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TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 43 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports Robert W. McGormley John A. Lengel, Jr. Devon E. Seal Jill N. Foster GRESHAM, SMITH AND PARTNERS Columbus, OH Michael Kenney Paul K. Sanford KB ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, INC. St. Petersburg, FL Benjamin J. Siwinski Carol Lurie Emmanuelle Humblet VANASSE HANGEN BRUSTLIN, INC. Watertown, MA
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nationâs aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 43 Project 02-13 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-15534-2 Library of Congress Control Number 2011920540 © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 43 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Marci A. Greenberger, Senior Program Officer Tiana Barnes, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Maria Sabin Crawford, Assistant Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-13 PANEL Field of Environment Kane Carpenter, Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, Austin, TX (Chair) Christina Cassotis, SH&E, an ICF International Company, Cambridge, MA Philip Patrick Crimmins, California DOT, Sacramento, CA Brett Godown, County of San Bernardino (CA)/Chino Airport, San Bernardino, CA Bryan E. Johnson, Quad City International Airport, Moline, IL John Schalliol, South Bend Regional Airport, South Bend, IN Dana Perkins, FAA Liaison Steve Urlass, FAA Liaison Paul James Eubanks, Airports Council InternationalâNorth America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S
ACRP Report 43: Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports is a resource for operators of small airports and/or those with limited staff, which outlines federal environmental regulations and requirements, and identifies activities in which operators can be proactive in promoting environmental stewardship. As a quick ref- erence, summary graphics provide information pertaining to the cost and savings as well as the necessary knowledge and amount of time to implement a particular activity. In addi- tion, there are five case studies that discuss environmental initiatives already undertaken at airports that can serve as a guide for other airports. While the audience was intended to be operators of small airports with limited resources and staff, managers of larger airports and other aviation professionals will also find this to be a valuable resource. Airports and their governing boards strive to be good neighbors in their communities by enhancing environmental efforts to go above and beyond environmental compliance. This is more difficult for smaller airports that have limited resources and staffing that usually do not have an environmental practitioner on staff who is intimately knowledgeable in the environmental arena. Currently no one resource is available to airport managers, boards, or staff to guide them on environmental compliance issues. Gresham, Smith and Partners was retained under ACRP Project 02-13 to compile and analyze the federal environmental regulations as they pertain to airports, identify practices that go above and beyond regulatory compliance, and present case studies to illustrate suc- cessful implementation of environmental programs at small airports. The result of their efforts is ACRP Report 43: Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports, a resource that will benefit airport staffs at airports of all sizes as well as the consultant community. F O R E W O R D By Marci A. Greenberger Staff Officer Transportation Research Board
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ACRP 02-13 Project Team was led by Gresham, Smith and Partners (GS&P) in association with Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB), and KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. (KBE). Robert W. McGorm- ley, Division Vice President and Senior Environmental Scientist for GS&P, was the Project Director and Principal Investigator. Contributing authors for this Guidebook include the following: John A. Lengel, Jr., P.E., Executive Vice President and Senior Environmental Engineer with GS&P; Devon E. Seal, P.E., MBA, Environmental Engineer with GS&P; Jill N. Foster, Environmental Scientist with GS&P; Michael Kenney, QEP, CHMM, CIH, Vice President and Senior Air Quality Specialist with KBE; Paul K. Sanford, Air Quality Specialist with KBE; Benjamin J. Siwinski, C.M., Senior Airport Planner with VHB; Carol Lurie, AICP, LEED AP, Principal and Senior Environmental Planner with VHB; Emmanuelle Humblet, LEED AP, Sustainability and Adaptation Planner with VHB; Kimberly Threlfall, LEED AP, Senior Envi- ronmental Planner with VHB; Autumn Young, Airport Planner with VHB; Carol Weed, Senior Archae- ologist with VHB; Rita Walsh, Senior Preservation Planner with VHB; Lisa Standley, Ph.D., Chief Envi- ronmental Scientist with VHB; Kristen Kent, Environmental Scientist with VHB; and Gene Crouch, Senior Environmental Scientist with VHB. The project team would like to thank the following airport representatives for their participation in the environmental stewardship practices small airport interviews: Mr. Steven Iachetta, Albany International Airport; Mr. Rick Venegas, El Paso International Airport; Mr. Russ Widmar, Fresno Yosemite Interna- tional Airport; Mr. Kevin Meikle, Fresno Yosemite International Airport; Mr. Bryan Johnson, Lincoln Municipal Airport; Mr. Erv Dehn, Naples Municipal Airport; Mr. Rod Dinger, Redding Municipal Air- port; Mr. Bryan Cooper, St. Augustine-St. Johns County Airport; Mr. John Schalliol, South Bend Regional Airport; Mr. Mike Clow, Tallahassee Regional Airport; and Mr. Michael Parletta, Westchester County Airport; The project team would like to thank the following airport representatives for their participation in the case study interviews, research and development: Mr. Jim Hinde, Albuquerque International Airport/ Double Eagle II; Mr. Paul Kennedy, Columbus Regional Airport Authority; Mr. Ervin Dehn, Naples Airport Authority; Mr. Phillip Norris, Naples Airport Authority; Mr. Theodore Soliday, Naples Airport Authority; Mr. Bryan Cooper, St. Augustine-St. Johns County Airport; Mr. Jeff McKee, Santa Barbara Municipal Airport; Mr. Leif Reynolds, Santa Barbara Municipal Airport; Mr. Michael Clow, Tallahassee Regional Airport; and Mr. Robert Funicello, Westchester County.
C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Guidebook Content 2 1.2 Guidebook Organization 7 Chapter 2 Establishing an Effective Environmental Program 7 2.1 Plan 10 2.2 Do 11 2.3 Check 12 2.4 Act 14 Chapter 3 Air Quality 15 3.1 Jurisdictional Authority 16 3.2 General Regulations 17 3.3 Air Pollutant Regulations 19 3.4 General Conformity Regulations 21 3.5 Mobile Source Regulations 22 3.6 Stationary Source Regulations 23 3.7 Regulations on Ozone Depleting Substances 25 3.8 Airports and Greenhouse Gases 27 3.9 Airports and Ultrafine Particulate Matter 29 Chapter 4 Emergency Planning and Response 29 4.1 Community Emergency Planning, Storage, and Release Reporting 34 4.2 Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure 38 4.3 Pesticide Application, Certification, and Disposal 40 4.4 Underground Storage Tanks 42 4.5 Hazardous Material Transport 45 Chapter 5 Noise 45 5.1 Part 150 Programs 47 5.2 Part 161 Access Restrictions 49 Chapter 6 Planning and Development 50 6.1 Historic, Archaeological, and Ethnological Resources 57 6.2 Environmental Protection 61 6.3 Property Transfer 63 6.4 Public Involvement 64 6.5 Fish, Wildlife, and Plants
70 Chapter 7 Waste Management 70 7.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations 73 7.2 Universal Waste Requirements 75 7.3 Used Oil and Used Oil Filters 77 7.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Waste 79 7.5 Asbestos Containing Material Management 81 7.6 Lead 83 Chapter 8 Water Resources 83 8.1 Drinking Water 85 8.2 Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities 89 8.3 Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction Activities 91 8.4 Storm Water Discharges Associated with Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems 93 8.5 Industrial Wastewater Pretreatment 94 8.6 Surface Waters and Wetlands 101 Chapter 9 Other Opportunities for Proactive Environmental Stewardship 101 9.1 Sustainability Planning 105 9.2 Other Environmental Stewardship Practices 110 9.3 Environmental Stewardship Practice Financing 113 Appendix A Proactive Environmental Stewardship Practices 285 Appendix B Case Studies 337 References 339 Glossary of Terms 354 Acronyms Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.
