Guide for Pavement Friction (2009)

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5 CHAPTER 2. INFORMATION GATHERING INTRODUCTION As a basis for developing the new Guide for Pavement Friction, a tremendous amount of information related to pavement friction was collected, reviewed, and analyzed throughout the study. The information was obtained through three different means: (1) a detailed literature search, (2) a survey of SHAs, and (3) interviews with key representatives of selected states and industry organizations. This chapter discusses the information gathering effort, including the types of information sought and collected, the sources targeted, and the process for compiling and storing the information. Chapters 3 through 6 expand upon key information and insight from the literature, surveys, and interviews. LITERATURE SEARCH The literature search focused primarily on information pertaining to pavement friction, texture, and other related surface characteristics. Also targeted in the search was information on user safety, as impacted by deficiencies in pavement friction, and economic considerations in the design of pavements with adequate friction. The literature search was national and international in scope and was performed primarily via the Internet and through manual searches of the libraries, files, and other resource materials of the individual project team members. The library systems of the University of Illinois, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute of the Pennsylvania State (Penn State) University, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (WES), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were also utilized. These sources provided a wealth of publications ranging from historical documents to many recent publications. Among the key sources tapped in the literature search were the following: • Transportation Research Information Service (TRIS). • National Technical Information Service (NTIS). • National Transportation Library (NTL). • Transportation Research Board (TRB). • American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). • Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). • State Department of Transportation (DOT) research libraries. • National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA). • The Asphalt Institute. • Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT). • National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT). • American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA).

6 • Portland Cement Association (PCA). • American Concrete Institute (ACI). • Innovative Pavement Research Foundation (IPRF). • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). • International Standards Organization (ISO). • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). • Foundation for Pavement Preservation (FP2). • Transportation Association of Canada (TAC). • International Road Federation (IRF). • World Road Association (PIARC). Over 600 documents were identified as potentially useful to the study. Of these, approximately 350 were obtained in either electronic or hardcopy form to serve as resource materials for developing the Guide. Each of these selected documents was catalogued and fully reviewed. Appendix A contains a bibliography of the collected documents. STATE FRICTION SURVEY To determine the state-of-the-practice regarding the evaluation and design of pavement friction, texture, and noise, a six-page questionnaire survey was developed and distributed to all SHAs in the U.S., as well as Puerto Rico and Washington D.C. The survey, which consisted of 33 questions on the following major topics, was sent to the TRB representative within each agency, where it was forwarded to the appropriate individuals (i.e., research, materials, or design personnel) for completion: • Agency’s protocols/procedures and equipment used to measure pavement surface friction, pavement surface texture, and pavement–tire noise. • Design and construction standards (including material specifications, tests, and rehabilitation treatments) for ensuring high-friction, low-noise pavements (new and restored). • Information concerning how agencies address safety issues related to pavement surface friction/texture and crash rates. Forty-five completed responses were received; the responding agencies are highlighted on the map in figure 1. The questionnaire survey is provided in appendix B. A summary of the responses is provided in appendix C.

7 Figure 1. Agencies participating in the project survey. STATE AND INDUSTRY INTERVIEWS To supplement the information obtained from the literature search and surveys, a series of phone interviews were conducted with representatives of selected states and industry organizations. The representatives chosen were recognized as leading experts and practitioners in the pavement surface characteristics field. One or more representatives were contacted and interviewed at the following state agencies: • Arizona DOT. • California DOT. • Florida DOT. • Georgia DOT. • Illinois DOT. • Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD). • Michigan DOT. • New York State DOT. • Texas DOT. • Virginia DOT. • Washington State DOT. MT MI NV HI NY OH NC NE IA NJ WVKS OK MS AR LA FL CT NH MD DEVA CO VT TN PR CA AZ TX ID WA MN UT ME IL MO SC GAAL IN AK OR NM KY PA

8 Representatives of paving associations, truck manufacturers, tire manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and others were also contacted and interviewed. These included representatives from the following organizations: • ACPA. • NAPA. • California Chip Seal Association (CCSA). • Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA). • International Grinding and Grooving Association (IGGA). • Mack Trucks. • Kenworth Truck Company. • Volvo North America Group. • International Cybernetics Corporation. • Dynatest Consulting. • Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). • Transportation Research Center (TRC). • N.V. Robuco of Belgium. To the extent possible or practical, each interview attempted to address the following nine important aspects of pavement friction: • Friction management. • Friction testing. • Determining friction demand. • Pavement surface selection and design. • Pavement construction. • Economic considerations. • Noise-related issues. • Suggested improvements to friction practices and desired areas of friction guidance. A substantial amount of information was obtained from these interviews, and the details of each discussion were fully documented in interview memoranda. A summary of the interview results is provided in appendix D.