant Safety Officer • CAMEO: Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations 22

• First Responder Operations • First Responder Operations Decontamination • First Responder Operations/Awareness – WMD • First Receiver Awareness and Decontamination for Health Care • First Receiver Operations and Decontamination for Health Care • Incident Commander • Incident Commander- WMD • Instructor Certification • Instructor Certification for Trainers • Instructor Recertification • Investigations • Advanced Environmental Crimes Training Program • Rail Car Safety • Specialist, Levels F-G • Technician, Levels A-D • Technician for Bomb Technician • Technician for Coroner Response • Technician for Private Industry • Technician/Specialist Refresher • Technical Reference Specialist • WMD Terrorism for the Technician or Specialist Most of the reviewed websites for state and local fire services academies did not provide much detail about hazmat training, but an extensive array of hazmat training materials for the fire services are provided by the International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA). Available materials include text books, manuals, study-guides, and CDs. IFSTA also offers some training through “eLearning,” and three hazmat classes are available for a fee: Hazmat Awareness, Hazmat Operations, and Hazmat Technician. A textbook from another source, Firefighters Handbook: Essentials of Firefighting and Emergency Response (Delmar), has a total of thirty chapters, five of which address aspects of hazardous materials: • Hazardous Materials: Laws, Regulations and Standards • Hazardous Materials: Recognition and Identification • Hazardous Materials: Information Resources • Protection from Hazardous Materials • Hazardous Materials: Protective Actions Another textbook, Hazardous Materials: Managing the Incident, does not focus exclusively on transportation incidents, but provides more than 600 pages of relevant information. The book has been “validated” by IFSTA and is used in the USFA-sponsored course on Managerial Issues in Hazardous Materials. A multi-faceted “Hazmat Learning System” is available from the publisher. 23

Several state universities provide fire services training as part of statewide extension programs. Most of these programs also provide consulting, research and other services. Most have expanded their scopes to include emergency management and homeland security. Four examples are described below: LSU Fire and Emergency Training Institute, Louisiana State University The stated mission of the Institute is “is to provide training and education to fire and emergency response providers in order to protect life, property, and the environment.” One distinguishing feature of the LSU program is a set of marine fire fighting courses. MU Fire and Rescue Training Institute (MU FRTI), University of Missouri This Institute “offers continuing professional education to more than 25,000 career and volunteer firefighters who serve nearly 900 local fire departments and fire protection districts, in addition to allied emergency service personnel, and private sector and institutional emergency brigade members, as they strive to meet public protection challenges.” Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute (MFRI), University of Maryland The MFRI “is the state’s comprehensive training and education system for emergency services. The Institute plans, researches, develops and delivers quality programs to enhance the ability of emergency service providers to protect life, the environment and property.” A searchable course catalog is available. Fire Services Training, Oklahoma State University (OSU) OSU operates the Oklahoma Fire Service Training (OFST) program as “an extension/outreach unit” of the university’s College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology (CEAT). A list of FST courses (including “Hazmat/Terrorism” courses) with links to course descriptions is available. A degree program is also available through the ABET-accredited Fire Protection and Safety Technology (FPST) program in OSU’s College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology. Another significant resource at OSU is the Department of Fire Protection Publications, host and partner for IFSTA. The International Fire Service Accreditation Congress is also housed at Oklahoma State. Another training resource is provided by Michigan State University (MSU). An MSU sponsored website known as SAFEREPONSE (http://www.saferesponse.com/) offers free online training for three courses: • Hazardous Materials Response - Awareness Level • Incident Command System - Awareness Level • Emergency Response Team Coordinator The Association of Bay Area Governments also offers online hazmat courses, for a fee. 24

Trade Association Educational Programs As a general rule, trade associations do not focus on providing general education related to hazardous materials transportation. Rather, an emphasis is placed on members receiving the appropriate training so as to be operating in compliance with the regulations. While in some instances training courses are offered directly by the association, more often these services are provided by outside third-parties. What follows is a brief description of those associations whose approach to hazardous materials education and training may offer information of potential use in developing hazardous materials transportation curricula. • The Alliance of Hazardous Materials Professionals is geared towards preparation for becoming a Certified Hazardous Materials Manager (CHMM). Preparatory materials include: 1) Hazardous Materials Management Desk Reference, 2) software entitled CHMMprep V.4.0, and 3) a CD-ROM entitled CHMM Examination Study Guide. • The American Chemistry Council (ACC) operates the Responsible Care program, designed to promote safe, responsible and sustainable management of chemicals through their entire life cycle, to which all its members have made CEO-level commitments to uphold by practicing the program’s guiding principles. ACC sponsors two additional initiatives that help promote transportation safety: 1) CHEMTREC – an around-the-clock service available to emergency responders who need immediate information for incidents involving hazardous materials, and 2) TRANSCAER – a national outreach effort that promotes safe transportation and helps communities prepare for and respond to any transportation incident involving hazardous materials. • The American Society of Transportation and Logistics offers certifications in transportation and logistics; professional designation in logistics and supply chain management; distinguished logistics professional; and global logistics associate. The organization has identified and provides a list of “blanket waiver schools” that automatically result in certification in transportation and logistics if the student graduates with an undergraduate degree, M.S. or Ph.D. in an industry related field. • The Association of American Railroads (AAR) operates the Transportation Technology Center in Pueblo, CO, which has onsite the Security and Emergency Response Training Center (SERTC). A complete array of hazmat emergency response specialist courses is offered by SERTC. These courses might provide a good source of input to any curricula modules dealing with emergency response, if the course materials can be made available. The AAR Bureau of Explosives offers for sale selected hazmat publications that also provide good source material. • The Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance - Cooperative Hazardous Materials Enforcement Development (COHMED) is an intergovernmental/industry partnership that focuses on information sharing on hazardous materials transportation issues and delivery of services. COHMED uses education and training to provide state and local governments with information and resources to improve hazardous materials safety. It also provides advan- 25

aced hazardous materials training for regulatory and enforcement officers. • The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals offers the following workshops: 1) fundamentals of supply chain management, 2) challenges and solutions in transportation, 3) distribution center planning and operations, 4) growing your business with supply chain management, and 5) 21st century sales and operations planning. The organization also offers a variety of case studies designed for academic use. • The Dangerous Goods Advisory Council focuses on safety and compliance. Training courses are offered that are geared towards meeting domestic and international regulations. • The Institute of Hazardous Materials Management offers a Hazardous Materials Manager-in-Training program designed to introduce young professionals into the Certified Hazardous Materials Manager (CHMM) program. A textbook entitled Managing Hazardous Materials: A Definitive Text is utilized for this purpose. • The International Association of Fire Chiefs offers a series of workshops and educational sessions at its annual conference. • The National Conference of State Legislators has a standing hazardous materials transportation committee that helps states understand their role and voice their concerns with regard to regulating hazmat transportation. Private Companies Numerous private companies offer hazmat training and related products for a fee. The total number of such companies in the U.S. could not be determined, but the Transport Dangerous Goods Directorate (TDG) in Transport Canada has a database with more than 500 Canadian companies that provide such training. The literature review found that a few private companies focus exclusively on hazmat transportation training, but most provide a wider range of services (e.g., consulting, packaging, even transport). Some offer a wider range of training (e.g., including aspects of hazardous material management other than just transportation, overall work place and operator safety, or logistics management). Virtually all of the hazmat transportation training provided by the private sector seems focused on regulatory compliance and certification—particularly compliance with USDOT, OSHA, IATA, and IMDG requirements. Most of the firms deliver training in multiple ways—instructor-led classrooms (public or at the client’s site), web-based, CDs/DVDs, videos, and study guides. Many use training manuals or workbooks to supplement presentations. Some of the firms sell training manuals, software and other support material for use by other trainers, employers or individuals. 26

Table 6 highlights twelve firms that offer hazmat transportation training in the U.S. The table includes several relatively large firms (in terms of numbers of clients served and products/services offered) and several firms that are smaller. Three of the twelve (FedEx, UPS, and HazMat Environmental Services) are carriers. Several focus on packaging and provide training as part of an array of packaging services. Of the twelve firms listed, nine have trainers that are listed as members of the Dangerous Goods Trainers Association (DGTA). The table includes links to key web pages and notes on unique features that might be useful in developing post-secondary curricula, delivery tools, and deployment strategies. While the table is considered representative, it is certainly not exhaustive. For instance, at least one manufacturer, DuPont, offers hazmat training, according to their website. One would expect that all major hazmat manufacturers have training programs, either using in-house or vendor-provided resources. Similarly, all major hazmat carriers would be expected to be actively involved in hazmat training for their employees, in part because such training is required by the federal hazardous materials regulations. Also, the National Labor College operates the Rail Workers Hazardous Materials Training Program, offering courses in hazardous materials/chemical emergency response, hazmat instructor training, and radiological transportation training. Many other hazardous materials courses and training materials are advertised on the Internet by individuals and small businesses throughout the U.S. TRB Research Program and TRID This literature review included all TRB research program initiatives (HMCRP, NCHRP, NCFRP, TCRP and ACRP) as well as documents cited in the Transportation Research International Documentation (TRID) database identified as potentially relevant to hazardous materials transportation based on use of appropriate keywords. TRID is a newly integrated database that combines the records from TRB’s Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) database and the OECD’s Joint Transport Research Centre’s International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) database. TRID provides access to over 940,000 records of transportation research worldwide. In general, it was found that whereas there is much useful material available to populate content in developing hazardous materials transportation curricula, this information has yet to be packaged in a form that constitutes an educational program. However, the quality of the information is such that it can significantly influence the manner in which hazardous materials transportation curricula are designed. Among the important considerations that were identified in performing this synthesis is the need to include the following topics: • Characterization of freight transportation modes—truck ( private, for-hire; tank, bulk, FTL, LTL), rail (mainline, regional and short line, spur), marine (brown, green, blue water), air, and pipeline, plus intermodal services • Recognizing the differences in local distribution, intrastate and interstate transport • Understanding the distinctions among and purposes of various vehicle configurations 27

Table 6. Twelve Companies Offering Training Related to Hazmat Transportation Name of Company Website(s) Notes ATP Training http://www.alltranspack.com/Serv ices/help.html http://www.alltranspack.com/Serv ices/training.html Focus on packaging services and related compliance training “IATA Accredited” Currie Associates http://www.currieassociates.com/ http://www.currieassociates.com/ Training/Training.htm Also provide staff for the Council on Safe Transportation of Hazardous Articles (COSTHA) and the International Vessel Operators Dangerous Goods Association (IVODGA) DGI Training Center http://dgitraining.com/ Syllabus info: http://dgitraining.com/pages/Syllabus- Info.html Examples of violations and resulting fines: http://dgitraining.com/pages/Oooops%21- %28Violations%29.html FedEx Website: Shipping Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials With FedEx®: http://www.fedex.com/us/hazard ous-materials/index.html Seminars: http://www.fedex.com/us/service- guide/our-services/dangerous-goods- hazmat/index.html?qgroup=toggle-c1&qid=D angerous_Goods_Seminars HazMat Environmental Group http://hazmatinc.com/ http://www.hazmatinc.com/traini ng_consulting.php Focus on transporting hazardous waste Course descriptions and schedules: http://www.hazmatinc.com/seminars.php J.J. Keller and Associates http://www.jjkeller.com/webapp/ wcs/stores/servlet/topCategories_ 10151_-1_10551 http://www.jjkeller.com/webapp/ wcs/stores/servlet/content_categ ory_Hazardous Materials_issue s_Training_10151_-1_10551 Training on Demand: https://www.jjkellertraining.com/?action_code=4971 5 See also College/Campus, Academic Partnerships: http://www.jjkeller.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ content____careers-campus___ Labelmaster http://www.labelmaster.com/ Training documents, training software, support materials and reference documents: http://www.labelmaster.com/Shop Annual Dangerous Goods Instructors’ Symposium: http://www.myregs.com/airregs/conferences/ 28

Lion Technology http://www.lion.com/Home.aspx http://www.lion.com/Hazmat- Training Sample video and workbook: http://www.lion.com/LionTechnology/media/Demo/ HMT-Demo/player/playershell.swf?ext=.swf Saf-T-Pak http://www.saftpak.com/Training/ training.aspx Focus on infectious and biological substances Training demos : https://www.training.saftpak.com/ http://www.saftpak.com/Support/downloads.aspx Transportation Compliance Associates http://www.learnhazmat.com/ http://www.learnhazmat.com/trai ning/ Transportation Development Group http://www.logisticstraining.com http://dgtraining.com/index.htm Partnership with California State University, Long Beach, Center for International Trade and Transportation (CITT) http://www.ccpe.csulb.edu/citt/hazmat/programde scription.aspx?group_number=276&group_version= 1 Demo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73JRA_pSg2E&N R=1 UPS Website: UPS Guide for Shipping Ground and Air Hazardous Materials http://www.ups.com/content/us/ en/resources/ship/hazardous/inde x.html Seminars: http://www.ups.com/content/us/en/resources/ship/ hazardous/seminar.html http://upshazmatseminars.com/ This table considered to be representative of the companies that offer hazmat transportation training in the U.S. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list. 29

• Portraying hazmat commodity flow according to a variety of performance metrics (including tons, ton-miles, trip length and value) • Introducing the concept of economic evaluation, particularly the use of benefit/cost analysis and life cycle assessment • Enumerating the role of regulations/regulators at the local, state, tribal, federal and international levels • Distinguishing tort liability (reasonably foreseeable risk) from regulatory compliance • Describing the various forms of operator credentialing (e.g., TWIC, CDL, HME) • Introducing the use of UN and NAICS codes • Emphasizing the significance of emergency management agency coordination through NIMS/ICS guidelines and equipment interoperability • Defining critical infrastructure in terms of tunnels, bridges, key routes, iconic structures and other valuable assets • Introducing security assessments in terms of target attractiveness, attack scenarios, vulnerability and resilience • Differentiating cyber security from physical attacks • Recognizing the variety of factors that affect route selection, including accident/incident rates, traffic volume, trip length, facility geometry, physical condition, proximity to sensitive environments, population exposure, emergency response capability and availability of suitable diversion route • Organizing accident root cause analysis according to the following parameters: 1) vehicle, 2) operator, 3) packaging, 4) infrastructure and 5) situational • Acknowledging the availability of multiple accident data sources (e.g., MCMIS, FARS, HMIRS, TIFA, LTCCS, RAIRS, MISLE) • Including consideration of both point source and non-point source environmental impacts • Describing operations according to functional requirements, such as package integrity, equipment reliability, operator performance, hazmat commodity/vehicle/driver identification, communication, tracking, security and emergency response • Including relevant case studies, covering such topics as:  Miamisburg, OH 30

 Waverly, TN  Texas City, TX  Yucca Mountain  Other NTSB incidents  Mode choice and routing applications  Emergency management plans • Designing a module that covers risk management/assessment concepts and practices • Citing the role of industry safety programs, particularly Responsible Care, including related CHEMTREC and TRANSCAER initiatives • Including consideration of institutional issues, such as corporate governance; financial management; hiring, retention and workforce development; occupational health and safety; and customer service • Enumerating the type and role of various stakeholders, including shippers, carriers, customers, warehouse/terminal operators, international freight forwarders/carriers/ brokers, regulators, the public, and media • Identifying emerging technologies and categorizing them according to their functional role (e.g., electronic documentation, monitoring and surveillance, alternative power generation, infrastructure integrated systems (such as positive train control) • Ensuring effective links between the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program and the ongoing education of hazmat transportation professionals 31