Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports (2010)

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70 CHAPTER 7 Waste Management The operations at small airports generate waste subject to federal, state, and local waste management regulations. Across all industries, the management of waste is heavily regulated in response to past detrimental impacts to human health and environment associated with waste disposal practices. Today, waste is regulated using a “cradle-to-grave” approach, which refers to regulation from the point in time a waste is generated to the time it is ultimately disposed. Waste generated by airports can be broadly categorized as non-hazardous and hazardous. Non-hazardous wastes are generally regulated at the state and local levels and are not addressed further in this chapter. This chapter focuses on hazardous wastes, or materials that may become hazardous waste depending on how they are managed. Additionally, due to their human health risks, polychlorinated biphenyls, lead-based paint, and asbestos-containing materials have unique regulatory requirements restricting their use and handling. These materials are discussed in this chapter because human health risks prompt facilities to eliminate these materials, thus potentially generating regulated waste. The federal requirements presented in this chapter that are applicable to waste management include the following: • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as Amended (RCRA) • Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, as Amended (TSCA) The topics presented in Chapter 7 include the following: • Hazardous Waste Regulations • Universal Waste Requirements • Used Oil and Used Oil Filters • Polychlorinated Biphenyl Waste • Asbestos Containing Material Management • Lead 7.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as Amended RCRA, an amendment to the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, established requirements to ensure the proper cradle-to-grave management of hazardous waste. However, to assess RCRA applicability, airports must first determine if their waste is a hazardous waste. RCRA hazardous wastes are identified through a three-step determination process based on the following questions: 1. Is the material a “solid waste”? 2. If yes to question number 1, is the solid waste excluded from RCRA regulation? 3. If no to question number 2, is the solid waste a “hazardous waste?” Associated Activities • Aircraft operation • Building operation/ maintenance • Bulk fuel and oil storage/handling • Cargo handling • Chemical storage/handling • Degreasing • Demolition/ construction/ development • Ground service equipment operation • Motor vehicle operation • On-airport power generation • Painting • Refueling • Spill response • Vehicle/equipment/ aircraft maintenance • Waste generation/ disposal

Waste Management 71 While only three questions, the process for identifying hazardous waste is complex and requires direct consultation with the applicable regulations and hazardous waste determination guidance. Several EPA guidance documents are identified in this chapter as additional resources. Ultimately, a solid waste is a hazardous waste if: • It is a listed hazardous waste in Subpart C of RCRA. • It is a mixture of solid waste and one or more listed hazardous wastes. • It is a characteristic hazardous waste exhibiting one or more of the characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Generators of hazardous waste fall into one of three classes depending upon the amount of hazardous waste generated in a calendar month. Generator classification can change from one month to the next, and the regulatory requirements increase as more waste is generated. The three generator classifications include the following: • Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG) • Small Quantity Generator (SQG) • Large Quantity Generator (LQG) The key elements of hazardous waste management include: • Registration of generator activities • Characterization (identification) of waste streams • Accumulation container management • Shipping documentation (i.e., Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest) • Disposal at a permitted facility • Confirmation of recycling or disposal A key requirement for hazardous waste management is proper storage of waste, including storage location and volume requirements, and proper closing and labeling of containers. Depending on the classification of generator, restrictions apply to the duration facilities can store full waste containers on site (i.e., 90, 180, or 270 days). Storage of hazardous wastes beyond the established timeframes requires a special treatment, storage, or disposal permit from EPA. Small Airport Applicability Airports operators should understand if the wastes they generate are hazardous or non-hazardous. Typically, airports do not generate large volumes of hazardous waste from their operations, and therefore are usually classified as either a CESQG or SQG. Examples of hazardous wastes that may be generated at an airport include ignitable waste solvents from vehicle maintenance activities or discarded oil-based paint. Additionally, used spill clean-up materials may be hazardous, depending on the chemical spilled. If a waste is determined to be hazardous, adequate container management and shipping documentation requirements apply. A certified waste hauler should be used to remove hazardous waste from the facility. Helpful Hint Disposal of hazardous wastes could be costly. Consider substituting non-hazardous products for those that result in a hazardous waste upon use. For more information, refer to Haz Waste-1 Practice in Appendix A-16.

72 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports International flights carrying hazardous materials (see Section 4.5) may be subject to the hazardous waste generator and management requirements. Similarly international exports of hazardous wastes are also subject to reporting and manifest requirements. Airports should be aware of tenants performing these activities at their facilities. Compliance Attainment Strategies • Characterize and document waste streams generated by the airport as hazardous or non-hazardous wastes. • Understand and document the airport’s generator status. • Do not mix hazardous wastes with solid non-hazardous waste. • Ensure staff properly labels and closes storage containers after use. • Ensure hazardous wastes are not stored in greater quantities or for longer periods than are permissible for the airport’s generator status. • Perform required inspections on a regular schedule and maintain records of the inspections on file. • Complete and retain Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest records and Land Disposal Restriction Forms. • Identify and implement opportunities to reduce hazardous waste generation. Key Terms • Characteristic Hazardous Waste—A solid waste, as defined in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 261.2, which is not excluded from regulation as a hazardous waste under §261.4(b), and exhibits any of the characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. • Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG)—Generators that generate 220 pounds per month of hazardous waste, 2.2 pounds per month of acutely hazardous waste, or <220 pounds per month of acute spill residue or contaminated soil. Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators may not store more than 1,000 kg of hazardous waste at any time. • Cradle-to-Grave—A general RCRA term that describes regulation of a hazardous waste from the time it is generated to the time it is disposed. • Generator—Any entity, by site, whose act or process produces hazardous waste identified or listed in part 40 CFR 261 or whose act first causes a hazardous waste to become subject to regulation. • Large Quantity Generator (LQG)—Generators that generate 2,200 pounds per month of hazardous waste, >2.2 pounds per month of acutely hazardous waste, or >220 pounds per month of acute spill residue or contaminated soil. • Listed Hazardous Waste—A solid waste is a hazardous waste if it is listed in this subpart, unless it has been excluded from this list under 40 CFR 260.20 and §260.22, including F-, K-, P- and U-listed hazardous wastes. • Small Quantity Generator (SQG) —Generators that generate >220 pounds, but <2,200 pounds, of hazardous waste per month. • Solid Waste—A waste, as defined in 40 CFR 261.2, including any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural Did You Know Steel aerosol cans that are emptied of their contents and recycled for metal content are exempt from the RCRA disposal requirements.

operations and community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage. • Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest—EPA form 8700-22 and any continuation sheet attached to the form that provides information about the generator of the waste; the facility receiving the waste; the nature of and quantity of the waste; shipping container types and numbers; and shipping method. The manifest was developed to meet both EPA’s requirements for a manifest, and U.S.DOT’s requirements for shipping papers. Additional Resources • 40 CFR 260 – 268 • Introduction to Land Disposal Restrictions (40 CFR Part 268) http://www.epa.gov/waste/inforesources/pubs/hotline/training/ldr05.pdf • RCRA Corrective Action http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/correctiveaction/index.htm • Hazardous Waste Generator Summary Chart http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/generation/summary.htm • Hazardous Waste Characteristics, A User-friendly Reference Document http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/wasteid/char/hw-char.pdf 7.2 Universal Waste Requirements Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as Amended In 1995, RCRA was amended to reduce the hazardous waste management requirements for certain commonly generated hazardous wastes to encourage recycling and to prevent disposal with municipal solid waste. The subset of hazardous wastes regulated by the 1995 amendments are called universal wastes and include certain batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (including thermostats), and lamps (defined in 40 CFR 273.2), all of which may be found at airports. If universal waste is not managed as specified by the universal waste rules, it must be managed as hazardous waste fully subject to the RCRA hazardous waste requirements described in Section 7.1. Facilities that generate universal wastes are known as Universal Waste Handlers. Universal Waste Handlers are either considered Small Quantity Handlers of Universal Waste (SQHUW) or Large Quantity Handlers of Universal Waste (LQHUW). SQHUW have less than 5,000 kg of universal waste accumulated at their facilities at any given time. A Universal Waste Handler must inform the EPA Regional Administrator before accumulating 5,000 kg or more universal waste at a facility, and must also receive an EPA identification number. The Universal Waste Handler accumulating 5,000 kg or more is then considered a LQHUW until the end of the calendar year. LQHUW must maintain records of shipments of universal waste for at least 3 years. Universal waste handlers must comply with certain storage timeframes and labeling requirements. For example, used lamps must be stored in packages so they do not break and labeled with the words “Universal Waste Lamps.” Spent batteries must be labeled with the words “Universal Waste Batteries.” The Associated Activities • Building operation/ maintenance • Chemical storage/ handling • Demolition/ construction/ development • Grounds maintenance/ landscaping • Spill response • Vehicle/equipment/ aircraft maintenance • Waste generation/ disposal Waste Management 73

74 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports accumulation time should also be marked on each package so that the 1-year storage timeframe (beginning with the date the first universal waste is stored) is not exceeded. Universal waste must be removed from facilities by a universal waste transporter and taken to a destination facility where it is ultimately treated, disposed, or recycled. Small Airport Applicability The most common universal wastes generated by small airports include used lamps and spent batteries. However, unused pesticides or mercury-containing equipment may also be generated. Small airports may not generate large volumes of universal waste from their operations, and therefore would likely be classified as SQHUWs. Compliance Attainment Strategies • Understand the airport’s Universal Waste Handler status. Properly store universal waste lamps so that they are not easily broken. • Label universal wastes with the proper regulatory terminology, such as “Universal Waste Lamp” or “Universal Waste Battery.” • Ensure staff is aware of the accumulation date for universal wastes. • Ensure universal wastes are not stored at the airport for over one year. • Prohibit tenants from disposing universal waste in municipal solid waste dumpsters operated by the airport. Key Terms • Destination Facility—A facility that treats, disposes of, or recycles a particular category of universal waste. A facility at which a particular category of universal waste is only accumulated is not a destination facility for purposes of managing that category of universal waste. • Lamp—The bulb or tube portion of an electric lighting device designed to produce radiant energy, most often in the ultraviolet, visible, and infra-red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples of common universal waste electric lamps include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, neon, mercury vapor, high pressure sodium, and metal halide. • Large Quantity Handler of Universal Waste (LQHUW)—A universal waste handler who accumulates a total of 5,000 kg or more of universal waste at any time. This designation as a large quantity handler of universal waste is retained through the end of the calendar year in which the 5,000 kg limit is met or exceeded. • Mercury-containing Equipment—A device or part of a device (including thermostats, but excluding batteries and lamps) that contains elemental mercury integral to its function. • Small Quantity Handler of Universal Waste (SQHUW)—A universal waste handler who does not accumulate 5,000 kg or more of universal waste at any time. For more information pertaining to RCRA, refer to Chapter 4. Related Information

Waste Management 75 • Universal Waste—Any of the following hazardous wastes that are managed under the universal waste requirements: batteries, pesticides, mercury- containing equipment, and lamps. • Universal Waste Handler—A generator of universal waste; or the owner or operator of a facility, including all contiguous property, that receives universal waste from other universal waste handlers, accumulates universal waste, and sends universal waste to another universal waste handler, to a destination facility, or to a foreign destination. • Universal Waste Transporter—A person engaged in the off-site transportation of universal waste by air, rail, highway, or water. Additional Resources • 40 CFR 273 • General Universal Waste Information http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/universal/index.htm • Introduction to Universal Waste http://www.epa.gov/waste/inforesources/pubs/hotline/training/uwast05.pdf • Fact Sheet: Discarded Mercury-Containing Equipment Classified as Universal Waste http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/mce-fs.pdf • Fact Sheet: More Recycling and Reuse Proposed for Electronic Wastes and Mercury-Containing Equipment http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crtprop.pdf • Fact Sheet: Some Used Lamps are Universal Wastes http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/downloads/fs_lamps.pdf 7.3 Used Oil and Used Oil Filters Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as Amended In 1992 RCRA was amended to encourage used oil recycling. Specifically, the 1992 amendments excluded used oil from the hazardous waste regulations provided that it is recycled properly and not intentionally mixed with hazardous wastes. Used oil means any oil that has been refined from crude oil, or any synthetic oil, that has been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities. Containers, tanks, and piping leading to a tank storing used oil must be labeled with the words “Used Oil.” If used oil is to be transported to an off-site recycling center in quantities exceeding 55 gallons, the transporter must be registered as a used oil transporter. Under the used oil management rules, there are no requirements for storage quantities or timeframes. However, used oil storage may be regulated under the SPCC rule. Information pertaining to the SPCC requirements is presented in Section 4.2. The used oil management rules do not allow mixing used oil with RCRA hazardous wastes. For example, if it is determined that used oil contains more than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) total halogens (e.g., chlorine), it is presumed that the used oil has been mixed with a halogenated hazardous waste. The Associated Activities • Aircraft operation • Building operation/ maintenance • Bulk fuel and oil storage/handling • Chemical storage/ handling • Ground service equipment operation • Motor vehicle operation • On-airport power generation • Spill response • Vehicle/equipment/ aircraft maintenance • Waste generation/ disposal

resultant mixture is then considered a RCRA hazardous waste. This presumption can be rebutted if data exists demonstrating that the used oil was not mixed with halogenated hazardous waste. Used oil filters are generated from vehicle and equipment maintenance activities. Oil filters are either non-terne plated or terne plated. Non-terne plated filters do not contain lead. Certain procedures can be implemented during maintenance so that non-terne plated filters are exempt from hazardous waste management requirements. Particularly, used oil filters should be gravity hot drained. Hot-draining requires the engine to be brought up to normal engine operating temperature just before removing the filter and draining hot oil by gravity. Oil that is drained from used oil filters should be managed as used oil. There are no limits on the storage quantity or maximum storage period for non- terne plated used oil filters. Because terne-plated filters contain lead, they may be considered RCRA hazardous waste when disposed, and should be tested for hazardous materials prior to selecting an appropriate disposal option. Small Airport Applicability Used oil and used oil filters are commonly generated at airports during vehicle and equipment maintenance activities. The types of used oils generated may include crankcase motor oil, hydraulic fluid, gear oil, grease, cutting fluid, transmission fluid, and brake fluid. Today, terne-plated used oil filters are rarely used. In cases where airport maintenance facilities use terne-plated oil filters, the filters should be characterized as hazardous or non-hazardous using the method described earlier in Section 7.1. Compliance Attainment Strategies • Ensure staff is aware of the procedures for properly draining used oil filters. • Store used oil filters in containers that do not leak. • Label containers, tanks, and piping with the words “Used Oil” and not “Waste Oil.” • Do not mix used oil with waste gasoline, diesel fuel, sump fuel, or other chemicals during maintenance activities. • Identify if staff utilizes terne-plated or non-terne plated used oil filters for vehicles and equipment. • Properly characterize used oil filters to identify if it is hazardous or non- hazardous, prior to disposal. • Ensure the person or individual transporting used oil to be recycled is registered as a used oil transporter. Key Terms • Terne-plated – A plating mixture of tin and lead typically on steel. • Used Oil – Oil that has been refined from crude oil, or any synthetic oil, that has been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities. • Used Oil Transporter – Any person who transports used oil; collects used oil from more than one generator and transports the collected oil; and owners and operators of used oil transfer facilities. Used oil transporters may Helpful Hint Consider re-using used oil for heating purposes to reduce energy bills. For more information, refer to Haz Waste-6 Practice in Appendix A-16. Related Information Refer to Chapter 4 for additional information pertaining to airport oil management. 76 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports

consolidate or aggregate loads of used oil for purposes of transportation but may not process used oil. Transporters may conduct incidental processing operations that occur in the normal course of used oil transportation (e.g., settling and water separation), but that are not designed to produce (or make more amenable for production of) used oil derived products or used oil fuel. Additional Resources • 40 CFR 279 • 40 CFR 261.4(b)(13) • Used Oil Management Program http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/usedoil/index.htm • Collecting Used Oil for Recycling or Reuse, Tips for Consumers Who Change their Own Motor Oil and Oil Filters http://www.epa.gov/osw/wycd/downloads/recy-oil.pdf 7.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Waste Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, as Amended Facilities regulated under the rule include those involved with the following: • Manufacturing • Processing • Distributing in commerce • Disposing • Storing • Marking PCBs Regulated facilities are required to maintain an annual written document log, which includes the name, address, and EPA identification number of the facility; calendar year of the log; unique Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest numbers; service and disposal information; unique equipment identifiers; and total number of PCB articles in use and in storage. Regulated PCB-containing equipment must be properly marked identifying it contains PCBs, regular inspections must be conducted, and inspection logs must be maintained on file. If PCB-containing equipment is to be disposed or if Associated Activities • Building operation/ maintenance • Bulk fuel and oil storage/handling • Chemical storage/ handling • Demolition/ construction/ development • Property acquisition • Spill response • Waste generation/ disposal TSCA authorized EPA to develop regulations for managing wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs were used in many different industrial and commercial applications due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and electrical insulating properties. Although this chemical had a wide variety of uses, it was found that exposure to PCBs can lead to significant human health effects and adverse environmental issues. The manufacturing of PCBs was banned in 1979. surrounding areas, such as soil, have become contaminated from leaky equipment, proper treatment and disposal requirements apply. PCB waste management regulations include requirements for record keeping and reporting; and site characterization and cleanup. Annual records must be retained, which include Waste Management 77

Small Airport Applicability At airports, the primary PCB-regulated activities include marking, storage, and disposal. Particularly, PCBs may be present in older electrical equipment, such as lighting ballasts, transformers, and capacitors. Owners of PCB transformers must register each transformer using EPA form 7720-12. Airports must also perform regular inspections using inspection logs and maintain the documentation on file. In cases where PCB-containing equipment is to be disposed, airports must ensure the equipment is properly disposed from the facility, necessary clean-up operations are conducted, and disposal records are provided. Utility companies are responsible to register and maintain transformers owned by them and that are located on utility easements on airport property. Airports may contact the local utility to verify whether or not they own the transformer. Compliance Attainment Strategies • Ensure staff is aware that PCB-containing equipment is present at the airport. • Identify if PCB-containing equipment is present in buildings to be purchased to help prevent potential exposure to individuals on site. • Ensure PCB-containing equipment is properly marked. • Replace PCB labels that are old, peeling, or unable to be deciphered. • Register transformers that contain dielectric fluid with PCB concentrations greater than or equal to 500 ppm with the EPA. • Perform inspections of PCB-containing equipment on a regular schedule and maintain records on file. • Maintain manifest, disposal, written document log records on file. Key Terms • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)—A chemical substance that is limited to the biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees, or any combination of substances which contains such substance. • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Article—A manufactured article, other than a PCB container, that contains PCBs and whose surface(s) has been in direct contact with PCBs. “PCB article” includes capacitors, transformers, electric motors, pumps, pipes, and any other manufactured item which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture, has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use, and has either no change of chemical composition during its end use or only those changes of composition which have no commercial purpose separate from that of the PCB Article. • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Transformer—Transformers containing dielectric fluid with PCB concentrations greater than or equal to 500 ppm. • containers, PCB containers, PCB equipment, or anything that deliberately or Helpful Hint Conduct a PCB inventory for all airport transformers. The inventory will come in handy during future planning activities. For more information, refer to Haz Waste-3 Practice in Appendix A-16. Did You Know PCBs are highly persistent in the environment resulting in “bioaccumulation.” Bioaccumulation is where PCBs are increasingly concentrated in plant, fish, and animal tissues as food is consumed through the food chain. signed manifests, certificates of disposal, inspections, and documentation of clean-up activities. These requirements are coordinated by the EPA, and some states have identified specific PCB treatment and disposal requirements. Certain contractors specialize in PCB sampling, cleanup, and disposal. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Waste—PCB articles, PCB article 78 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports

unintentionally contains or has as a part of it any PCBs subject to PCB storage and disposal requirements. Additional Resources • 40 CFR 761 • General PCB Information http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/about.htm • January 2009 PCB Question and Answer Manual http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/qacombined.pdf • TSCA Disposal Requirements for Fluorescent Light Ballasts http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ballastchart.pdf 7.5 Asbestos Containing Material Management Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, as Amended TSCA authorized EPA to develop regulations for managing asbestos, a fiber mineral that when inhaled can cause respiratory diseases. Asbestos is widely regulated under other programs including the Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA), and Safe Drinking Water Act, as amended (SDWA). Asbestos may be contained in building materials including roofing, flooring, and insulation. Health concerns arise when these materials are disturbed and become friable. Friable asbestos are easily crumbled or crushed by hand pressure and can become airborne, resulting in exposure through inhalation. Asbestos may become friable from regular maintenance, building deterioration or during renovation, construction, and demolition activities. Proper disposal of asbestos-containing material (ACM) is regulated by the EPA. A National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) has been established for asbestos under the CAA (see Section 3.3). Asbestos was primarily mined and manufactured prior to 1990, after which production dropped significantly due to national and international policies to ban or phase out asbestos-containing products (ACP). Environmental regulations prohibit the following for certain ACP: • Manufacturing • Importation • Processing • Distribution in commerce Small Airport Applicability Asbestos may be present within older airport-owned buildings or properties, and they may become friable when it is disturbed from airport building renovations, demolition, or maintenance. Prior to these activities, airports should perform inventories for the presence of ACM using qualified professionals. If ACM is encountered, the airport must adequately label the material to identify it contains asbestos. Specific wording for labels is provided in the regulation. Associated Activities • Building operation/ maintenance • Demolition/ construction/ development • Property acquisition • Spill response • Vehicle/equipment/ aircraft maintenance • Waste generation/ disposal Waste Management 79

Stickers or tags must be placed directly on the visible exterior of wrappings and packaging. Labels must be attached so they cannot be removed without defacing or destroying the wrappings or packaging. If an airport project involves building renovations, demolition, or maintenance and will impact known ACM, the airport will be subject to CAA, worker protection, and state-specific ACM disposal requirements. Compliance Attainment Strategies • Identify if ACM is present in buildings located on airport property to help prevent potential exposure to individuals on site. • Properly label ACM. • Replace labels for ACM that are old, peeling, or unable to be deciphered. • Properly label or handle (if removed) ACM in buildings that are purchased or acquired by the airport. • Understand the proper ACM management methods prior to construction or demolition activities. Key Terms • Asbestos—Asbestiform varieties of Chrysotile (serpentine), crocidolite (riebeckite), amosite (cum-mingtonitegrunerite), anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. • Asbestos-containing Material (ACM)—A material or product which contains more than 1% asbestos. • Asbestos-containing Product (ACP)—A product to which asbestos is deliberately added in any concentration or which contains more than 1% asbestos by weight or area. • Friable—Material that when dry may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure. Additional Resources • 40 CFR 763 • Asbestos Laws and Regulations http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/asbreg.html • General Asbestos Information http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/ • Asbestos Building Management http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/management_in_place.html Related Information Asbestos air emissions are regulated under the CAA. Refer to Chapter 3 for additional information pertaining to CAA regulations. Public sector employees may not be subject to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and state-by-state programs similar to Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 may differ. However, TSCA regulations include protection requirements for state and local government employees that are not covered under the asbestos standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. This may apply to airport personnel at municipally owned airports. Airport operators should consult with an Environmental Health and Safety professional to determine the applicable health and safety requirements. 80 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports

7.6 Lead Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, as Amended Historically lead has been used in a variety of industrial and consumer products. Lead was used in lead-based paints prior to a ban in 1978, as an additive to gasoline prior to a ban in 1996. It is still used in leaded aviation gasoline (see Section 3.5 about potential changes to this use), batteries, and wheel weights, among other uses. If inhaled or ingested, lead can cause significant adverse health effects. Therefore, to reduce human and environmental exposure to lead-based products and processes, EPA developed regulatory requirements for lead under TSCA. Lead may also be regulated as a hazardous waste under RCRA, a HAP under the CAA, and a drinking water contaminant under the SDWA. This section focuses specifically on the regulation of lead- based paint under TSCA. The regulatory requirements for lead are primarily applicable to activities conducted for target housing (i.e., generally, housing constructed prior to 1978) or child-occupied facilities (e.g., school, day care facilities), and primarily apply during risk assessments, residential renovations, inspections, or abatement activities. Specific work practices, such as dust control, cleaning techniques, and waste management practices apply to those working around or handling lead- based paint. Individuals performing inspections, lead-hazard screenings, risk assessment, or abatement activities must be trained and certified by an EPA- accredited program. Additionally, new rules (effective April 22, 2010) require all firms and individuals to be trained and certified when performing renovations for target housing or child-occupied facilities. Small Airport Applicability Lead work practice requirements may apply to airports when residential properties or child-occupied facilities require renovations as part of noise mitigation requirements from proposed airport actions. For example, changes in airport noise levels may require the airport to provide noise insulation to nearby houses. Airports may also purchase properties constructed prior to 1978. In cases where demolition, renovations, or abatement at these facilities is planned, airports should require inspections for lead prior to the action. Airports must also ensure that those conducting the work are adequately trained and certified. Compliance Attainment Strategies • Identify if lead-based paint is present in buildings located on airport property to help prevent potential exposure to individuals on site. • Properly handle (if removed) lead-based paint in buildings that are purchased or acquired by the airport. • Ensure individuals or firms performing renovation or lead-based paint activities are adequately certified. • Ensure proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn by individuals conducting lead-based paint activities. Associated Activities • Building operation/ maintenance • Demolition/ construction/ development • Painting • Property acquisition • Spill response • Waste generation/ disposal Waste Management 81

Key Terms • Abatement—Any measure or set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint or other hazards. • Child-occupied Facility—Building constructed prior to 1978 that is visited regularly by the same child, under 6 years of age, on at least two different days within any week (Sunday through Saturday period), provided that each day's visit lasts at least three hours and the combined weekly visits last at least six hours, and the combined annual visits last at least 60 hours. • Lead—Naturally occurring, bluish-grey toxic metal that can result in significant health effects when inhaled or ingested. • Lead-based Paint—Paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 mg/cm2 or more than 0.5% by weight. • Lead-based Paint Activities—Inspection, risk assessment, and abatement activities for target housing and child-occupied facilities. • Renovation—Modification of any existing structure, or portion thereof, that results in the disturbance of painted surfaces, unless that activity is performed as part of an abatement. • Target Housing—Housing constructed prior to 1978, except housing for the elderly or persons with disabilities (unless any child who is less than six years of age resides or is expected to reside in such housing) or any no- bedroom dwelling (e.g., studio apartment, dormitory). Additional Resources • 49 CFR 745 • Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil http://www.epa.gov/lead/index.html • Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) http://www.epa.gov/lead/index.html 82 Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environmental Performance at Small Airports