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B-1 Emission Factors For an individual piece of GSE (with the exception of electric GSE), the amount of engine exhaust emissions of the criteria air pollutants (and their precursors), hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), and greenhouse gases (GHGs) is largely dependent on the size of the engine [typically expressed in brake horsepower (BHP)], the fuel type (e.g., diesel, gas), the engine on/run time, and load factor. [Load factors are values that represent the ratio of the average energy demand of the equipment (the load) to the maximum (peak load) of the equipment.] The following materials present standard methodologies for computing these emissions from the operation/use of GSE. Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions The FAAâs Air Quality Handbook provides the following equations for conventional/alternative- fuel GSE and for electric GSE. Conventional/Alternative-Fuel GSE E BHP LF U EI CFit t t t it= Ã Ã Ã( ) Ã Where: Eit = Emissions of pollutant i, in pounds, produced by GSE type t BHPt = Average rated BHP of the engine for equipment type t LFt = Load factor for equipment type t Ut = Hours of equipment use EIit = Emission index (factor) for pollutant i in grams per BHP-hr i = Pollutant of interest (e.g., carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds) t = Equipment type (e.g., baggage tug) CF = Factor to convert grams to pounds (0.0022046) Electric GSE Electric GSE do not produce emissions at airports. Rather, the emissions resulting from the use of electricity are those from the local or regional power plant. The emissions from the power plant that would be attributable to the use of electric GSE at an airport can be calculated as follows: E BHP LF U EI CFBHP CFit t t t it= Ã Ã Ã Ã( ) A p p e n d i x B Air Pollutant Emission Factors for GSE
B-2 Airport Ground Support equipment (GSe): emission Reduction Strategies, inventory, and Tutorial Organic Gases/HAPs In 2009, the FAA published guidance that provides a method for estimating emissions of organic gases (which include HAPs) from airport sources. The guidance document, entitled Guidance for Quantifying Speciated Organic Gas Emissions from Airport Sources, provides a detailed discussion of the various groups of organic gases [i.e., total organic gases (TOG), non-methane organic gases (NMOG), total hydrocarbons (THC), and volatile organic compounds (VOC)] that must be considered when estimating this type of emission. The FAAâs method of preparing an estimate of organic gases/HAPs essentially involves the following steps: ⢠Prepare an estimate of GSE-related TOG, NMOG, THC, or VOC ⢠If necessary, use conversion factors to convert estimates of NMOG, THC, or VOC to TOG ⢠Apply speciation profiles, in the form of mass fractions, to the TOG to estimate quantities of individual organic gases. The individual organic gases/HAPs that are identified by the FAA as being of interest and emitted by GSE that are powered by gas, natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, and diesel are listed in Table B-1. These gases listed are either specially identified by the U.S. EPA to be a HAP or listed in U.S. EPAâs Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). The FAAâs formula to speciate GSE-related TOG emissions to obtain estimates of the individual organic gases above is expressed as: L M B D F H 1 60 Ià à à à à à à =1 453 6. Where: L = Average rated BHP M = Load factor (percentage) B = Time in operation (min) D = OG emissions index (grams/BHP-hr) F = TOG conversion factor (unitless) Identified in: Fuel Type Chemical Abstract Service No. Species Name Clean Air Act as HAP? U.S. EPAâs IRIS? Gas, Natural Gas, and Liquid Petroleum Gas Diesel 540841 2,2,4-trimethylpentane Yes Yes ⢠75070 acetaldehyde Yes Yes ⢠100527 benzaldehyde Yes ⢠71432 benzene Yes Yes ⢠100414 ethylbenzene Yes Yes ⢠50000 formaldehyde Yes Yes ⢠108383 m-xylene Yes Yes ⢠142825 n-heptane Yes ⢠110543 n-hexane Yes Yes ⢠95476 o-xylene Yes Yes ⢠123386 propionaldehyde Yes ⢠108883 toluene Yes Yes ⢠Table B-1. Organic gases/HAPs emitted by GSE.
Air pollutant emission Factors for GSe B-3 H = Speciation profile for individual OG of interest (mass fraction) I = Mass of OG of interest (pounds) 1/453.6 = grams to pounds conversion factor 1/60 = minutes to hour conversion factor Greenhouse Gases The U.S. EPAâs method of estimating GHGs from GSE is similar to the approach recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which is based on the total amount of fossil fuel consumed (combusted) for any given process/equipment use. Because each individual GHG has a different Global Warming Potential (GWP), emission estimates are typically expressed as carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents (CO2e). Use of CO2e values allows direct comparisons between sources and time periods. To determine Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) emissions factors for CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), the fuel consumption of a specific piece of GSE must first be computed according to the following formula: F FF L M B Dt t t t t t= Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã1 453 6 1. Where: Ft = Gallons (or ft 3 for CNG) of fuel consumed by equipment t FFt = EDMS fuel flow rate for equipment t (in grams per horsepower-hour [g/hp-hr]) Lt = Rate BHP for equipment t Mt = Load factor (percentage) for equipment t Bt = Hours of operation for equipment t (= 1) 1/453.6 = grams to pounds conversion factor Dt = fuel density for equipment t (in pounds of fuel per gallon or cubic foot consumed) 3 Once the fuel consumption has been calculated, full-throttle GHG emissions factors for the equipment can be obtained as a function of fuel-specific emissions factors supplied by the U.S. Energy Information Administration4 applied to the derived fuel consumption, as well as the equipmentâs specific engine parameters, as indicated in the formula below: EF F EF L M Bit t i t t t= Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã453 6 1 1 1. Where: EFit = Emissions of pollutant i (in pounds) produced by GSE type t Ft = Gallons (or ft 3 for CNG) of fuel consumed by equipment t EFi = Emissions factor for GHGi [in pounds of pollutant per gallon (or ft 3) of fuel] 453.6 = pounds to grams conversion factor Lt = Rate BHP for equipment t Mt = Load factor (percentage) for equipment t Bt = Hours of operation for equipment t (= 1) 3Fuel densities adapted from the U.S. EPA Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors (AP-42) and correspond to 7.1 lb/gal for diesel, 6.2 lb/gal for gasoline, 4.24 lb/gal for LPG, and 0.042 lb/ft3 for CNG. 4U.S. Energy Information AdministrationâIndependent Statistics and Analysis Voluntary Reporting of Green- house Gases ProgramâFuel Emission Coefficients, accessed at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients. html 1/31/2011.
B-4 Airport Ground Support equipment (GSe): emission Reduction Strategies, inventory, and Tutorial As mentioned, individual GHG emissions factors can be normalized to CO2e by applying 100-year time horizon GWPs as recommended by the IPCCâs Fourth Assessment Report. These GWPs correspond to 1 for CO2, 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O. Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System A list of GSE with corresponding data that were extracted from the FAAâs EDMS for the modelâs current reference equipment (i.e., the equipment for which the emissions data in EDMS are representative) is provided in Table B-2. For the purpose of comparing the emission factors of various fuel types for the same type of GSE, emission factors, extracted from the EDMS for the year 2011 are also provided in Table B-2. This list further provides, by equipment/fuel type, the FAAâs speciation profiles for the calculation of organic gases/HAPs, and calculated emission factors for GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N2Oâthe most prevalent GHGs).
Ty p e o f G S E E q u i p m e n t U s e ID Ref Model Fuel HP LF UL Us e b CO VO C d NO x SO x PM 10 PM 2.5 CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 O n / O f f R o a d Used by Aircraft Type c Used At Representative Manufacturers Notes L a r g e P a s s e n g e r C o m m u t e r G e n e r a l A v i a t i o n L a r g e C a r g o C l i m a t e A i r p o r t w / G a t e P o w e r & P C A A i r p o r t w / U n d e r g r o u n d F u e l i n g W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y T u r b o p r o p J e t J e t P r o p W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y W a r m C o l d A i r c o n d i t i o n e r ( M o b i l e p r e c o n d i t i o n e d a i r u n i t ) P r o v i d e s c o n d i t i o n e d a i r t o v e n t i l a t e a n d h e a t / c o o l p a r k e d a i r c r a f t . 1 ACE 802 D 300 0.8 13 808 0.94 0.28 3.66 0.01 0.24 0.23 524. 82 0.005 0.013 Off Ye s Y es No Ye s Air-A-Plane, ACE, Engineered Air Sy stem , Trilectron, Stewart & Stevenso n Not typically used at gates equipped with pre - conditioned air (PCA ). 2 ACE 804 D 210 0.8 13 808 0.94 0.28 3.66 0.01 0.24 0.23 524. 82 0.005 0.013 Off 3 None E 0 0.8 13 808 NA A i r s t a r t P r o v i d e s l a r g e v o l u m e s o f c o m p r e s s e d a i r t o a n a i r c r a f t â s m a i n e n g i n e s f o r s t a r t i n g . 4 ACE 180 D 425 0.9 10 333 1.24 0.25 4.65 0.01 0.18 0.18 524. 82 0.005 0.013 Off Ye s Y es No Ye s Davco, Trilectron, Garret, Stewart & Stevenson Not typically used at gates equipped with 400 Hz. 5 ACE 300/400 D 850 0.9 10 333 1.24 0.25 4.65 0.01 0.18 0.18 524. 82 0.005 0.013 Off A i r c r a f t ( p u s h b a c k ) t r a c t o r U s e d t o t o w a n d p u s h a i r c r a f t i n t h e t e r m i n a l , r a m p , a n d h a n g e r a r e a s . 6 Douglas TBL-400 D 617 0.8 14 641 1.44 0.32 4.22 0.01 0.27 0.27 524. 82 0.005 0.013 Off Ye s Y es Equitech, Grove, Hough, Stewart & St ev enson, Tug, In c., United, Victory GSE, 7 None E 0 0.8 14 300 NA 8 S&S TUG GT-35, Douglas TBL-180 D 88 0.8 14 800 1.44 0.32 4.22 0.01 0.27 0.27 583. 45 0.005 0.014 Off 9 S&S TUG GT-35, MC C 110 0.8 14 800 Of f 9 S&S TUG GT-35, MC G 124 0.8 14 800 103. 79 3.04 5.46 0.16 0.07 0.06 Of f Table B-2. Powered GSE uses and parameter values from EDMS. (continued on next page)
Ty p e o f G S E E q u i p m e n t U s e ID Ref Model Fuel HP LF UL Useb CO VOCd NOx SOx PM10 PM2.5 CO2 N2O CH4 O n / O f f R o a d Used by Aircraft Typec Used At Representative Manufacturers Notes L a r g e P a s s e n g e r C o m m u t e r G e n e r a l A v i a t i o n L a r g e C a r g o C l i m a t e A i r p o r t w / G a t e P o w e r & P C A A i r p o r t w / U n d e r g r o u n d F u e l i n g W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y T u r b o p r o p J e t J e t P r o p W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y W a r m C o l d A i r c r a f t ( p u s h - b a c k ) t r a c t o r ( c o n t i n u e d ) 9 S&S TUG GT-35, MC L 124 0.8 14 800 Off 10 S&S TUG GT- 50H D 190 0.8 14 628 1.44 0.32 4.22 0.01 0.27 0.27 524.82 0.005 0.013 Off 11 S&S TUG MC D 86 0.8 14 800 1.44 0.32 4.22 0.01 0.27 0.27 583.45 0.005 0.014 Off 12 S&S TUG T-750 D 475 0.8 14 641 1.44 0.32 4.22 0.01 0.27 0.27 524.82 0.005 0.013 Off B a g g a g e t r a c t o r s U s e d t o t o w b a g g a g e c a r t s o r f r e i g h t b e t w e e n a n a i r c r a f t a n d t h e t e r m i n a l o r s o r t i n g f a c i l i t y . 13 S&S TUG MA 50 C 83 0.6 13 1,500 29.84 0.00 5.42 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes Clark, Equitech, Hartan, Northwestern, NMC- Wollard, Tug, Inc., United Time in use less at airports with baggage conveyor systems (e.g., TPA). 13 S&S TUG MA 50 D 71 0.6 13 1,500 3.87 0.35 4.02 0.01 0.49 0.48 583.45 0.005 0.014 Off 13 S&S TUG MA 50 E 0 0.6 13 1,500 NA 13 S&S TUG MA 50 G 107 0.6 13 1,500 90.66 2.62 4.69 0.16 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 Off 13 S&S TUG MA 50 L 107 0.6 13 1,500 29.84 1.20 5.42 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 Off B e l t l o a d e r s M o b i l e c o n v e y o r b e l t s u s e d t o m o v e b a g g a g e b e t w e e n t h e g r o u n d a n d a n a i r c r a f t h o l d . 14 S&S TUG 660 C 83 0.5 11 1,300 19.92 0.00 4.54 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes Used mainly for narrow and medium body aircraft. 14 S&S TUG 660 D 71 0.5 11 1,300 2.54 0.36 4.27 0.01 0.38 0.37 583.45 0.005 0.014 Off 14 S&S TUG 660 E 0 0.5 11 800 NA 14 S&S TUG 660 G 107 0.5 11 1,300 45.92 1.38 3.13 0.15 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 Off 14 S&S TUG 660 L 107 0.5 11 1,300 19.92 0.74 4.54 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 Off B o b t a i l A l l p u r p o s e v e h i c l e c a p a b l e o f h a n d l i n g t o w e d G S E , n a r r o w - a n d w i d e - b o d y a i r c a r g o , a n d p l o w i n g s n o w . 15 Eagle Bobtail/ F350 C 110 0.6 10 1,867 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes Global Ground Support 15 Eagle Bobtail/ F350 D 235 0.6 10 1,867 1.57 0.33 4.14 0.01 0.34 0.33 524.82 0.005 0.013 Off 15 Eagle Bobtail/ F350 G 124 0.6 10 1,867 72.59 2.04 3.68 0.15 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 Off 15 Eagle Bobtail/ F350 L 124 0.6 10 1,867 Off Table B-2. (Continued).
Bu s e s S h u t t l e s p a s s e n g e r a n d a i r p o r t p e r s o n n e l b e t w e e n f a c i l i t y l o c a t i o n s . On Yes Yes Yes Yes Used mostly at hub airports without people mover systems. C a b i n s e r v i c e t r u c k U s e d f o r c l e a n i n g a i r c r a f t a n d r e p l e n i s h i n g s u p p l i e s . 16 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis C 83 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 0.00 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 On Yes Yes Yes Yes Global Ground Support Commonly classified as âon-roadâ vehicles. 16 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis D 71 0.5 10 1,600 0.35 0.19 0.74 0.01 0.03 0.03 583.45 0.005 0.014 On 16 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis E 0 0.5 10 1,600 NA 16 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis G 107 0.5 10 1,600 6.91 0.70 1.98 0.14 0.06 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 16 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis L 107 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 1.22 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 On 17 Hi-Way F650 C 360 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 0.00 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 On 17 Hi-Way F650 D 210 0.5 10 1,600 0.35 0.19 0.74 0.01 0.03 0.03 524.82 0.005 0.013 On 17 Hi-Way F650 G 260 0.5 10 1,600 6.91 0.70 1.98 0.14 0.06 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 17 Hi-Way F650 L 260 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 1.22 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 On C a r g o ( C o n t a i n e r ) L o a d e r U s e d t o l o a d c o n t a i n e r s o n t o l a r g e c a r g o a n d o t h e r a i r c r a f t . 18 FMC Commander 15 C 83 0.5 11 1,100 33.00 0.01 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes 18 FMC Commander 15 D 80 0.5 11 1,100 2.57 0.72 4.69 0.01 0.57 0.55 583.45 0.005 0.014 Off 18 FMC Commander 15 E 0 0.5 11 700 NA 18 FMC Commander 15 G 107 0.5 11 1,100 57.89 1.59 2.92 0.15 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 Off 18 FMC Commander 15 L 107 0.5 11 1,100 33.00 1.41 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 Off 19 FMC Commander 30 D 133 0.5 11 1,100 2.57 0.72 4.69 0.01 0.57 0.55 524.82 0.005 0.013 Off C a r g o T r a c t o r 20 S&S TUG MT C 83 0.5 13 1349 29.74 0.00 5.39 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes 20 S&S TUG MT D 88 0.5 13 1349 4.21 0.54 4.89 0.01 0.63 0.61 583.45 0.005 0.014 Off 20 S&S TUG MT G 107 0.5 13 1349 35.87 0.93 1.82 0.15 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 Off 20 S&S TUG MT L 107 0.5 13 1349 29.74 1.19 5.39 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 Off (continued on next page)
Ca r s / P i c k u p t r u c k s M o v e a i r p o r t p e r s o n n e l a r o u n d f a c i l i t y f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e p u r p o s e s . On Yes Yes Yes Yes Commonly classified as âon-roadâ vehicles. C a r t s U s e d a s p e r s o n n e l c a r r i e r s . 21 Taylor Dunn C 25 0.5 14 100 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes Small gasoline or electric-powered non- road vehicles. 21 Taylor Dunn D 25 0.5 14 100 Off 21 Taylor Dunn G 25 0.5 14 100 103.74 3.04 5.46 0.16 0.07 0.06 1059.2 0.011 0.030 Off 21 Taylor Dunn L 25 0.5 14 100 Off C a t e r i n g t r u c k U s e d t o u n l o a d u n u s e d f o o d / d r i n k s a n d r e s t o c k f o o d / d r i n k s f o r p a s s e n g e r a n d c r e w m e a l s . 22 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis C 83 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 0.00 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 On Yes Yes Yes Yes Hi-Way, Global Ground Support 22 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis D 71 0.5 10 1,600 0.35 0.19 0.74 0.01 0.03 0.03 583.45 0.005 0.014 On 22 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis E 0 0.5 10 1,600 NA 22 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis G 107 0.5 10 1,600 6.91 0.70 1.98 0.14 0.06 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 22 Hi-Way/TUG 660 chassis L 107 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 1.22 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 On T y p e o f G S E E q u i p m e n t U s e ID Ref Model Fuel HP LF UL Useb CO VOCd NOx SOx PM10 PM2.5 CO2 N2O CH4 O n / O f f R o a d Used by Aircraft Typec Used At Representative Manufacturers Notes L a r g e P a s s e n g e r C o m m u t e r G e n e r a l A v i a t i o n L a r g e C a r g o C l i m a t e A i r p o r t w / G a t e P o w e r & P C A A i r p o r t w / U n d e r g r o u n d F u e l i n g W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y T u r b o p r o p J e t J e t P r o p W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y W a r m C o l d 23 Hi-Way F650 C 360 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 0.00 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 On 23 Hi-Way F650 D 210 0.5 10 1,600 0.35 0.19 0.74 0.01 0.03 0.03 524.82 0.005 0.013 On 23 Hi-Way F650 G 260 0.5 10 1,600 6.91 0.70 1.98 0.14 0.06 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 23 Hi-Way F650 L 260 0.5 10 1,600 30.10 1.22 5.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 On Table B-2. (Continued).
De i c i n g / a n t i - i c i n g v e h i c l e s M o s t k n o w n f o r r e m o v a l o f i c e f r o m a i r c r a f t p r i o r t o d e p a r t u r e b u t m a y b e e q u i p p e d w i t h a i r c r a f t w a s h i n g e q u i p m e n t . 24 FMC LMD, Dual engine C 270 1 14 500 On No Yes Yes Yes Global Ground Support Vehicles equipped with both deicing and washing equipment, could be used in both warm and cold climates 24 FMC LMD, Dual engine D 263 1 14 500 On 24 FMC LMD, Dual engine G 270 1 14 500 71.79 2.32 5.31 0.16 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 24 FMC LMD, Dual engine L 270 1 14 500 On 25 FMC Tempest II, Single engine C 83 1 14 500 On 25 FMC Tempest II, Single engine D 165 1 14 500 On 25 FMC Tempest II, Single engine G 107 1 14 500 71.79 2.32 5.31 0.16 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 25 FMC Tempest II, Single engine L 107 1 14 500 On F o r k l i f t s U s e d t o m o v e h e a v y c a r g o ( t y p i c a l l y f o r w i d e - b o d y a i r c r a f t ) . 26 Toyota 5,000 lb C 54 0.3 13 976 27.20 0.00 4.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 Off Yes Yes Yes Yes 26 Toyota 5,000 lb D 55 0.3 13 976 3.35 0.90 5.67 0.01 0.65 0.63 583.45 0.005 0.014 Off 26 Toyota 5,000 lb G 54 0.3 13 976 103.74 3.04 5.46 0.16 0.07 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 Off 26 Toyota 5,000 lb L 54 0.3 13 976 27.20 1.03 4.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 Off F u e l t r u c k s U s e d t o f u e l a i r c r a f t i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a h y d r a n t s y s t e m . 27 Dukes / DART 8000 to 10000 gal D 300 0.55 0.24 1.84 0.01 0.04 0.04 524.82 0.005 0.013 On Yes Yes NA No 28 F350 C 360 33.00 0.01 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 On 28 F350 D 235 0.55 0.24 1.84 0.01 0.04 0.04 524.82 0.005 0.013 On 28 F350 G 260 7.34 0.87 2.45 0.14 0.06 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 28 F350 L 260 33.00 1.41 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.26 0.000 0.000 On 29 F750, Dukes, DART 3000 to 6000 C 420 33.00 0.01 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528.77 0.001 0.001 On 29 F750, Dukes, DART 3000 to 6000 D 175 0.55 0.24 1.84 0.01 0.04 0.04 524.82 0.005 0.013 On 29 F750, Dukes, DART 3000 to 6000 G 420 7.34 0.87 2.45 0.14 0.06 0.06 692.75 0.007 0.019 On 29 F750, Dukes, DART 3000 to 6000 L 420 33.00 1.41 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550.260 0.000 0.000 On (continued on next page)
Ty p e o f G S E E q u i p m e n t U s e ID Ref Model Fuel HP LF UL Us e b CO VO C d NO x SO x PM 10 PM 2.5 CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 O n / O f f R o a d Used by Aircraft Type c Used At Representative Manufacturers Notes L a r g e P a s s e n g e r C o m m u t e r G e n e r a l A v i a t i o n L a r g e C a r g o C l i m a t e A i r p o r t w / G a t e P o w e r & P C A A i r p o r t w / U n d e r g r o u n d F u e l i n g W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y T u r b o p r o p J e t J e t P r o p W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y W a r m C o l d G e n e r a t o r A m a c h i n e t h a t c o n v e r t s m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y i n t o e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y . 30 None C 107 0 10 0 Of f Ye s Y es Ye s Y es 30 D 158 0.8 10 1,630 1.30 0.39 5.06 0.01 0.29 0.28 Of f 30 G 107 0.8 10 900 71. 89 2.32 5.32 0.16 0.07 0.06 Of f 30 L 107 0 10 0 Of f G r o u n d p o w e r u n i t s M o b i l e g e n e r a t o r u n i t s t h a t s u p p l y a i r c r a f t w i t h e l e c t r i c i t y w h i l e p a r k e d . 31 TLD C 83 0.8 10 1,600 Of f Ye s Y es No Ye s Arvico, Hobart, Stewart & Stevenson, TLD, Tronair, Global Ground Support Used less at airports with gate electricity. Used for comm uter aircraft. 31 TLD E 0 0.8 10 0 NA 31 TLD G 107 0.8 10 1,600 71. 08 2.29 5.25 0.16 0.07 0.06 Of f 31 TLD L 107 0.8 10 1,600 Of f 32 TLD, 28 VDC D 71 0.8 10 1,600 0.95 0.29 3.80 0.01 0.24 0.24 583. 45 2 0 .005 0.014 Off 33 TLD, 400 Hz AC D 194 0.8 10 1,700 0.95 0.29 3.80 0.01 0.24 0.24 524.821 0.005 0.013 Off H y d r a n t C a r t U s e d t o c o n n e c t u n d e r g r o u n d f u e l i n g s y s t e m t o a n a i r c r a f t . 34 Dukes THS-400 E 0 0.7 14 1,527 NA Ye s Y es Ye s Y es Replacem ent for fuel trucks at airports with hy drants. H y d r a n t T r u c k T r u c k e q u i p p e d s y s t e m u s e d t o c o n n e c t u n d e r g r o u n d f u e l i n g s y s t e m t o a n a i r c r a f t . 35 F250/F350 C 360 0.7 10 1,527 On Ye s Y es Ye s Y es 35 F250/F350 D 235 0.7 10 1,527 0.73 0.29 2.61 0.01 0.10 0.09 524. 82 1 0 .005 0.013 On 35 F250/F350 G 260 0.7 10 1,527 6.93 0.74 2.10 0.14 0.06 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 On 35 F250/F350 L 260 0.7 10 1,527 On Table B-2. (Continued).
La v a t o r y t r u c k U s e d t o r e m o v e w a s t e / n o n - p o t a b l e w a t e r f r o m a i r c r a f t l a v a t o r i e s . 36 TLD 1410 C 82 0.3 13 33. 00 0.01 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 On Ye s Y es Ye s Y es Comm onl y classified as â on-roadâ vehicles. So me airports use lavatory carts, which are pulled by tug. 36 TLD 1410 D 56 0.3 13 0.66 0.27 2.41 0.01 0.07 0.07 583. 45 2 0 .005 0.014 On 36 TLD 1410 E 0 0.3 13 NA 36 TLD 1410 G 97 0.3 13 6.91 0.48 1.36 0.14 0.06 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 On 36 TLD 1410 L 89 0.3 13 33. 00 1.41 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 On 37 Wo llar d TLS - 770/F350 C 360 0.3 13 33. 00 0.01 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 On 37 Wo llar d TLS - 770/F350 D 235 0.3 13 0.66 0.27 2.41 0.01 0.07 0.07 524. 82 1 0 .005 0.013 On 37 Wo llar d TLS - 770/F350 G 260 0.3 13 6.91 0.48 1.36 0.14 0.06 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 On 37 Wo llar d TLS - 770/F350 L 260 0.3 13 33. 00 1.41 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 On L i f t A l i f t h a s a c a r r i a g e t h a t c a n b e m o v e d b y a m o t o r u p w a r d a n d d o w n w a r d a n d t h a t i n c l u d e s a p l a t f o r m . 38 None C 132 0.5 11 341 33. 00 0.01 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 Off Ye s Y es Ye s Y es 38 None D 115 0.5 11 341 3.35 0.89 5.66 0.01 0.65 0.63 524. 82 1 0 .005 0.013 Off 38 None G 105 0.5 11 752 77. 94 2.21 3.98 0.15 0.07 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 Off 38 None L 132 0.5 11 341 33. 00 1.41 6.55 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 Off O t h e r N / A 39 None (EPA defa ult) C 173 0.5 10 1,017 32. 52 0.01 6.36 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 NA Ye s Y es Ye s Y es 39 None (EPA defa ult) D 140 0.5 10 1,646 1.55 0.33 4.07 0.01 0.34 0.33 524. 82 1 0 .005 0.013 NA 39 None (EPA defa ult) G 126 0.5 10 868 84. 57 2.42 4.35 0.15 0.07 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 NA 39 None (EPA defa ult) L 173 0.5 10 1,017 32. 52 1.38 6.36 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 NA P a s s e n g e r s t a n d / s t a i r s ( t r u c k m o u n t e d ) P r o v i d e s p a s s e n g e r a c c e s s / e g r e s s t o a i r c r a f t . 40 Wo llar d CMPS170/CMPS 228 C 83 0.6 10 188 32. 90 0.01 6.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 On Ye s Y es Ye s Y es Nordco, NMC - Wo lla rd , Victory GS E Used mo stly for air cargo, chartered and comm uter aircraft. 40 Wo llar d CMPS170/CMPS 228 D 65 0.6 10 188 0.73 0.29 2.60 0.01 0.10 0.09 583. 45 2 0 .005 0.014 On 40 Wo llar d CMPS170/CMPS 228 G 107 0.6 10 188 8.00 0.97 2.67 0.14 0.06 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 On 40 Wo llar d CMPS170/CMPS 228 L 107 0.6 10 188 32. 90 1.40 6.51 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 On (continued on next page)
Ty p e o f G S E E q u i p m e n t U s e ID Ref Model Fuel HP LF UL Us e b CO VO C d NO x SO x PM 10 PM 2.5 CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 O n / O f f R o a d Used by Aircraft Type c Used At Representative Manufacturers Notes L a r g e P a s s e n g e r C o m m u t e r G e n e r a l A v i a t i o n L a r g e C a r g o C l i m a t e A i r p o r t w / G a t e P o w e r & P C A A i r p o r t w / U n d e r g r o u n d F u e l i n g W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y T u r b o p r o p J e t J e t P r o p W i d e B o d y N a r r o w B o d y W a r m C o l d S e r v i c e t r u c k C l e a n i n g p a s s e n g e r c a b i n s a n d r e p l e n i s h i n g o n - b o a r d c o n s u m a b l e s o r w a s h a b l e i t e m s . 41 F250/F350 C 360 0.2 10 369 33. 04 0.01 6.56 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 On Ye s Y es Ye s Y es 41 F250/F350 D 235 0.2 10 840 0.59 0.25 2.09 0.01 0.05 0.04 524. 82 1 0 .005 0.013 On 41 F250/F350 G 260 0.2 10 369 7.99 0.97 2.67 0.14 0.06 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 On 41 F250/F350 L 260 0.2 10 1,931 33. 04 1.41 6.56 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 On S n o w r e m o v a l e q u i p m e n t U s e d t o r e m o v e s n o w f r o m r u n w a y s , t a x i w a y s , a n d r a m p s . Of f N o Y es Ye s Y es Used at cold clim ate air por ts and so me wa rm clim ate air ports that experience snow occasionally . S w e e p e r U s e d t o c l e a n g a t e a r e a a n d a p r o n s . 42 Tennant C 45 0.5 10 278 27. 57 0.00 4.68 0.01 0.06 0.06 528. 76 7 0 .001 0.001 Off Ye s Y es Ye s Y es Di esel-powered, specialt y vehicles . 42 Tennant D 53 0.5 10 12 4.21 0.54 4.89 0.01 0.63 0.61 583. 45 2 0 .005 0.014 Off 42 Tennant G 53 0.5 10 362 103. 79 3.04 5.46 0.16 0.07 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 Off 42 Tennant L 45 0.5 10 278 27. 57 1.05 4.68 0.01 0.06 0.06 550. 26 0 0 .000 0.000 Off Table B-2. (Continued).
Wa t e r s e r v i c e U s e d t o s u p p l y p o t a b l e w a t e r t o a i r c r a f t . 43 Gate service E 0 0.2 10 0 NA Ye s Y es No Ye s Comm onl y classified as â on-roadâ vehicles . 44 Wo llard TW S- 402-F 250/F350 C 360 0.2 10 0 Of f 44 Wo llard TW S- 402-F 250/F350 D 235 0.2 10 924 Of f 44 Wo llard TW S- 402-F 250/F350 G 260 0.2 10 0 8.00 0.97 2.67 0.14 0.06 0.06 692. 75 1 0 .007 0.019 Off 44 Wo llard TW S- 402-F 250/F350 L 260 0.2 10 0 Of f LF = Load Factor UL = Useful Life D (Fuel ) = Diesel G (Fuel) - Gasoline E (Fuel) = Electric C (Fuel) - Compressed Natural Gas L (Fuel) - Liquefied Petroleum Gas HP = Horsepower NA = Not applicable a EDMS = Em issions and Dispersion Modeling System (Version 5.1.2) b Usage per year in hours c E = EDMS default assign me nts for passenger air carrier, comm uter , and general aviation aircraft. Assu me d assign me nts for cargo air carrier aircraft. d Speciated organic gas air toxics em issions can be obtained by converting VOC em issions to TOG by mu ltiplying by 1 for diesel po wered GSE, or by 1.03 for gasoline, CNG or LPG powered GSE. The following speciation factors can then be applied to estimate the diesel powered GSE air organic gas/HAPs emissions: 0.0861 Formaldehyde; 0.0291 for acetaldehyde; 0.0177 propionaldehyde; and 0.0055 benzaldehyde. Alternatively, the following speciation factors can be applied to TOG to estimate the organic gas/HAPs emissions from gasoline, CNG or LPG powered GSE: 0..0175 benzene; 0.0091 0-xylene; 0.0067 ethylbenzene; 0.0186 m-xylene; 0.0298 toluene; 0.0153 n-hexane; 0.015 2.2.4-trimethylpentane; and 0.0073 n-heptane. e Blank rows represent equi pm ent for which EDMS does not currently report em ission factors. f EDMS does not directly provide GHG em issions factors nor does it directly co m pute GHG em issions fr om GSE. The factors were de v eloped using me thodology outlined in ACRP Report 11, and based on calculated fuel usage using EDMS para me ters (for whic h fuel flow rates are available) and fuel-based em issions fa c tors available through the U.S. Energy Inform ation Administration.
Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACIâNA Airports Council InternationalâNorth America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation
