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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25206.
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Page 129
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25206.
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Page 130

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129   References 1. Special Report 214: Designing Safer Roads: Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1987. 2. Highway Safety Manual. AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2010. 3. Highway Safety Manual, Supplement. AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2014. 4. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 7th ed. AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2018. 5. Harwood, D. W., J. M. Hutton, C. Fees, K. M. Bauer, A. Glen, and H. Ouren, NCHRP Report 783: Evaluation of the 13 Controlling Criteria for Geometric Design. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2014. 6. Geometric Design Guide for Resurfacing, Restoration and Rehabilitation (R-R-R) of Highways and Streets. AASHTO, Washington, DC, 1977. 7. Harwood, D. W., D. J. Cook, R. Coakley, and C. Polk. NCHRP Web-Only Document 244: Developing Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2021. 8. McGee, H. W., Sr. NCHRP Synthesis 417: Geometric Design Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Reha- bilitation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2011. 9. AASHTOWare Safety Analyst. http://safetyanalyst.org. 10. Harwood, D. W., D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, and M. M. Meyer. SafetyAnalyst: Software Tools for Safety Management of Specific Highway Sites. FHWA-HRT-10-063. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2010. 11. Highway Capacity Manual 2010. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2010. 12. Bahar, G. Transportation Research Circular E-C142: Methodology for the Development and Inclusion of Crash Modification Factors in the First Edition of the Highway Safety Manual. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010. 13. Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse. U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA. http://cmfclearing house.org. 14. Gross, F., B. Persaud, and C. Lyon. A Guide to Developing Quality Crash Modification Factors. FHWA- SA-10-032. U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, 2010. 15. Harwood, D. W., F. M. Council, E. Hauer, W. E. Hughes, and A. Vogt. Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways. FHWA-RD-99 207. U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, 2000. 16. Zegeer, C. V., R. C. Deen, and J. G. Mayes. Effect of Lane and Shoulder Width on Accident Reduction on Rural, Two-Lane Roads. Transportation Research Record, No. 806, pp. 33–43, 1981. 17. Griffin, L. I., and K. K. Mak. Benefits to be Achieved from Widening Rural, Two-Lane Farm-to-Market Roads in Texas. IAC (86–87)-1039. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, 1987. 18. Zegeer, C. V., D. W. Reinfurt, J. Humma, L. Herf, and W. Hunter. Safety Effects of Cross-Section Design for Two-Lane Roads. Transportation Research Record, No. 1195, 1988, pp. 20–32. 19. Zegeer, C. V., J. R. Stewart, F. M. Council, D. W. Reinfurt, and E. Hamilton. Safety Effects of Geometric Improvements on Horizontal Curves. Transportation Research Record, No. 1356, 1992, pp. 11–19. 20. Torbic, D. J., J. M. Hutton, C. D. Bokenkroger, K. M. Bauer, D. W. Harwood, D. K. Gilmore, J. M. Dunn, J. J. Ronchetto, E. T. Donnell, H. J. Sommer III, P. M. Garvey, B. Persaud, and C. Lyon. NCHRP Report 641: Guidance for the Design and Application of Shoulder and Centerline Rumble Strips. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2009. 21. Potts, I. B., D. W. Harwood, C. D. Brokenkroger, and M. M. Knoshaug. Benefit/Cost Evaluation of MoDOT’s Total Striping and Delineation Program, Phase II. CM 12-002. Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, 2011.

130 Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects 22. Fitzpatrick, K., A. H. Parham, and M. A. Brewer. Treatments for Crashes on Rural Two-Lane Highways in Texas. Report No. FHWA/TX-02/4048-2. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, 2002. 23. Mak, K. K., and D. L. Sicking. NCHRP Report 492: Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP)—Engineer’s Manual. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2003. 24. Ray, M. H., C. E. Carrigan, C. A. Plaxico, S.-P. Miaou, and T. O. Johnson. Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) Update. Appendix A: RSAPv3 User’s Manual. Final Report, NCHRP Project 22–27. RoadSafe LLC, Canton, Maine, 2012. http://rsap.roadsafellc.com. 25. Ray, M. H., C. E. Carrigan, C. A. Plaxico, S.-P. Miaou, and T. O. Johnson. Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) Update. Appendix B: RSAPv3 Engineer’s Manual. Final Report, NCHRP Project 22–27. RoadSafe LLC, Canton, Maine, 2012. http://rsap.roadsafellc.com. 26. Harkey, D. L., S. Raghavan, J. Baek, F. M. Council, K. A. Eccles, N. X. Lefler, F. Gross, B. N. Persaud, C. Lyon, E. Hauer, and J. A. Bonneson. NCHRP Report 617: Accident Modification Factors for Traffic Engineering and ITS Improvements. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2008. 27. Lord, D., S. R. Geedipally, B. N. Persaud, S. P. Washington, I. van Schalkwyk, J. N. Ivan, C. Lyon, and T. Jonsson. NCHRP Web-Only Document 126: Methodology to Predict the Safety Performance of Rural Multilane Highways. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2008. 28. Potts, I. B., D. W. Harwood, and K. R. Richard. Relationship of Lane Width to Safety on Urban and Suburban Arterials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2023, 2007, pp. 63–82. 29. Thompson, K., and C. Monje. Memorandum: Guidance on Treatment of the Economic Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) in U.S. Department of Transportation Economic Analyses—2015 Adjustment. Office of the Secretary of Transportation, U.S. Department of Transportation, June 17, 2015. 30. Roadside Design Guide, 4th ed. AASHTO, Washington, DC, 2011. 31. Zegeer, C. V., R. Stewart, F. Council, and T. R. Neuman. NCHRP Report 362: Roadway Widths for Low- Traffic-Volume Roads. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. 32. Council, F., E. Zaloshnja, T. Miller, and B. Persaud. Crash Cost Estimates by Maximum Police-Reported Injury Severity Within Selected Crash Geometries. FHWA-HRT-05-051. U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, 2005. 33. Consumer Price Index. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://bls.gov/cpi/. 34. Employment Cost Index Historical Listing. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https:// www.bls.gov/web/eci/echistrynaics.pdf.

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 Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects
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Prior to 1976, federal highway funds could only be used for the construction of new highways or the reconstruction of existing highways. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1976 allowed the use of federal aid for resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation (3R) projects on federal-aid highways. However, in 1976 there were no standards for 3R improvements.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 876: Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects presents a rational approach for estimating the cost-effectiveness of including safety and operational improvements in a resurfacing, restoration, or rehabilitation (3R) project.

The approach uses the performance of the existing road in estimating the benefits and cost-effectiveness of proposed design improvements. These guidelines are intended to replace TRB Special Report 214: Designing Safer Roads: Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation.

Supplemental materials include NCHRP Web-Only Document 244: Developing Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects. Two spreadsheet tools for benefit–cost analysis in support of design decisions for 3R projects also accompany the report. Spreadsheet Tool 1 is a tool for analysis of a single design alternative or combination of alternatives. Spreadsheet Tool 2 is a tool for comparison of several design alternatives or combinations of alternatives.

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