Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE): Emission Reduction Strategies, Inventory, and Tutorial (2012)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 78 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation  •  Environment  •  Vehicles and Equipment Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE): Emission Reduction Strategies, Inventory, and Tutorial CDM Federal Programs Corporation Cambridge, MA KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL Ricondo & Associates, Inc. Chicago, IL

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte­ nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera­ tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Associa­ tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work­ shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 78 Project 02­16 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­25862­3 Library of Congress Control Number 2012950245 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported upon in this report was performed under ACRP Project 02­16 (“Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE) Inventory and Emission Reduction Strategies”) by CDM Federal Programs Corporation (CDM Smith) in association with KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. (KBE) and Ricondo & Associates, Inc. The research was led by John Pehrson, P.E., of CDM Smith as the Principal Investigator. He was assisted by Selena Gallagher, Shannetta Griffin, Wei Guo, William Lott, Michael Miller, Gwen Pelletier, Rob Saikaly, George Siple, and Dee Warren—all of CDM Smith. In addition, Michael Kenney, Carrol Fowler, Paul Sanford, Mike Ratte, and Wayne Arner, all of KBE, and John Williams, Philip Hogg, Casey Venzon, and Jason Apt of Ricondo & Associates, Inc. served as subcontractors to CDM Smith. The research team would like to express its gratitude to the members of the ACRP Project 02­16 panel for the input throughout this research project. The research team would also like to thank the staff mem­ bers of those regional and international airports that participated in this research, including Boise (BOI), Boston Logan (BOS), Dallas­Ft. Worth (DFW), Detroit Wayne County (DTW), Fresno­Yosemite (FAT), Front Range (FTG), Manchester­Boston (MHT), Minneapolis­St. Paul (MSP), Sacramento (SMF), Seattle­ Tacoma (SEA), Tampa (TPA), and Tucson (TUS). The research team also acknowledges and gratefully thanks all of the airlines that participated in the project, as well as the numerous GSE vendors that offered information and support. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 78 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-16 PANEL Field of Environment Aaron J. Frame, Chicago Department of Aviation, Chicago, IL (Chair) John S. Haney, American Airlines, Ft. Worth, TX Elaine Karnes, Southwest Airlines Co., Dallas, TX Thomas E. Nissalke, City of Atlanta, Department of Aviation, College Park, GA Frank L. Rosenberg, ACA Associates, Inc., New York, NY Kathleen Sommer, Maricopa County, Phoenix, AZ Janell Barrilleaux, FAA Liaison Ralph J. Iovinelli, FAA Liaison Jake Plante, FAA Liaison (retired) Katherine B. Preston, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Nancy N. Young, Airlines for America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

To help the industry assess and mitigate the contribution of ground support equipment (GSE) to air quality impacts at airports, ACRP Report 78 (1) presents an inventory of GSE at airports, (2) identifies potential strategies to reduce emissions from powered GSE, and (3) provides a tutorial that describes GSE operations and emission reduction technologies for use by GSE owners and operators. The tutorial is a user­friendly, interactive, self­paced, stand­alone tool that provides stakeholders a better understanding of GSE, their operations, and applicable federal environmental regulations and potential approaches to reduce GSE emissions. The tutorial is structured in three modules: GSE Basics, Emissions Reduction Approaches and Case Studies, and Converting to Cleaner GSE. Increased levels of demand at airports in the United States may result in a growth in air­ port ground support equipment (GSE) activity and an associated increase in airport surface emissions. Local air quality and global climate change concerns, regulatory pressures, and the desire to be environmentally responsible have resulted in a growing number of air­ port programs around the United States looking to assess and reduce airport emissions. Although much is known about aircraft fleets, operations, and emissions, comparatively little is known about GSE. The available GSE data are outdated, unreliable, and limited. Accurate GSE data are needed by the FAA and airport sponsors to plan adequately and to balance the growing demands of air travel with air quality concerns. Proactive strategies that reduce surface emissions may help airports address air quality concerns. As such, this research provides additional information on GSE and identifies programs and best practices that could reduce GSE emissions for GSE owners, operators, and airports. This report was developed from the research conducted for ACRP Project 02­16, “Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE) Inventory and Emission Reduction Strategies,” by CDM Smith in association with KB Environmental Sciences, Inc., and Ricondo & Associates, Inc.; includes a representative database of GSE; and the tutorial contained on the accompanying CD. F O R E W O R D By Theresia H. Schatz Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

1 Chapter 1  Background 1 1.1 Problem Statement and Research Objective 1 1.2 Scope of the Research Project 2 Chapter 2  Research Approach 6 Chapter 3  Research Findings and Products 6 3.1 GSE Types and Functions 6 3.1.1 Types and Functions 6 3.1.2 GSE Use Considerations 11 3.1.3 GSE Suppliers 11 3.2 Federal Regulations and Programs Applicable to GSE 11 3.2.1 Federal Regulations 14 3.2.2 Non­road Engine Emission Standards (Compression and Spark Ignition) 15 3.2.3 On­Road Engine Emission Standards (Compression and Spark Ignition) 16 3.2.4 Emission Standards in the State of California 16 3.2.5 State Implementation Plans and Emission Budgets 17 3.2.6 FAA’s Voluntary Airport Low Emission Program 18 3.2.7 Other Grant Programs 19 3.3 Air Emission Mitigation Strategies Applicable to GSE 19 3.3.1 Equipment­Related Approaches 20 3.3.2 Alternative­Fuel GSE 21 3.3.3 Operations/Maintenance­Related Approaches 22 3.3.4 Other Approaches 22 3.3.5 Airport­Specific GSE Emission Reduction Measures 22 3.4 Economic and Environmental Challenges and Considerations with Alternative­Fuel GSE 22 3.4.1 Economic Considerations and Challenges 43 3.4.2 Environmental Considerations and Challenges 50 3.4.3 Environmental Considerations and Challenges with Other Environmental Media 53 3.5 GSE Tutorial 54 3.6 GSE Inventory 54 3.6.1 Airport Field Surveys and Data Evaluation 61 3.6.2 Airline­Provided Data 65 3.6.3 Existing GSE Data Sets 66 3.6.4 National GSE Inventory Recommendation 66 3.7 Economic Factors 66 3.7.1 Alternative Fuels 66 3.7.2 Infrastructure 67 3.7.3 Purchasing versus Retrofit 68 3.7.4 Qualitative Considerations C O N T E N T S

71  Acronyms and Abbreviations 75  References A-1 Appendix A  List of Available GSE Products B-1 Appendix B  Air Pollutant Emission Factors for GSE Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.