Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports (2010)

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339 Glossary of Terms A Abatement—Any measure or set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint or other hazards. Action—Defined by the CEQ as new and continuing activities, including projects and programs entirely or partly financed, assisted, conducted, regulated, or approved by federal agencies; new or revised agency rules, regulations, plans, policies, or procedures; and legislative proposals. All Appropriate Inquiries—Must be conducted within one year prior to the date of acquisition of the subject property and include an inquiry by an environmental professional, collection of information pursuant to 40 CFR 312.22, and searches for recorded environmental cleanup liens. Applicable State Implementation Plan (SIP)—Refers to the portion(s) of the most recent SIP that have been approved by EPA under §110 and 301(d) of the CAA. Applicability Test—The process by which air emissions related to a Federal action are inventoried and compared against de minimis thresholds and subject to a regional significance test. Asbestos—Asbestiform varieties of Chrysotile (serpentine), crocidolite (riebeckite), amosite (cum- mingtonitegrunerite), anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Asbestos-containing Material (ACM)—A material or product which contains more than 1% asbestos. Asbestos-containing Product (ACP)—A product to which asbestos is deliberately added in any concentration or which contains more than 1% asbestos by weight or area. Associated Funerary Objects—Objects that, as a part of the death rite or ceremony of a culture, are reasonably believed to have been placed with individual human remains either at the time of death or later, and both the human remains and associated funerary objects are presently in the possession or control of a federal agency or museum, except that other items exclusively made for burial purposes or to contain human remains shall be considered as associated funerary objects. Attainment/Non-attainment—An area that has monitored air pollutant concentrations below the established NAAQS is considered “attainment.” An area with concentrations above the NAAQS is considered “non-attainment.” B Baseline—Used to describe the amount of Class I or II ozone depleting substances in use by an applicable facility in the year 1989, against which monitoring and reporting in subsequent years would be compared.

340 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports Best Management Practices (BMPs)—Schedules of activities, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, structural controls, and other administrative practices to prevent or reduce the pollution of waters of the U.S. Bulk Oil Storage Container—A container used to store oil that has a shell capacity equal to or greater than 55 gallons. C Cap-and-Trade—A system by which air emissions levels are limited to a specific threshold. Emissions credits are awarded to facilities with emissions below the threshold. These facilities are allowed to sell these credits to others that are violating the threshold, so that overages and shortages cancel each other out and the limit is maintained. Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)—An expression used in GHG assessment and reporting. To determine CO2e, individual GHG emissions are quantified and adjusted to the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Carrier—A person who transports passengers or property in commerce by rail car, aircraft, motor vehicle, or vessel. Categorical Exclusion (CATEX)—Defined by the CEQ as a category of actions which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which neither an environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required. Cathodic Protection—A technique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell. For example, a tank system can be cathodically protected through the application of either galvanic anodes or impressed current. Cause or Contribute—Implies that a Federal action would cause a new violation of the NAAQS in a non-attainment area or contribute, in conjunction with other reasonably foreseeable actions, to a new violation. CERCLA Hazardous Substance—Chemicals regulated under CERCLA and included in the following regulatory lists: − Element, compound, mixture, solution, or substance designated as hazardous under Section 102 of CERCLA − CWA hazardous substances and toxic pollutants − RCRA hazardous wastes − Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended (CAA) hazardous air pollutants − Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, as amended (TSCA) imminently hazardous chemical substances or mixtures Characteristic Hazardous Waste—A solid waste, as defined in 40 CFR 261.2, which is not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste under §261.4(b), and exhibits any of the characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. Child-occupied Facility—Building constructed prior to 1978 that is visited regularly by the same child, under six years of age, on at least two different days within any week (Sunday through Saturday

Glossary of Terms 341 period), provided that each day's visit lasts at least three hours and the combined weekly visits last at least six hours, and the combined annual visits last at least 60 hours. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—Chlorofluorocarbon, an example of a Class I ozone depleting substance that had commonly been used as a refrigerant or propellant in commercial and industrial applications. Class I Substance—Any substance listed in §7671(a) of the CAA that has a very high potential to damage the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. These substances were to be phased out of production by the year 2000. Class II Substance—Any substance listed in §7671(b) of the CAA that has a significant potential to damage the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. These substances are to be phased out of production by 2015. Commercial Applicator—Certified applicator (whether or not he is a private applicator with respect to some uses) who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for any purpose or on any property. Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG)—Generators that generate 220 pounds per month of hazardous waste, 2.2 pounds per month of acutely hazardous waste, or <220 pounds per month of acute spill residue or contaminated soil. Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators may not store more than 1,000 kg of hazardous waste at any time. Construction Activity—An activity involving the alteration, replacement, or addition to existing processes or production equipment; placement, assembly, or installation of facilities or equipment; or significant site preparation work including clearing, excavation or removal of existing buildings, structures, or facilities which is necessary for the placement, assembly, or installation of new source facilities or equipment. Constructive Use—Indirect uses of a property/resource that result in substantially impairing the activities, features, or attributes of a resource that qualifies under Section 4(f) of the U.S.DOT Act of 1966. Cradle-to-Grave—A general RCRA term that describes regulation of a hazardous waste from the time it is generated to the time it is disposed. Criteria Pollutant—A term describing air pollutants for which NAAQS have been established. Cultural Items—Human remains, associated funerary objects, unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, and cultural patrimony. Cultural Patrimony—An object having ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural importance central to the Native American group or culture itself, rather than property owned by an individual Native. D Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL)—The 24-hour average sound level, in decibels, for the period from midnight to midnight, obtained after the addition of 10 decibels to sound levels for the periods between midnight and 7:00 a.m., and between 10:00 p.m. and midnight local time.

342 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports De minimis Thresholds—Maximum allowable levels of pollutants and precursors for a Federal action, governed by the severity of non-attainment in the area within which the action occurs. Destination Facility—A facility that treats, disposes of, or recycles a particular category of universal waste. A facility at which a particular category of universal waste is only accumulated is not a destination facility for purposes of managing that category of universal waste. Direct/Indirect Emissions—Direct emissions are pollutant emissions that are caused or initiated directly by Federal action, taking place at the same time and location of that action. Indirect emissions refer to those emissions that are caused by the Federal action and yet occur at a distant time or place from the action, are reasonably foreseeable, and under the practical control of the Lead Agency. Direct Use—Direct impacts to a property/resource, such as taking of land, that qualifies under Section 4(f) of the U.S.DOT Act of 1966. E Effluent Limitation—Any restriction on quantities, discharge rates, and concentrations of pollutants discharged from point sources into waters of the U.S. Effluent Limitation Guideline (ELG)—Technology-based regulations to control industrial discharges directly to surface waters and those discharging to POTWs. ELGs are intended to work in conjunction with water quality standards, to protect surface waters. EONS—The definition for airport sustainability developed by Airports Council International-North America: “…a holistic approach to managing an airport so as to ensure the integrity of the Economic viability, Operational efficiency, Natural resource conservation and Social responsibility (EONS) of the airport.” Emission Factors—A term describing the rate at which an air pollutant(s) is emitted from a mobile source per unit of fuel consumed. For example, aircraft engine emissions factors are often reported in grams of pollutant per kilogram of fuel (e.g., 1.5 grams NOx/1,000 grams Jet A). Endangerment Finding—An EPA ruling after review of available evidence declaring that an air pollutant causes or contributes to the deterioration of human health or environmental welfare. This finding is requisite for EPA to establish NAAQS, or otherwise regulate the air pollutant under the CAA. Energy Savings Performance Contract—A partnership between an organization and an energy service company, in which the energy service company provides capital for an initial energy-related investment and is paid back through the returns obtained through energy savings. Environmental Assessment (EA)—Defined by the CEQ as a concise public document that provides sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement or a finding of no significant impact. The EA must facilitate compliance with NEPA when no environmental impact statement is necessary, or facilitate preparation of a statement when one is necessary. Environmental Impact Evaluation—A detailed written document concerning the environmental impacts of a proposed action. The Environmental Impact Evaluation may be in the form of an EA or an EIS.

Glossary of Terms 343 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)—Defined by the CEQ as an action-forcing device to ensure that the policies and goals defined in NEPA are infused into the proposed action. An EIS provides complete, unbiased, and factually supported discussion of significant environmental impacts to inform decision makers and the public of the reasonable alternatives which would avoid or minimize adverse impacts or enhance the quality of the human environment. Environmental Professional—A person who possesses sufficient specific education, training, and experience necessary to exercise professional judgment to develop opinions and conclusions regarding conditions indicative of releases or threatened releases. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing—Products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. Products or services can relate to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal. Essential Fish Habitat (EFH)—Waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS)—A substance listed in Appendices A and B of 40 CFR 355 regulations for EPCRA. F Facility—All buildings, equipment, structures, and other stationary items that are located on a single site or on contiguous or adjacent sites and that are owned or operated by the same person (or by any person that controls, is controlled by, or under common control with, such person). Federal Action—Any action taken on part of an agency or entity of the federal government, as well as any action funded, permitted, approved or otherwise developed by the entity. Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)—A written document concerning the environmental impacts of a proposed action listed in an EA document, which would not have a significant environmental impact. Friable—Material that when dry may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure. G General Secondary Containment—SPCC-required containment to address the most likely discharge from a bulk oil storage container or transfer operation including dike, berms, or sorbent materials. Generator—Any entity, by site, whose act or process produces hazardous waste identified or listed in part 40 CFR 261 or whose act first causes a hazardous waste to become subject to regulation. Greenhouse Gases (GHG)—Any gas emitted into the atmosphere that has the potential to trap heat. The most common GHG occurring at airports are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.

344 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports H Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)—Any compound listed in §112(b) of the CAA having no established NAAQS but for which toxicity data exists. Hazardous Chemical—Any chemical for which a facility is required to maintain an MSDS under OSHA. Historic Property—“Any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in the NRHP” (36 CFR Section 800.16). Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)—An example of a Class II ozone depleting substance that is commonly used as a refrigerant or propellant in commercial and industrial applications. I Illicit Discharge—A discharge to a storm sewer that is not composed entirely of storm water except discharges pursuant to an NPDES permit and discharges resulting from fire fighting activities. Industrial Activities—EPA defines industrial activities as activities, such as material handling and storage, which are often exposed to the weather and take place at facilities included in one of 29 industrial sectors. The sectors group similar facilities by the nature of industrial activity, type of materials handled, and material management practices employed. Most sectors are based on a facility’s Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. Interference—A discharge which, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, both: (1) inhibits or disrupts the POTW, its treatment processes or operations, or its sludge processes, use or disposal; and (2) is a cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTW's NPDES permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a violation) or of the prevention of sewage sludge use or disposal in compliance with the statutory provisions and regulations or permits issued there under. L Lamp—The bulb or tube portion of an electric lighting device designed to produce radiant energy, most often in the ultraviolet, visible, and infra-red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples of common universal waste electric lamps include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, neon, mercury vapor, high pressure sodium, and metal halide. Large Quantity Generator (LQG)—Generators that generate 2,200 pounds per month of hazardous waste, >2.2 pounds per month of acutely hazardous waste, or >220 pounds per month of acute spill residue or contaminated soil. Hazardous Material—A substance or material that the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Trans- portation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and has been designated as hazardous under Section 5103 of federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C 5103). The term includes hazardous substances, hazardous wastes, marine pollutants, elevated temperature materials, materials designated in 49 CFR 172.101, and materials that meet the defining criteria for hazard classes and divisions in 49 CFR 173.

Glossary of Terms 345 Large Quantity Handler of Universal Waste (LQHUW)—A universal waste handler who accumulates a total of 5,000 kg or more of universal waste at any time. This designation as a large quantity handler of universal waste is retained through the end of the calendar year in which the 5,000 kg limit is met or exceeded. Lead—Naturally occurring, bluish-grey toxic metal that can result in significant health effects when inhaled or ingested. Lead Agency—The federal agency responsible for the planning, implementation and conformity determination of a federal action. Lead-based Paint—Paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 mg/cm2 or more than 0.5% by weight. Lead-based Paint Activities—Inspection, risk assessment, and abatement activities for target housing and child-occupied facilities. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)—A decision making tool that can provide important information for an airport to understand long term paybacks relative to the useful life of existing and future infrastructure. Listed Hazardous Waste—A solid waste is a hazardous waste if it is listed in this subpart, unless it has been excluded from this list under 40 CFR 260.20 and §260.22, including F-, K-, P- and U-listed hazardous wastes. Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)—Defined by the EPA as a group of individuals that work together to understand chemical hazards in the community, develop emergency plans in case of an accidental release, and look for ways to prevent chemical accidents. LEPCs are made up of emergency management agencies, responders, industry and the public. M Marking—A descriptive name, identification number, instructions, cautions, weight, specification, or United Nations marks, or combinations thereof, on outer packaging of hazardous materials. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)—The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system. Medium and Large Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems MS4—Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems that generally serve populations of 100,000 people or greater. Mercury-containing Equipment—A device or part of a device (including thermostats, but excluding batteries and lamps) that contains elemental mercury integral to its function. Migratory Bird—Any bird listed in 50 CFR 10.13. Mitigation—Any action taken in pre-emption or response to an adverse environmental impact (including those associated with air quality), meant to decrease or negate the severity of that impact.

346 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports Mobile Refueler—A type of bulk oil storage container onboard a vehicle or towed, that is designed or used solely to store and transport fuel for transfer into or from an aircraft, motor vehicle, or other oil storage container. N National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)—Maximum acceptable levels of regulated air pollutants, including an acceptable margin of error, meant to safeguard human health (primary NAAQS) and environmental welfare (secondary NAAQS). National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs)—A series of emissions standards set by EPA pursuant to their authority under §112 of the CAA, describing the maximum levels of HAPs listed in §112(b). Operators of HAP emissions sources must apply control technologies to ensure that emission levels do not exceed the NESHAP. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)—EPA’s program for issuing, modifying, revoking and reissuing, terminating, monitoring and enforcing permits, and imposing and enforcing pretreatment requirements under the CWA. Navigable Waters of the U.S.—Applicable to the SPCC rule, includes waters as defined in section 502(7) of the FWPCA, including all navigable waters of the U.S., as defined in judicial decisions prior to passage of the 1972 Amendments to the FWPCA, and tributaries of such waters; interstate waters; intrastate lakes, rivers, and streams which are utilized by interstate travelers for recreational or other purposes; and intrastate lakes, rivers, and streams from which fish or shellfish are taken and sold in interstate commerce. National Response Center (NRC)—Federal point of contact for reporting oil and chemical spills. New Construction—Draining, dredging, channelizing, filling, diking, impounding, and related activities, including construction of any structures or facilities begun or authorized after the effective date of Executive Order 11990 Protection of Wetlands. New Underground Storage Tank (UST) System—Tank system that contains an accumulation of regulated substances and for which installation has commenced after December 22, 1988. Noise Contour—A continuous line on a map of the airport vicinity connecting all points of the same noise exposure level. Noise Exposure Map—A scaled, geographic map of an airport, its noise contours, and surrounding area developed in accordance with ASNA and 14 CFR Part 150. Non-compatible Land Uses—Land uses that are not compatible with levels of aircraft noise identified in Table 1 in Appendix B of 14 CFR Part 150. Non-navigable Tributaries of Traditional Navigable Waters that are Relatively Permanent— Those water bodies whose waters flow into a traditional navigable water either directly or indirectly by means of other tributaries. Relatively permanent bodies are those which typically flow year-round or waters that have a continuous flow at least seasonally (e.g., typically three months) (126 S. Ct. at 2221 n. 5).

Glossary of Terms 347 Non-transient Non-community Drinking Water System—A public water system that regularly supplies water to at least 25 of the same people at least six months per year, but not year-round (e.g., schools, factories, office buildings). Non-transportation-related—Not related to the transport of oil in commerce as defined in the Memorandum of Understanding between the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S.DOT) and the Administrator of the EPA (Appendix A of 40 CFR 112). O Offeror—A person who performs, or is responsible for performing, any pre-transportation function for transportation of a hazardous material in commerce and/or tenders or makes the hazardous material available to a carrier for transportation in commerce. Oil—Oil of any kind or in any form, including, but not limited to: fats, oils, or greases of animal, fish, or marine mammal origin; vegetable oils, including oils from seeds, nuts, fruits, or kernels; and, other oils and greases, including petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, synthetic oils, mineral oils, oil refuse, or oil mixed with wastes other than dredged spoil. Oil-filled Operational Equipment—A type of oil storage container in which oil is present solely to support the function of the apparatus or the device (e.g., elevator hydraulic reservoirs, hydraulic systems, lubricating systems, and electrical transformers). P Packaging—A receptacle and any other components or materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its containment function. Pass Through—A discharge which exits the POTW into waters of the U.S. in quantities or concentrations which, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, is a cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTW's NPDES permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a violation). Pesticide—A substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Petroleum—Petroleum and petroleum-based substances including crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature and pressure. The term includes motor fuels, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils. Photovoltaic (PV) Modules—Arrays of cells that contain a material that converts solar radiation into direct current electricity. Point Source—Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance of storm water. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)—A chemical substance that is limited to the biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees, or any combination of substances which contains such substance.

348 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Article—A manufactured article, other than a PCB container, that contains PCBs and whose surface(s) has been in direct contact with PCBs. “PCB article” includes capacitors, transformers, electric motors, pumps, pipes and any other manufactured item which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture, has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use, and has either no change of chemical composition during its end use or only those changes of composition which have no commercial purpose separate from that of the PCB article. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Transformer—Transformers containing dielectric fluid with PCB concentrations greater than or equal to 500 ppm. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Waste—PCB articles, PCB article containers, PCB containers, PCB equipment, or anything that deliberately or unintentionally contains or has as a part of it any PCBs subject to PCB storage and disposal requirements. Presumed to Conform—Components of a federal action that are considered to have a negligible effect on air quality, and thus are exempted from conformity determination. Pre-transportation Function—A function that is required to assure the safe transportation of a hazardous material in commerce. Examples include determining the hazard class of a hazardous material; selecting, filling, and closing a hazardous materials packaging or container; package marking and labeling; preparing and reviewing shipping papers; providing and maintaining emergency response information; loading, blocking, and bracing a hazardous materials package in a freight container or transport vehicle; and/or selecting, providing, or affixing placards for a freight container or transport vehicle to indicate that it contains a hazardous material. Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)—A program meant to regulate new sources of air pollution in non-attainment areas in a manner such that the sources do not contribute to new infractions, exacerbate existing infractions, or otherwise delay attainment of the NAAQS. Private Applicator—Certified applicator that uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for purposes of producing any agricultural commodity. Public Hearing—A gathering under the direction of a designated hearing officer for the purpose of allowing interested parties to speak and hear about issues of concern. 40 CFR 1506.6(c), states that public hearings should be held whenever appropriate or to meet statutory requirements applicable to an agency. Public Water System—A system for providing piped water for human consumption through a minimum of 15 service connections or regularly servicing at least 25 individuals. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)—A treatment works, as defined by §212 of the CWA, which is owned by a state or municipality. A POTW includes any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature; and it may include sewers, pipes, and other conveyances only if they convey wastewater to the POTW. R Reasonably Foreseeable—Projected future indirect air emissions that are identified at the time of conformity determination, have a known source and location, and are quantifiable.

Glossary of Terms 349 Regionally Significant—The distinction of a federal action whereby the direct and indirect air emissions associated with it exceed 10% of the regional emissions budget. Regulated Medical Waste—Waste or reusable material derived from the medical treatment of an animal or human, which includes diagnosis and immunization, or from biomedical research, which includes the production and testing of biological products. Regulated Substance—Any substance defined in section 101(14) of the CERCLA (but not including any substance regulated as a hazardous waste under subtitle C), and petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature and pressure (60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute). The term includes but is not limited to petroleum and petroleum-based substances comprised of a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil though processes of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motor fuels, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils. Release—A spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles) of any hazardous chemical, extremely hazardous substance, or CERCLA hazardous substance. Release Detection—Determining whether a release of a regulated substance has occurred from the UST system into the environment or into the interstitial space between the UST system and its secondary barrier or secondary containment around it. Renovation—Modification of any existing structure, or portion thereof, that results in the disturbance of painted surfaces, unless that activity is performed as part of an abatement. Reportable Quantity (RQ)—For any CERCLA hazardous substance, the quantity (established in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR 302.4) for such substance. For any extremely hazardous substance, reportable quantity means the quantity established in Appendices A and B of 40 CFR 355 for such substance. Unless and until superseded by regulations establishing a reportable quantity for newly listed EHS or CERCLA hazardous substances, a weight of one pound shall be the reportable quantity. Restricted Use Pesticide—Restricts pesticide use to a certificated pesticide applicator or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Return on Investment—The calculation used to determine the length of time required to recoup an investment. S Sacred Objects—Specific ceremonial objects that are needed by traditional Native American religious leaders for the practice of traditional Native American religions by their present day adherents. Scoping—An early and open process for determining the scope of issues to be addressed in an EA or EIS and identifying the significant issues related to a proposed action (40 CFR 1501.7). It is an important and required part of the EIS process, and an optional part of the EA process. The purpose of scoping is to identify significant environmental issues to be analyzed in greater depth, identify and eliminate from detailed study issues that are insignificant or that have been covered by prior environmental review, and set the temporal and geographic boundaries of the EIS. Scoping (with agencies and/or the public) also

350 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports allows the responsible FAA official to identify available technical information and additional reasonable alternatives. Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL)—The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of a public water system. State Emergency Response Commission (SERC)—The State Emergency Response Commission for the state in which the facility is located except where the facility is located in Indian Country. In the absence of a SERC for a state or Indian Tribe, the Governor or the chief executive officer of the tribe, respectively, shall be the SERC. Where there is a cooperative agreement between a state and a Tribe, the SERC shall be the entity identified in the agreement. Significant Impact Threshold—The impact level or “threshold” that the responsible FAA official uses to determine if the environmental effects of a proposed action or its reasonable alternatives would cause significant environmental effects. If FAA has established a threshold for a resource, the responsible FAA official must use that threshold to determine impact severity and context. Sized Secondary Containment—A secondary means for containment to address entire shell capacity of the largest single container with sufficient freeboard for precipitation. Slug Control Plan—A written plan required by industrial wastewater pretreatment permits that describe the procedures and controls that a discharger will use to prevent an accidental discharge to a POTW. Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4)—Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems that generally serve populations of less than 10,000 people. Small Quantity Generator (SQG)—Generators that generate >220 pounds, but <2,200 pounds, of hazardous waste per month. Small Quantity Handler of Universal Waste (SQHUW)—A universal waste handler who does not accumulate 5,000 kg or more of universal waste at any time. Solid Waste—A waste, as defined in 40 CFR 261.2, including any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations and community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage. Species of Concern—Those species listed in the periodic report "Migratory Nongame Birds of Management Concern in the U.S.," priority migratory bird species as documented by established plans (such as Bird Conservation Regions in the North American Bird Conservation Initiative or Partners in Flight physiographic areas), and those species listed in 50 CFR 17.11. Stage 2 Aircraft—An aircraft that has been shown to comply with the Stage 2 requirements of 14 CFR Part 36. On January 1, 2000, civilian Stage 2 aircraft weighing greater than 75,000 lbs. were not allowed to operate in the U.S. Stage 3 Aircraft—An aircraft that has been shown to comply with the Stage 3 requirements of 14 CFR Part 36.

Glossary of Terms 351 State Implementation Plan (SIP)—A state-level compilation of air emissions levels, control strategies and timelines in non-attainment areas developed to demonstrate attainment of the NAAQS by EPA’s mandated deadline. Storm Water Management Program—A program developed by an MS4 to comply with the requirements of their NPDES permit. Programs include government coordination, comprehensive planning, funding and staffing, public education and participation, and BMP selection. Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for Construction Activities—A site-specific plan to prevent or minimize impacts to storm water quality from construction sites/activities. Plans typically include storm water control measures, erosion and sediment control measures, maintenance and inspection procedures, identification of non-storm water discharges, and employee training. Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for Industrial Activities—A site-specific plan to minimize impacts to storm water quality from industrial sites/activities. Plans typically include storm water control measures, maintenance and inspection procedures, identification of non-storm water discharges, and employee training. Structures—Dams, dikes, bridges, and causeways or other obstacles (i.e., jetty, breakwater, wharf pier, boom, bulkhead, etc.). T Take—To attempt or actually pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect. Target Housing—Housing constructed prior to 1978, except housing for the elderly or persons with disabilities (unless any child who is less than six years of age resides or is expected to reside in such housing) or any no-bedroom dwelling (e.g., studio apartment, dormitory). Terne-plated—A plating mixture of tin and lead typically on steel. Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ)—For a substance listed in Appendices A and B of 40 CFR 355, the quantity listed in the column “threshold planning quantity” for that substance. Total of Direct and Indirect Emissions—All reasonably foreseeable and practicably controllable air emissions associated with a Federal action, some of which may be presumed to conform to the SIP. However, although such emissions would not be considered during determination, they must be accounted for in the Applicability Test. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)—The sum of the individual waste load allocations for point sources and load allocations for nonpoint sources and natural background applicable to a body of water (e.g., a river). Traditional Navigable Waters of the U.S.—Defined by 33 CFR 329.4 as those waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide and/or are used, have been used in the past, or may be susceptible to use to transport interstate or foreign commerce. Transient Non-community Drinking Water System—A public water system that provides water in areas where people do not remain for long periods of time (e.g., campgrounds).

352 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports Transportation—The movement of property and loading, unloading, or storage incidental to that movement. Type I Technician—A technician that services or disposes of small appliances containing ozone depleting substances, subject to the minimum certification requirements by EPA. Type II Technician—A technician that services or disposes of high and very high pressure appliances containing ozone depleting substances, subject to the most stringent certification requirements by EPA. Type III Technician—A technician that services or disposes of low pressure appliances containing ozone depleting substances, subject to the most stringent certification requirements by EPA. U Ultrafine Particulate Matter (UFP or PM0.1)—Particles contained in exhaust emissions that measure 0.1 micrometers or less in diameter. Unassociated Funerary Objects—Objects that, as a part of the death rite or ceremony of a culture, are reasonably believed to have been placed with individual human remains either at the time of death or later, where the remains are not in the possession or control of the federal agency or museum and the objects can be identified by a preponderance of the evidence as related to specific individuals or families or to known human remains or, by a preponderance of the evidence, as having been removed from a specific burial site of an individual culturally affiliated with a particular Indian tribe. Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest—EPA form 8700-22 and any continuation sheet attached to the form that provides information about the generator of the waste; the facility receiving the waste; the nature of and quantity of the waste; shipping container types and numbers; and shipping method. The manifest was developed to meet both EPA’s requirements for a manifest, and U.S.DOT’s requirements for shipping papers. Universal Technician—A technician that services all types of appliances or equipment that contain ozone depleting substances and are subject to regulation under Title IV, for which the most stringent EPA certification is required. Universal Waste—Any of the following hazardous wastes that are managed under the universal waste requirements: batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment, and lamps. Universal Waste Handler—A generator of universal waste; or the owner or operator of a facility, including all contiguous property, that receives universal waste from other universal waste handlers, accumulates universal waste, and sends universal waste to another universal waste handler, to a destination facility, or to a foreign destination. Universal Waste Transporter—A person engaged in the off-site transportation of universal waste by air, rail, highway, or water. Used Oil—Oil that has been refined from crude oil, or any synthetic oil, that has been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities. Used Oil Transporter—Any person who transports used oil; collects used oil from more than one generator and transports the collected oil; and owners and operators of used oil transfer facilities. Used oil

Glossary of Terms 353 transporters may consolidate or aggregate loads of used oil for purposes of transportation but, may not process used oil. Transporters may conduct incidental processing operations that occur in the normal course of used oil transportation (e.g., settling and water separation), but that are not designed to produce (or make more amenable for production of) used oil derived products or used oil fuel. W Water Quality Standards—EPA or state-established standards for pollutants applicable to waters of the U.S. Waters of the U.S.—Broadly defined by 40 CFR 230.3(s) as: − All waters which are currently used, or were used in the past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, including all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide; − All interstate waters including interstate wetlands; − All other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds, the use, degradation or destruction of which could affect interstate or foreign commerce including any such waters: i. Which are or could be used by interstate or foreign travelers for recreational or other purposes; or ii. From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and sold in interstate or foreign commerce; or iii. Which are used or could be used for industrial purposes by industries in interstate commerce; − All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as waters of the U.S. under this definition; − Tributaries of waters identified in paragraphs (s)(1) through (4) of this section; and − The territorial sea. Watering Points—Facilities where water is transferred from a water supply to an aircraft, including water cabinets, carts, trucks, and hoses. Wetlands—Under the USACE jurisdiction, wetlands are defined as areas that surface or groundwater inundate or saturate at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. Wetlands Adjacent to Traditional Navigable Waters—Those wetlands which are bordering, contiguous or neighboring traditional navigable waters. Adjacent wetlands include those separated from other waters of the U.S. by man-made dikes or barriers, natural river berms, beach dunes and the like (see 33 CFR Section 328.3(c)). Work in Navigable Waters of the U.S.—Dredging or disposal of dredged material, excavation, filling, or other modification of a navigable water of the U.S.