National Academies Press: OpenBook

Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft (2016)

Chapter: Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables

« Previous: Appendix O - List of Data Products
Page 99
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 99
Page 100
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 100
Page 101
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 101
Page 102
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 102
Page 103
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 103
Page 104
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 104
Page 105
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 105
Page 106
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 106
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 107
Page 108
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 108
Page 109
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 109
Page 110
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 110
Page 111
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 111
Page 112
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 112
Page 113
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P - Emission Index Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24612.
×
Page 113

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Preexis ng Data FOCAc.,e. ICAOd. FAEED162 diverse Prop-200hp FAEED160 diverse Prop-300hp FAEED165 diverse Prop-500hp FOCA diverse Prop>500hp FAEED159 TCM O-200 FOCA Lycoming O-320-E2A FAEED163 Lycoming IO-320-DIAD FOCA Lycoming O-360-A3A FOCA Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 FAEED160 TCM TSIO-360-C FOCA Lycoming O-540-J3C5D FOCA Lycoming IO-540-T4A5D FOCA TCM IO-550-B FOCA Lycoming TSIO-520-WB FAEED165 Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 ICAO General Electric CF34-3A1 ICAO Honeywell AS907-1-1A EDMS Con‰nental 6-285-B EDMS Cur‰ss-Wright R-1820 EDMS Lycoming IO-320-D1AD EDMS Lycoming IO-360-B EDMS Lycoming O-200 EDMS Lycoming O-320 EDMS Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 EDMS Lycoming TSIO-360-C EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-114 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-67 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6a-66 ------------------------------------EI NOx-------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- PM # Non-Vola le(via APC) ---------------- T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle -------------------------------------g/kg--------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------#/kg--------------------------------------------- 2.19 3.97 0.95 0.95 0.52 0.52 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.71 4.32 3.77 3.77 1.91 1.91 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.36 0.24 1.39 1.39 0.04 0.04 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.99 2.38 13.64 13.64 22.00 22.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4.87 4.87 1.14 1.14 1.58 1.58 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.68 6.92 19.44 19.44 1.64 1.64 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.82 5.60 3.40 3.40 1.15 1.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.51 5.81 2.99 2.99 1.43 1.43 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.48 1.49 1.09 1.09 2.19 2.19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.71 4.32 3.77 3.77 1.91 1.91 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.00 3.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.64 7.31 2.70 2.70 0.52 0.52 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.96 2.09 1.17 1.17 3.54 3.54 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.36 0.24 1.39 1.39 0.39 0.39 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11.61 10.14 6.86 6.86 3.82 3.82 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 26.29 21.51 9.39 9.39 4.20 4.20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5.88 5.50 4.72 4.72 0.46 0.46 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.72 2.09 6.50 6.50 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.82 5.60 3.40 3.40 1.00 1.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.99 4.59 10.20 10.20 1.20 1.20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4.87 4.87 1.10 1.10 1.60 1.60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.19 3.97 0.95 0.95 0.52 0.52 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.36 0.24 1.39 1.39 0.39 0.39 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.70 4.30 3.70 3.70 1.90 1.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.50 6.00 4.40 4.40 2.03 2.03 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.30 7.00 5.30 5.30 2.75 2.75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.10 6.70 4.70 4.70 2.16 2.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.20 5.90 4.10 4.10 1.70 1.70 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Recommended for Substuon in EDMS/AEDT Lycoming O-320 Individual Engine Tests 1 Rotax 912 2 Con nental O-200-A 3 Con nental O-200-A 4 Con nental O-200-A 5 Con nental O-200-A 6 Con nental O-200-A 7 Lycoming O-235-L2C 8 Lycoming O-235-L2C 9 Lycoming O-235-L2C 10 Lycoming O-320-E2D 11 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.1 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.2 Lycoming O-320-E2D 13 Lycoming O-320-E2D 14 Lycoming O-320-E2D 15 Lycoming O-320-E2D 16 Lycoming O-320-E2D 17 Lycoming O-320-E2G 18 Lycoming O-320-E2G 19 Lycoming O-320-E3D 20 Lycoming O-320-B2C 21 Lycoming O-320-B2C 22 Lycoming O-320-D2J 23 Lycoming O-320-D3G 24 Lycoming O-320-D3G 25 Lycoming O-320-D3G 26 Lycoming O-320-D3G 27 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 28 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 29 Franklin 6A4-165 30 Lycoming O-360-A4M 31 Lycoming O-360-C2E 32.1 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 32.2 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 33 Lycoming O-360-A1A 34 Lycoming O-360-A1G6D 35 Lycoming IO-360-L2A 36 Lycoming IO-360-A3B6D ------------------------------------- PM # Total (via EEPS) --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- PM mass Non-Vola le (via MAAP) ----- T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle -------------------------------------#/kg-------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------g/kg------------------------------------------- 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 9.4E+16 4.7E+16 5.8E+16 0.134 0.134 0.109 0.133 0.109 0.097 0.138 2.5E+17 2.5E+17 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 1.0E+17 8.4E+16 0.045 0.045 0.026 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.000 -- -- -- -- -- 8.1E+15 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.042 -- 2.4E+17 2.4E+17 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.2E+17 8.4E+16 0.043 0.043 0.029 0.008 0.008 0.025 0.071 9.8E+16 9.8E+16 2.4E+17 2.4E+17 5.0E+16 1.5E+17 2.1E+17 0.005 0.005 0.014 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.034 1.2E+17 5.8E+16 1.2E+17 -- -- 1.6E+16 2.2E+16 0.733 0.337 0.733 0.061 0.061 0.036 1.722 8.2E+16 8.2E+16 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 2.4E+16 4.1E+16 2.9E+16 0.606 0.606 0.198 0.372 0.450 0.050 0.237 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.0E+17 1.0E+17 1.3E+17 1.0E+17 4.9E+16 0.273 0.273 0.516 0.970 2.837 0.840 0.937 8.0E+16 8.0E+16 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 4.0E+16 3.3E+16 2.6E+16 0.074 0.074 0.150 0.112 0.143 0.310 0.383 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 4.9E+16 2.9E+16 0.140 0.140 0.063 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.095 9.1E+16 9.1E+16 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 7.1E+16 3.3E+16 0.086 0.086 0.177 0.040 0.040 0.000 0.713 1.5E+17 1.5E+17 1.0E+17 1.0E+17 1.0E+17 1.7E+16 3.5E+16 0.008 0.008 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.015 9.6E+16 9.6E+16 8.1E+16 8.1E+16 3.1E+16 8.1E+16 4.4E+16 0.010 0.010 0.031 0.029 0.053 0.051 0.079 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.033 0.033 0.000 0.010 -- -- -- -- 1.3E+17 1.3E+17 6.2E+16 -- -- -- 0.328 0.732 0.268 0.059 8.8E+16 8.8E+16 8.6E+16 8.6E+16 4.8E+16 1.9E+16 1.9E+16 0.133 0.133 0.062 0.102 0.275 0.166 0.134 9.9E+16 9.9E+16 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 6.2E+16 1.6E+17 0.077 0.077 0.115 0.061 0.061 0.271 0.294 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.9E+16 0.032 0.032 0.828 1.257 0.052 0.281 0.034 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 6.4E+16 4.5E+16 4.3E+16 0.217 0.217 0.318 0.084 0.271 0.000 0.800 8.4E+16 8.4E+16 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.8E+16 4.6E+16 0.015 0.015 0.011 0.029 0.033 0.013 0.068 1.3E+17 1.3E+17 2.2E+17 2.2E+17 2.2E+17 5.1E+15 3.7E+16 0.140 0.140 0.025 0.014 0.014 0.006 0.012 4.7E+16 4.7E+16 6.9E+16 6.9E+16 6.9E+16 -- 1.7E+17 1.430 1.430 0.091 -- -- -- 0.000 -- -- 5.3E+16 5.3E+16 5.3E+16 -- -- -- -- 0.204 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.7E+15 1.2E+16 -- -- -- -- -- 0.218 0.076 8.9E+16 8.9E+16 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 3.9E+16 2.3E+16 3.0E+16 0.001 0.001 0.049 0.000 0.015 0.008 0.005 1.0E+17 1.0E+17 1.5E+17 1.5E+17 1.5E+17 9.5E+16 8.1E+16 0.010 0.010 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.008 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 7.8E+16 7.8E+16 4.0E+16 4.8E+16 3.7E+16 0.044 0.044 0.019 0.048 0.007 0.004 0.011 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 1.8E+16 1.3E+16 7.2E+16 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 4.2E+17 4.2E+17 4.2E+17 7.4E+16 4.3E+16 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.188 0.188 0.455 0.238 9.9E+16 9.9E+16 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 5.7E+16 5.7E+16 9.1E+16 0.073 0.073 0.021 0.036 0.078 0.008 0.053 7.4E+16 7.4E+16 1.9E+17 1.9E+17 2.2E+16 1.0E+17 1.0E+17 0.075 0.075 0.045 0.106 0.011 0.016 0.062 1.0E+17 1.0E+17 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 4.3E+16 2.8E+16 0.007 0.007 0.000 0.074 0.074 0.001 0.102 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 5.8E+16 4.5E+16 3.0E+16 0.027 0.027 0.036 0.000 0.027 0.082 0.065 1.2E+17 1.7E+17 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 8.3E+16 1.1E+16 3.6E+15 0.041 0.011 0.009 0.005 0.022 0.888 0.879 2.7E+16 3.2E+16 5.1E+16 5.1E+16 5.1E+16 2.9E+16 2.2E+16 0.012 0.024 0.005 0.027 0.027 0.090 0.378 1.7E+17 1.6E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 5.4E+16 6.2E+16 1.1E+17 0.068 0.027 0.038 0.031 0.195 0.019 0.004 1.7E+17 1.2E+17 1.9E+17 1.9E+17 7.1E+16 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 0.022 0.019 0.001 0.018 0.010 0.023 0.014 9.8E+16 9.8E+16 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 5.2E+16 6.6E+16 0.020 0.020 0.014 0.032 0.032 0.039 0.101 2.2E+17 2.2E+17 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 3.4E+16 9.4E+16 1.2E+17 0.214 0.214 0.010 0.036 0.029 0.596 1.068

37 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 38 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 8.2E+16 8.2E+16 8.6E+16 8.6E+16 9.5E+15 6.3E+16 4.3E+16 0.022 0.022 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.050 0.022 1.0E+17 9.4E+16 7.8E+16 7.8E+16 7.8E+16 7.4E+16 7.0E+16 0.015 0.014 0.005 0.020 0.020 0.031 0.211 Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model 39 Lycoming IO-520-1AB5 40 Connental O-470-11 41 TCM O-470-U 42 Lycoming O-540-B4B5 43 Lycoming O-540-A1D5 44 Lycoming O-540-J3C5D 45 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 46 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.1 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.2 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 48 TCM IO-540-BB 49 Lycoming IO-540-K1G5D 50 Connental IO-550-N 51 TCM TSIO-520-C 52 TCM IO-550-C 53 Unknown (Skybolt Experimental) 54 Garre AiResearch TPE331-6-252B 55 Pra & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A 56 Williams FJ44-1AP 57 General Electric CF34-3A1 Engine Family Averages Connental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 Upper Limit on Engine Family Averages at 95% Confidence Connental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 ------------------------------------- PM # Total (via EEPS) --------------------------------------------- - ------------------- ----------------- PM mass Non-Vola„le (via MAAP) ------ T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle -------------------------------------#/kg--------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------g/kg--------------------------------------------- 9.4E+16 9.4E+16 2.7E+17 2.7E+17 2.7E+17 6.4E+16 8.5E+16 0.019 0.019 0.075 0.093 0.093 0.107 0.224 -- -- 2.1E+16 2.1E+16 2.1E+16 2.9E+16 2.5E+16 -- -- 0.013 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.041 6.9E+16 6.9E+16 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 1.4E+17 1.5E+17 1.2E+17 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.068 0.027 0.160 0.059 7.0E+16 8.5E+16 1.3E+17 1.3E+17 6.4E+16 4.7E+16 5.5E+16 0.017 0.011 0.016 0.046 0.106 0.103 0.043 8.4E+16 6.6E+16 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.3E+17 1.2E+17 0.298 0.287 0.181 0.412 0.412 0.152 0.789 8.6E+16 8.6E+16 1.5E+17 1.5E+17 1.5E+17 8.4E+16 4.4E+16 0.268 0.268 0.103 0.811 0.811 1.082 0.138 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.6E+14 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.000 1.4E+17 9.7E+16 1.8E+17 1.8E+17 1.7E+17 1.8E+17 1.3E+17 0.049 0.070 0.100 0.085 0.109 0.039 0.062 1.3E+17 1.3E+17 1.9E+17 1.9E+17 1.0E+17 2.8E+16 6.3E+16 0.052 0.026 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.705 0.057 4.5E+16 4.5E+16 2.8E+16 2.8E+16 2.8E+16 3.8E+15 5.0E+16 0.021 0.021 0.005 0.022 0.022 0.046 0.388 -- 8.0E+16 9.7E+16 9.7E+16 9.7E+16 1.2E+17 9.3E+16 -- 0.010 0.040 0.166 0.166 0.084 0.376 7.1E+16 7.1E+16 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 6.3E+16 8.5E+16 0.194 0.194 0.244 0.691 0.691 0.256 0.449 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.2E+17 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.095 8.6E+16 1.2E+17 8.6E+16 -- -- 5.8E+16 3.9E+16 0.317 3.512 0.317 3.969 3.969 1.893 1.641 -- -- 9.6E+16 9.6E+16 9.6E+16 2.2E+17 1.8E+17 -- -- 0.721 0.767 0.767 2.387 1.158 -- -- -- -- -- 3.1E+16 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.162 -- 3.4E+15 3.7E+15 4.1E+15 4.1E+15 4.1E+15 1.5E+16 2.8E+16 0.082 0.073 0.087 0.108 0.108 0.116 0.158 -- -- 2.0E+16 2.0E+16 2.0E+16 2.6E+16 3.4E+16 -- -- 1.261 -- -- 0.783 0.466 -- -- -- -- -- 4.3E+16 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.059 -- 5.7E+15 5.7E+15 5.5E+15 5.5E+15 5.5E+15 7.6E+15 7.0E+15 0.106 0.106 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 1.3E+17 1.2E+17 1.5E+17 1.5E+17 6.1E+16 6.6E+16 8.7E+16 0.347 0.248 0.244 0.112 0.130 0.431 0.516 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 9.4E+16 6.1E+16 3.5E+16 0.163 0.163 0.243 0.361 0.993 0.383 0.472 1.1E+17 1.1E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 9.4E+16 4.7E+16 5.8E+16 0.134 0.134 0.109 0.133 0.109 0.097 0.138 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.4E+17 1.4E+17 8.2E+16 5.2E+16 5.3E+16 0.029 0.019 0.015 0.026 0.059 0.184 0.240 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 6.9E+16 7.1E+16 7.4E+16 0.068 0.068 0.008 0.022 0.020 0.179 0.350 8.0E+16 7.9E+16 1.3E+17 1.3E+17 1.1E+17 8.7E+16 7.4E+16 0.195 0.189 0.100 0.423 0.443 0.446 0.323 9.6E+16 8.5E+16 1.2E+17 1.2E+17 1.0E+17 7.8E+16 6.9E+16 0.079 0.064 0.080 0.196 0.200 0.226 0.222 3.6E+17 3.8E+17 3.5E+17 4.9E+17 2.5E+17 2.4E+17 3.7E+17 1.546 1.143 1.315 0.670 0.814 2.932 3.090 2.9E+17 2.9E+17 2.5E+17 2.5E+17 3.0E+17 2.2E+17 8.8E+16 0.599 0.599 1.276 2.644 7.870 2.211 2.314 1.6E+17 1.6E+17 3.3E+17 3.3E+17 3.0E+17 1.2E+17 1.5E+17 0.854 0.854 0.530 0.772 0.497 0.395 0.627 2.5E+17 2.5E+17 2.8E+17 2.8E+17 2.1E+17 1.5E+17 1.8E+17 0.087 0.041 0.059 0.094 0.240 1.075 1.119 3.2E+17 3.2E+17 2.4E+17 2.4E+17 2.8E+17 1.3E+17 1.7E+17 0.379 0.379 0.026 0.074 0.066 1.064 1.892 1.2E+17 1.3E+17 2.1E+17 2.1E+17 3.0E+17 2.7E+17 2.6E+17 0.859 0.854 0.454 2.069 1.965 2.820 2.070 2.4E+17 1.8E+17 3.1E+17 3.1E+17 2.5E+17 2.7E+17 1.8E+17 0.327 0.275 0.355 0.983 0.982 1.008 0.742

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Preexis ng Data FOCAc.,e. ICAOd. FAEED162 diverse Prop-200hp FAEED160 diverse Prop-300hp FAEED165 diverse Prop-500hp FOCA diverse Prop>500hp FAEED159 TCM O-200 FOCA Lycoming O-320-E2A FAEED163 Lycoming IO-320-DIAD FOCA Lycoming O-360-A3A FOCA Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 FAEED160 TCM TSIO-360-C FOCA Lycoming O-540-J3C5D FOCA Lycoming IO-540-T4A5D FOCA TCM IO-550-B FOCA Lycoming TSIO-520-WB FAEED165 Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 ICAO General Electric CF34-3A1 ICAO Honeywell AS907-1-1A EDMS Con‰nental 6-285-B EDMS Cur‰ss-Wright R-1820 EDMS Lycoming IO-320-D1AD EDMS Lycoming IO-360-B EDMS Lycoming O-200 EDMS Lycoming O-320 EDMS Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 EDMS Lycoming TSIO-360-C EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-114 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-67 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6a-66 ------------------------------------- PM # Total (via EEPS) --------------------------------------------- - ------------------- ----------------- PM mass Non-Vola le (via MAAP) ------ T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle -------------------------------------#/kg--------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------g/kg--------------------------------------------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Recommended for Substuon in EDMS/AEDT Lycoming O-320 Individual Engine Tests 1 Rotax 912 2 Con nental O-200-A 3 Con nental O-200-A 4 Con nental O-200-A 5 Con nental O-200-A 6 Con nental O-200-A 7 Lycoming O-235-L2C 8 Lycoming O-235-L2C 9 Lycoming O-235-L2C 10 Lycoming O-320-E2D 11 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.1 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.2 Lycoming O-320-E2D 13 Lycoming O-320-E2D 14 Lycoming O-320-E2D 15 Lycoming O-320-E2D 16 Lycoming O-320-E2D 17 Lycoming O-320-E2G 18 Lycoming O-320-E2G 19 Lycoming O-320-E3D 20 Lycoming O-320-B2C 21 Lycoming O-320-B2C 22 Lycoming O-320-D2J 23 Lycoming O-320-D3G 24 Lycoming O-320-D3G 25 Lycoming O-320-D3G 26 Lycoming O-320-D3G 27 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 28 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 29 Franklin 6A4-165 30 Lycoming O-360-A4M 31 Lycoming O-360-C2E 32.1 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 32.2 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 33 Lycoming O-360-A1A 34 Lycoming O-360-A1G6D 35 Lycoming IO-360-L2A 36 Lycoming IO-360-A3B6D ------------------------------------- PM mass Total (via EEPS) ------------------- T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle Spec H/C Arom -------------------------------------g/kg--------------------------------------------- Rao % 0.197 0.197 0.177 0.269 0.132 0.148 0.466 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.292 0.292 0.393 0.205 0.205 0.307 0.104 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- -- -- -- 0.000 -- AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.314 0.314 0.142 0.089 0.089 1.215 0.971 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.169 0.169 0.292 0.202 0.097 0.607 0.802 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.199 0.057 0.199 0.080 0.080 0.040 0.282 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.151 0.151 0.136 0.155 0.083 0.065 0.142 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.163 0.163 0.212 0.597 0.932 0.398 0.516 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.158 0.158 0.298 0.174 0.189 0.152 0.283 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.545 0.545 0.249 0.136 0.136 0.187 0.289 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.107 0.107 0.220 0.060 0.060 0.074 0.238 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.165 0.165 0.166 0.073 0.073 0.060 0.170 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.106 0.106 0.091 0.114 0.053 0.452 0.136 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- -- 0.244 0.508 0.494 0.907 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.184 0.184 0.147 0.133 0.114 0.056 0.132 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.167 0.167 0.250 0.181 0.181 0.106 1.074 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.237 0.237 0.000 2.133 0.000 0.000 0.092 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.172 0.172 0.267 0.152 0.122 0.037 0.203 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.052 0.052 0.000 0.071 0.000 0.000 0.131 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.291 0.291 0.394 0.200 0.200 0.150 0.188 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.849 0.849 0.274 -- -- -- 3.894 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- 0.049 -- -- -- -- AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- -- -- -- 0.000 0.019 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.062 0.062 0.136 0.047 0.037 0.014 0.106 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.092 0.092 0.121 0.056 0.056 0.399 0.402 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.235 0.235 0.136 0.193 0.130 0.088 0.112 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.101 0.101 0.122 0.055 0.079 0.076 0.237 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.236 0.236 0.551 0.434 0.434 0.433 0.244 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.158 0.058 0.072 0.110 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.144 0.144 0.235 0.379 0.196 0.270 0.854 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.093 0.093 0.144 0.493 0.493 0.051 0.046 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.107 0.107 0.135 0.054 0.068 0.201 0.091 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.163 0.226 0.216 0.117 0.084 0.822 0.708 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.014 0.011 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.160 0.370 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.294 0.162 0.145 0.248 0.265 1.170 0.975 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.212 0.168 0.170 0.155 0.082 0.404 0.721 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.142 0.142 0.210 0.201 0.201 0.083 0.403 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.872 0.872 0.084 0.164 0.035 1.581 2.011 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% ---------------- Fuel ----------------

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model 39 Lycoming IO-520-1AB5 40 Con nental O-470-11 41 TCM O-470-U 42 Lycoming O-540-B4B5 43 Lycoming O-540-A1D5 44 Lycoming O-540-J3C5D 45 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 46 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.1 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.2 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 48 TCM IO-540-BB 49 Lycoming IO-540-K1G5D 50 Con nental IO-550-N 51 TCM TSIO-520-C 52 TCM IO-550-C 53 Unknown (Skybolt Experimental) 54 Garre‹ AiResearch TPE331-6-252B 55 Pra‹ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A 56 Williams FJ44-1AP 57 General Electric CF34-3A1 Engine Family Averages Con nental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 Upper Limit on Engine Family Averages at 95% Confidence Con nental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 ------------------------------------- PM mass Total (via EEPS) ------------------- T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle Spec H/C Arom -------------------------------------g/kg--------------------------------------------- Ra†o % 0.063 0.063 0.240 0.512 0.512 0.255 0.359 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.180 0.260 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.115 0.115 0.186 0.100 0.474 0.564 0.428 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.079 0.081 0.139 0.103 0.203 0.194 0.189 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.212 0.191 0.233 0.779 0.779 1.106 1.847 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.131 0.131 0.210 0.240 0.240 0.409 0.167 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.923 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.182 0.193 0.557 0.877 1.771 1.140 1.155 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.312 0.237 0.273 0.317 0.139 0.451 0.166 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.182 0.182 0.070 0.096 0.096 0.037 0.543 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- 0.094 0.122 0.159 0.159 0.352 1.016 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.117 0.117 0.220 0.325 0.325 0.138 0.290 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.659 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.403 0.497 0.403 0.609 0.609 0.578 0.537 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- 0.272 0.269 0.269 4.126 2.607 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -- -- -- -- -- 0.405 -- AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.020 JET A 1.90 -- -- 0.040 -- -- 0.033 0.091 JET A 1.90 -- -- -- -- -- 0.515 -- JET A 1.90 0.105 0.105 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010 JET A 1.90 0.208 0.173 0.192 0.132 0.087 0.386 0.549 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.289 0.289 0.253 0.302 0.419 0.246 0.363 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.197 0.197 0.177 0.269 0.132 0.148 0.466 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.147 0.128 0.138 0.178 0.165 0.468 0.485 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.306 0.300 0.112 0.122 0.115 0.501 0.755 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.141 0.134 0.194 0.374 0.407 0.570 0.734 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.198 0.165 0.248 0.355 0.498 0.424 0.682 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.441 0.511 0.423 0.315 0.111 1.847 1.821 1.245 1.245 0.440 1.404 2.336 0.817 0.934 0.597 0.597 0.475 1.349 0.439 0.519 2.365 0.400 0.319 0.306 0.631 0.636 1.596 1.452 1.508 1.515 0.323 0.351 0.350 2.797 3.444 0.430 0.372 0.404 1.911 1.794 2.620 4.881 0.460 0.326 0.776 1.211 2.489 1.627 1.732 37 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 38 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 0.099 0.099 0.091 0.049 0.147 0.203 0.176 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% 0.109 0.088 0.062 0.075 0.075 0.138 0.431 AVGAS 100LL 2.32 <10% -----------------Fuel---------------

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Preexis ng Data FOCAc.,e. ICAOd. FAEED162 diverse Prop-200hp FAEED160 diverse Prop-300hp FAEED165 diverse Prop-500hp FOCA diverse Prop>500hp FAEED159 TCM O-200 FOCA Lycoming O-320-E2A FAEED163 Lycoming IO-320-DIAD FOCA Lycoming O-360-A3A FOCA Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 FAEED160 TCM TSIO-360-C FOCA Lycoming O-540-J3C5D FOCA Lycoming IO-540-T4A5D FOCA TCM IO-550-B FOCA Lycoming TSIO-520-WB FAEED165 Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 ICAO General Electric CF34-3A1 ICAO Honeywell AS907-1-1A EDMS Con‰nental 6-285-B EDMS Cur‰ss-Wright R-1820 EDMS Lycoming IO-320-D1AD EDMS Lycoming IO-360-B EDMS Lycoming O-200 EDMS Lycoming O-320 EDMS Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 EDMS Lycoming TSIO-360-C EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-114 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-67 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6a-66 ------------------------------------- PM mass Total (via EEPS) ------------------- T/O C/O Cruise AppFinal App Taxi Idle Spec H/C Arom -------------------------------------g/kg--------------------------------------------- Ra o % 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.10 0.70 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.10 0.10 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 -- -- -- -- -- -- AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.40 0.40 0.05 0.05 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 AVGAS 100LL 1.857 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- JP-5 1.92 20.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Jet A 1.866 16.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ------------------Fuel---------------

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Recommended for Substuon in EDMS/AEDT Lycoming O-320 Individual Engine Tests 1 Rotax 912 2 Con nental O-200-A 3 Con nental O-200-A 4 Con nental O-200-A 5 Con nental O-200-A 6 Con nental O-200-A 7 Lycoming O-235-L2C 8 Lycoming O-235-L2C 9 Lycoming O-235-L2C 10 Lycoming O-320-E2D 11 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.1 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.2 Lycoming O-320-E2D 13 Lycoming O-320-E2D 14 Lycoming O-320-E2D 15 Lycoming O-320-E2D 16 Lycoming O-320-E2D 17 Lycoming O-320-E2G 18 Lycoming O-320-E2G 19 Lycoming O-320-E3D 20 Lycoming O-320-B2C 21 Lycoming O-320-B2C 22 Lycoming O-320-D2J 23 Lycoming O-320-D3G 24 Lycoming O-320-D3G 25 Lycoming O-320-D3G 26 Lycoming O-320-D3G 27 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 28 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 29 Franklin 6A4-165 30 Lycoming O-360-A4M 31 Lycoming O-360-C2E 32.1 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 32.2 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 33 Lycoming O-360-A1A 34 Lycoming O-360-A1G6D 35 Lycoming IO-360-L2A 36 Lycoming IO-360-A3B6D 37 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 38 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 ----------------------------------Fuel Flow--------------------------------------- ------------------Ambient-------------------- T/O C/O Cruise App Final App Taxi Idle Baro Baro Temp Temp Humidity Humidity -------------------------------------kg/sec--------------------------------------------- bar kPa K C kg/kg vol/vol 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.97 96.5 291.9 18.8 7.2E-03 1.2% 0.0033 0.0033 0.0023 0.0014 0.0014 0.0010 0.0006 1.01 100.5 295.5 22.3 1.3E-02 2.0% -- -- -- -- -- 0.0014 -- 1.01 100.6 292.7 19.5 6.8E-03 1.1% 0.0067 0.0067 0.0045 0.0033 0.0033 0.0015 0.0010 1.02 102.5 291.7 18.6 6.3E-03 1.0% 0.0067 0.0067 0.0060 0.0027 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 1.02 102.4 291.8 18.6 5.8E-03 0.9% 0.0067 0.0046 0.0067 0.0028 0.0028 0.0017 0.0011 1.01 101.3 288.7 15.5 4.3E-03 0.7% 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0044 0.0026 0.0017 0.0012 1.02 101.7 295.3 22.2 8.7E-03 1.4% 0.0070 0.0070 0.0058 0.0035 0.0015 0.0013 0.0010 1.02 101.9 292.7 19.5 8.7E-03 1.4% 0.0070 0.0070 0.0058 0.0036 0.0015 0.0013 0.0011 1.02 101.8 293.3 20.2 8.7E-03 1.4% 0.0070 0.0070 0.0070 0.0026 0.0026 0.0029 0.0010 1.03 102.7 288.6 15.5 6.0E-03 1.0% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0089 0.0038 0.0038 0.0022 0.0011 1.02 101.5 285.4 12.2 4.3E-03 0.7% 0.0102 0.0102 0.0088 0.0026 0.0026 0.0017 0.0011 1.01 100.6 294.5 21.3 1.2E-02 2.0% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0068 0.0081 0.0038 0.0018 0.0013 1.02 102.0 294.0 20.8 7.3E-03 1.2% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0060 0.0038 0.0038 0.0024 0.0014 1.02 101.6 283.7 10.5 4.6E-03 0.7% -- -- -- 0.0023 0.0035 0.0017 0.0011 1.02 102.0 292.4 19.3 5.0E-03 0.8% 0.0119 0.0119 0.0110 0.0054 0.0030 0.0015 0.0013 1.02 101.6 294.6 21.5 8.7E-03 1.4% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0061 0.0040 0.0040 0.0018 0.0010 1.01 100.7 293.0 19.9 6.8E-03 1.1% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0053 0.0036 0.0032 0.0021 0.0015 1.02 102.3 296.2 23.1 6.5E-03 1.0% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0079 0.0040 0.0045 0.0020 0.0010 1.01 101.5 286.0 12.8 4.3E-03 0.7% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0064 0.0071 0.0040 0.0018 0.0012 1.02 102.4 294.2 21.0 6.5E-03 1.1% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0096 0.0036 0.0036 0.0016 0.0009 1.01 101.2 295.8 22.6 1.0E-02 1.6% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0045 -- -- -- 0.0025 1.01 101.5 287.1 14.0 4.3E-03 0.7% -- -- 0.0045 -- -- -- -- 1.01 101.3 290.3 17.1 4.3E-03 0.7% -- -- -- -- -- 0.0018 0.0011 1.02 102.3 293.6 20.4 6.2E-03 1.0% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0068 0.0024 0.0103 0.0015 0.0011 1.01 101.3 292.9 19.8 9.2E-03 1.5% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0077 0.0032 0.0032 0.0015 0.0010 1.01 100.6 293.3 20.1 1.2E-02 1.9% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0078 0.0054 0.0041 0.0031 0.0011 1.03 102.7 289.3 16.2 6.1E-03 1.0% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0067 0.0025 0.0022 0.0015 0.0012 1.00 100.5 296.5 23.4 1.3E-02 2.0% 0.0077 0.0077 0.0060 0.0036 0.0036 0.0014 0.0012 1.02 102.4 292.1 18.9 6.3E-03 1.0% 0.0097 0.0097 0.0087 0.0075 0.0056 0.0017 0.0013 1.02 102.4 293.9 20.8 6.3E-03 1.0% 0.0103 0.0103 0.0060 0.0052 0.0018 0.0018 0.0012 1.01 101.1 295.5 22.4 1.0E-02 1.6% 0.0105 0.0105 0.0068 0.0039 0.0039 0.0017 0.0015 1.00 100.5 297.0 23.8 1.3E-02 2.0% 0.0110 0.0110 0.0049 0.0039 0.0042 0.0020 0.0017 1.02 102.1 291.0 17.9 7.0E-03 1.1% 0.0110 0.0100 0.0077 0.0068 0.0052 0.0017 0.0011 1.02 102.3 294.8 21.6 6.5E-03 1.0% 0.0110 0.0092 0.0080 0.0031 0.0031 0.0018 0.0009 1.02 101.5 286.3 13.1 4.0E-03 0.6% 0.0104 0.0097 0.0068 0.0029 0.0029 0.0014 0.0022 1.00 100.4 294.7 21.5 1.3E-02 2.0% 0.0116 0.0091 0.0076 0.0064 0.0050 0.0015 0.0024 1.03 102.6 290.9 17.7 6.0E-03 1.0% 0.0106 0.0106 0.0068 0.0015 0.0015 0.0019 0.0013 1.01 101.2 294.2 21.1 9.9E-03 1.6% 0.0116 0.0116 0.0044 0.0029 0.0037 0.0014 0.0012 1.03 102.7 290.3 17.1 6.3E-03 1.0% 0.0091 0.0091 0.0072 0.0030 0.0023 0.0023 0.0015 1.00 100.4 296.9 23.7 1.3E-02 2.0% 0.0113 0.0113 0.0053 0.0036 0.0036 0.0023 0.0015 1.01 101.5 292.6 19.4 7.8E-03 1.3%

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model 39 Lycoming IO-520-1AB5 40 Con nental O-470-11 41 TCM O-470-U 42 Lycoming O-540-B4B5 43 Lycoming O-540-A1D5 44 Lycoming O-540-J3C5D 45 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 46 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.1 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.2 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 48 TCM IO-540-BB 49 Lycoming IO-540-K1G5D 50 Con nental IO-550-N 51 TCM TSIO-520-C 52 TCM IO-550-C 53 Unknown (Skybolt Experimental) 54 Garre‹ AiResearch TPE331-6-252B 55 Pra‹ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A 56 Williams FJ44-1AP 57 General Electric CF34-3A1 Engine Family Averages Con nental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 Upper Limit on Engine Family Averages at 95% Confidence Con nental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 ----------------------------------Fuel Flow--------------------------------------- ------------------Ambient--------------------- T/O C/O Cruise App Final App Taxi Idle Baro Baro Temp Temp Humidity Humidity -------------------------------------kg/sec--------------------------------------------- bar kPa K C kg/kg vol/vol 0.0140 0.0140 0.0079 0.0061 0.0061 0.0023 0.0020 1.02 101.9 295.4 22.2 7.4E-03 1.2% -- -- 0.0109 0.0055 0.0055 0.0024 0.0016 1.02 101.9 287.1 13.9 4.3E-03 0.7% 0.0110 0.0110 0.0067 0.0033 0.0018 0.0015 0.0004 1.01 101.2 293.1 19.9 9.6E-03 1.5% 0.0108 0.0095 0.0076 0.0059 0.0028 0.0025 0.0018 1.01 101.4 293.1 19.9 8.2E-03 1.3% 0.0227 0.0191 0.0109 0.0072 0.0072 0.0021 0.0019 1.02 101.9 284.1 10.9 4.3E-03 0.7% 0.0155 0.0155 0.0080 0.0052 0.0052 0.0024 0.0020 1.01 100.7 294.2 21.0 6.8E-03 1.1% -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.0018 1.02 102.0 292.0 18.9 5.0E-03 0.8% 0.0178 0.0164 0.0091 0.0044 0.0044 0.0039 0.0022 1.01 101.1 296.2 23.0 1.0E-02 1.6% 0.0170 0.0108 0.0094 0.0106 0.0087 0.0031 0.0025 1.02 102.3 293.3 20.1 6.4E-03 1.0% 0.0174 0.0174 0.0110 0.0073 0.0073 0.0051 0.0024 1.02 101.5 287.2 14.0 4.1E-03 0.7% -- 0.0151 0.0129 0.0101 0.0101 0.0049 0.0027 1.01 100.7 292.7 19.6 6.8E-03 1.1% 0.0122 0.0122 0.0109 0.0087 0.0087 0.0032 0.0023 1.02 102.0 283.7 10.6 4.3E-03 0.7% -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.0031 1.01 101.3 289.2 16.0 4.3E-03 0.7% 0.0166 0.0113 0.0166 0.0060 0.0060 0.0037 0.0022 1.01 100.8 291.9 18.8 6.8E-03 1.1% -- -- 0.0113 0.0101 0.0101 0.0044 0.0034 1.01 101.3 288.1 14.9 4.3E-03 0.7% -- -- -- -- -- 0.0011 -- 1.02 101.7 294.5 21.3 8.7E-03 1.4% 0.0567 0.0504 0.0315 0.0292 0.0292 0.0239 0.0148 1.01 101.3 283.8 10.6 5.9E-03 1.0% -- -- 0.0600 -- -- 0.0450 0.0605 1.02 101.7 292.9 19.7 8.7E-03 1.4% -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.01 100.6 293.3 20.2 6.8E-03 1.1% 0.3276 0.3276 0.1644 0.1260 0.1260 0.0592 0.0529 1.02 101.6 285.4 12.3 4.4E-03 0.7% 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 1.02 101.7 292.0 18.9 6.4E-03 1.0% 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 1.02 102.1 291.5 18.4 7.8E-03 1.3% 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.97 96.5 291.9 18.8 7.2E-03 1.2% 0.011 0.010 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.85 84.7 292.4 19.3 8.1E-03 1.3% 0.011 0.011 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 1.01 101.4 293.5 20.3 9.1E-03 1.5% 0.016 0.015 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.002 1.01 101.3 290.5 17.3 6.5E-03 1.0% 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.008 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.85 84.7 290.8 17.7 6.1E-03 1.0% 0.0067 0.0095 0.0092 0.0058 0.0045 0.0019 0.0018 0.0070 0.0070 0.0093 0.0056 0.0047 0.0058 0.0013 0.0118 0.0118 0.0109 0.0081 0.0078 0.0027 0.0020 0.0120 0.0118 0.0098 0.0088 0.0065 0.0022 0.0031 0.0143 0.0143 0.0101 0.0056 0.0062 0.0033 0.0018 0.0421 0.0356 0.0166 0.0106 0.0145 0.0032 0.0024 0.0244 0.0222 0.0148 0.0151 0.0138 0.0066 0.0032

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Preexis ng Data FOCAc.,e. ICAOd. FAEED162 diverse Prop-200hp FAEED160 diverse Prop-300hp FAEED165 diverse Prop-500hp FOCA diverse Prop>500hp FAEED159 TCM O-200 FOCA Lycoming O-320-E2A FAEED163 Lycoming IO-320-DIAD FOCA Lycoming O-360-A3A FOCA Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 FAEED160 TCM TSIO-360-C FOCA Lycoming O-540-J3C5D FOCA Lycoming IO-540-T4A5D FOCA TCM IO-550-B FOCA Lycoming TSIO-520-WB FAEED165 Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 ICAO General Electric CF34-3A1 ICAO Honeywell AS907-1-1A EDMS Con‰nental 6-285-B EDMS Cur‰ss-Wright R-1820 EDMS Lycoming IO-320-D1AD EDMS Lycoming IO-360-B EDMS Lycoming O-200 EDMS Lycoming O-320 EDMS Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 EDMS Lycoming TSIO-360-C EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-114 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-67 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6a-66 ----------------------------------Fuel Flow--------------------------------------- ------------------Ambient--------------------- T/O C/O Cruise App Final App Taxi Idle Baro Baro Temp Temp Humidity Humidity -------------------------------------kg/sec--------------------------------------------- bar kPa K C kg/kg vol/vol 0.0112 0.0084 0.0059 0.0059 0.0012 0.0012 0.0168 0.0125 0.0077 0.0077 0.0014 0.0014 0.0327 0.0258 0.0125 0.0125 0.0032 0.0032 0.2243 0.0449 0.0220 0.0220 0.0010 0.0010 0.0057 0.0057 0.0032 0.0032 0.0010 0.0010 0.0100 0.0080 0.0048 0.0048 0.0013 0.0013 0.0116 0.0077 0.0047 0.0047 0.0010 0.0010 0.0120 0.0102 0.0054 0.0054 0.0016 0.0016 0.0136 0.0106 0.0062 0.0062 0.0014 0.0014 0.0168 0.0125 0.0077 0.0077 0.0014 0.0014 0.0166 0.0140 0.0066 0.0066 0.0016 0.0016 0.0167 0.0148 0.0074 0.0074 0.0025 0.0025 0.0182 0.0180 0.0098 0.0098 0.0038 0.0038 0.0270 0.0230 0.0140 0.0140 0.0061 0.0061 0.0327 0.0258 0.0125 0.0125 0.0032 0.0032 0.4070 0.3343 0.1190 0.1190 0.0496 0.0496 0.3470 0.2880 0.1040 0.1040 0.0480 0.0480 0.0193 0.0209 0.0105 0.0105 0.0091 0.0091 0.1469 0.1086 0.0407 0.0407 0.0112 0.0112 0.0116 0.0077 0.0047 0.0047 0.0010 0.0010 0.0130 0.0090 0.0046 0.0046 0.0010 0.0010 0.0057 0.0057 0.0032 0.0032 0.0010 0.0010 0.0112 0.0084 0.0059 0.0059 0.0012 0.0012 0.0327 0.0258 0.0125 0.0125 0.0032 0.0032 0.0168 0.0125 0.0077 0.0077 0.0015 0.0015 0.0750 0.0680 0.0390 0.0390 0.0138 0.0138 0.0504 0.0449 0.0250 0.0250 0.0090 0.0090 0.0870 0.0790 0.0450 0.0450 0.0164 0.0164 0.0710 0.0650 0.0380 0.0380 0.0151 0.0151

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Recommended for Substuon in EDMS/AEDT Lycoming O-320 Individual Engine Tests 1 Rotax 912 2 Con nental O-200-A 3 Con nental O-200-A 4 Con nental O-200-A 5 Con nental O-200-A 6 Con nental O-200-A 7 Lycoming O-235-L2C 8 Lycoming O-235-L2C 9 Lycoming O-235-L2C 10 Lycoming O-320-E2D 11 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.1 Lycoming O-320-E2D 12.2 Lycoming O-320-E2D 13 Lycoming O-320-E2D 14 Lycoming O-320-E2D 15 Lycoming O-320-E2D 16 Lycoming O-320-E2D 17 Lycoming O-320-E2G 18 Lycoming O-320-E2G 19 Lycoming O-320-E3D 20 Lycoming O-320-B2C 21 Lycoming O-320-B2C 22 Lycoming O-320-D2J 23 Lycoming O-320-D3G 24 Lycoming O-320-D3G 25 Lycoming O-320-D3G 26 Lycoming O-320-D3G 27 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 28 Lycoming O-320-H2AD 29 Franklin 6A4-165 30 Lycoming O-360-A4M 31 Lycoming O-360-C2E 32.1 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 32.2 Lycoming O-360-F1A6 33 Lycoming O-360-A1A 34 Lycoming O-360-A1G6D 35 Lycoming IO-360-L2A 36 Lycoming IO-360-A3B6D ---Test Dates--- Manufacturer Test Organisaon Test Locaon From To Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/06 2015/10/16 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/08 2014/10/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/03 2015/06/03 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/09 2014/10/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/07 2014/10/07 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/07 2014/10/07 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/07 2014/10/07 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/09 2014/10/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/05 2015/06/05 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/10/15 2015/10/15 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/06 2014/10/06 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/07 2014/10/07 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/08 2014/10/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/03 2015/06/03 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/09 2014/10/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/09 2014/10/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/10 2014/10/10 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/03 2015/06/03 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/03 2015/06/03 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/05 2015/06/05 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/03 2015/06/03 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/10/15 2015/10/15 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/04 2015/06/04

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model 39 Lycoming IO-520-1AB5 40 Con nental O-470-11 41 TCM O-470-U 42 Lycoming O-540-B4B5 43 Lycoming O-540-A1D5 44 Lycoming O-540-J3C5D 45 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 46 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.1 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 47.2 Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 48 TCM IO-540-BB 49 Lycoming IO-540-K1G5D 50 Con nental IO-550-N 51 TCM TSIO-520-C 52 TCM IO-550-C 53 Unknown (Skybolt Experimental) 54 Garre‹ AiResearch TPE331-6-252B 55 Pra‹ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A 56 Williams FJ44-1AP 57 General Electric CF34-3A1 Engine Family Averages Con nental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 Upper Limit on Engine Family Averages at 95% Confidence Con nental O-200 Lycoming O-235 Lycoming O-320 Lycoming O-360 Lycoming IO-360 Lycoming O-540 Lycoming IO-540 ---Test Dates--- Manufacturer Test Organisa on Test Loca on From To Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/05 2015/06/05 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/10 2014/10/10 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/10 2014/10/10 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/08 2014/10/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/06 2014/10/06 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/03 2015/06/03 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/10/15 2015/10/15 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/08 2014/10/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/10 2014/10/10 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/09 2014/10/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/08 2014/10/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/09 2014/10/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/07 2014/10/07 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/10/16 2015/10/16 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/07 2014/10/07 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2014/10/08 2014/10/08 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/10/15 2015/10/15 Aerodyne Research Inc Aerodyne Research Inc Aerodyne Research Inc Aerodyne Research Inc Aerodyne Research Inc Aerodyne Research Inc Aerodyne Research Inc 37 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 38 Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/09 2015/06/09 Aerodyne Research Inc New England, USA 2015/06/08 2015/06/08

Unique ID Engine Make Engine Model Preexis ng Data FOCAc.,e. ICAOd. FAEED162 diverse Prop-200hp FAEED160 diverse Prop-300hp FAEED165 diverse Prop-500hp FOCA diverse Prop>500hp FAEED159 TCM O-200 FOCA Lycoming O-320-E2A FAEED163 Lycoming IO-320-DIAD FOCA Lycoming O-360-A3A FOCA Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 FAEED160 TCM TSIO-360-C FOCA Lycoming O-540-J3C5D FOCA Lycoming IO-540-T4A5D FOCA TCM IO-550-B FOCA Lycoming TSIO-520-WB FAEED165 Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 ICAO General Electric CF34-3A1 ICAO Honeywell AS907-1-1A EDMS Con‰nental 6-285-B EDMS Cur‰ss-Wright R-1820 EDMS Lycoming IO-320-D1AD EDMS Lycoming IO-360-B EDMS Lycoming O-200 EDMS Lycoming O-320 EDMS Lycoming TIO-540-J2B2 EDMS Lycoming TSIO-360-C EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-60A EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-114 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6A-67 EDMS PraŽ & Whitney Canada PT6a-66 ---Test Dates--- Manufacturer Test Organisa on Test Loca on From To FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 7/12/2002 FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 7/12/2002 FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 7/12/2002 FOCA 9/11/1997 FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 7/12/2002 FOCA 4/21/2006 FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 10/18/2002 FOCA 10/19/2005 FOCA 10/19/2005 FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 7/12/2002 FOCA 11/6/2006 FOCA 12/15/2006 FOCA 10/19/2005 FOCA 4/21/2006 FAA Aircra’ Emissions Database 7/12/2002 ICAO 23/3/1991 ICAO AP-42 Table II-1-7 EPA 420-92-009 Table 5-7 AP-42 Table II-1-7 AP-42 Table II-1-7 AP-42 Table II-1-7 AP-42 Table II-1-7 AP-42 Table II-1-7 AP-42 Table II-1-7 P & W Canada P & W Canada P & W Canada P & W Canada

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 Exhaust Em issions from In-U se G eneral A viation A ircraft A CRP Research Report 164 TRB ISBN 978-0-309-44601-3 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 4 6 0 1 3 9 0 0 0 0

Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft Get This Book
×
 Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 164: Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft provides

emissions data

to better understand and estimate general aviation (GA) aircraft emissions. Aircraft emissions data for smaller aircraft such as piston and small turbine-powered aircraft either do not exist or have not been independently verified. The emissions data obtained as a part of this project can be added to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA’s) Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) database of aircraft engines. A

PowerPoint presentation

provides an overview of the findings.

Disclaimer: This spreadsheet is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!