Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft (2016)

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85 APC: Aircraft Particulate Counter. An instrument that measures non-volatile PM number CAPS PMEX: Cavity-attenuated phase shift PM extinction monitor. CH4: methane, the smallest hydrocarbon. CHT: Cylinder head temperature. CO: carbon monoxide, a combustion product. CO2: carbon dioxide, a combustion product. EEPS: Engine Exhaust Particulate Sizer. An instrument that measures mobility- based particle size distribution EGT: Exhaust gas temperature EI: Emission index. A measure of the emissions of a given type from an engine. Expressed as grams of the species of interest per kilogram of fuel consumed. FID: Flame Ionization Detector. The instrument that measures total hydro- carbon (HC). FOCA: Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation. This organization has produced an extensive report on piston engine aircraft emissions, along with emission indices for a selection of piston engines. HC: Total hydrocarbons (also THC), a class of emission species that includes methane, ethane, longer chain alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, etc. The mass used in calculating HC emissions is that of CH4 (methane), by convention. HP: Horsepower HR-ToF-AMS: High-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization. This US-based organization has compiled an extensive database of emission factors for turbofan engines (aka jet engines). MAAP: Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer. The instrument that measures non- volatile PM mass Mixer: controls the mixture in a normally aspirated (non-fuel-injected) piston engine Mixture: the mix/proportion of fuel/air in an engine NOx: Oxides of nitrogen, a side-product of combustion. NOx includes both NO and NO2. The mass used in calculating NOx emissions is that of NO2, by convention. nvPMm: non-volatile PM mass nvPMn: non-volatile PM number PM: Particulate matter. PTR-MS: Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. The method used to mea- sure many of the component hydrocarbons in exhaust such as benzene and toluene. Terminology and Abbreviations A P P E N D I X M

86 Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft RPM: rotations per minute SN: Smoke number. Outdated measure of PM. Throttle: controls the airflow to the engine and is used to set the propeller RPM in a piston engine. tPMn: Total PM number (includes volatile and non-volatile particles) tPMm: Total PM mass (includes volatile and non-volatile particles) UHC: Total unburned hydrocarbons (used interchangeably with HC)

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