Benefit–Cost Analyses Guidebook for Airport Stormwater (2019)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

98 This section includes references used for this guidebook as well as additional resources that may be useful to airports pursuing BCAs for stormwater projects. Each reference has one or more icons associ- ated with it to denote what the reference is related to. There are six categories: Airports and other transportation sectors Benefit–cost analysis Cost estimation Regulations Stormwater/green stormwater infrastructure Triple bottom line More information regarding stormwater and BCA tools for airports can be found in Appendix F. Airports Council International–North America (ACI-NA). 2008. Going Green: Minimizing Aviation’s Environmental Footprint at Airports. http://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/files/ going_green_9-7-07.pdf. ACI-NA. 2012. Buffalo Niagara International Airport Engineered Wetlands: Our Airport’s Stormwater Treatment System. Alberta WaterPortal. 2013. Introduction to Green Infrastructure and Grey Infrastructure. http:// albertawater.com/green-vs-grey-infrastructure. Allerton, K., A. Johnson, J. Lengel, M. Knecht, D. Seal, P. Esposito, and G. Griffin. 2015. ACRP Report 125: Balancing Airport Stormwater and Bird Hazard Management. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/22216. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. 2011. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. 6th Edition. Barr Engineering Company. 2011. Best Management Practices Construction Costs, Maintenance Costs, and Land Requirements. Prepared for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. https://www. pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/p-gen3-13x.pdf. Berry, F., S. Gillhespy, and J. Rogers. 2008. ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 10: Airport Sus­ tainability Practices.v Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/13674. Bodie, Z. and R. C. Merton. 2008. Finance. Prentice Hall. Booz Allen Hamilton. 2016. NCHRP Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 4: Sustainability as an Organizing Principle for Transportation Agencies. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. References and Additional Resources

References and Additional Resources 99 Brealey, R. A. and S. C. Myers. 2000. Principles of Corporate Finance, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bueno, P. C., J. M. Vassallo, and K. Cheung. 2015. Sustainability Assessment of Transport Infra­ structure Projects: A Review of Existing Tools and Methods. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/01441647.2015.1041435. Burlington International Airport. 2015. AIP Apron Repair Project, Burlington, VT. The Cadmus Group, Municipal & Financial Services Group, Western Kentucky University, and Parametrix. 2018. ACRP Research Report 193: Strategies for Reducing Local Storm­ water Utility Fees for Airports. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/ Publications/Blurbs/178436.aspx. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Office of Transportation Economics. 2012. Cal-B/C. http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/tools.html. Carpenter, G., et al. 2015. Framework for Informed Planning Decisions Regarding Indirect Potable Reuse and Dual Pipe Systems. WateReuse Research Foundation (WRRF) Decision Tool V1.3. https:// watereuse.org/watereuse-research/framework-for-informed-planning-decisions-regarding-potable-reuse- and-dual-pipe-systems/. Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT). 2009. Green Values National Stormwater Management Calculator. http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php. CNT. 2010. The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environ- mental and Social Benefits. http://www.cnt.org/sites/default/files/publications/CNT_Value-of- Green-Infrastructure.pdf. CNT. 2013. Green Values Stormwater Toolbox. http://greenvalues.cnt.org/. CH2M Hill; Gresham, Smith and Partners; and Barnes & Thornburg LLP. 2009. Deicing Plan- ning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. http://www.trb.org/ Publications/Blurbs/161758.aspx. City and County of San Francisco. 2010. Stormwater Design Guidelines. https://sfwater.org/ index.aspx?page=446. City of Rockville Department of Public Works. 2010. Standard Prices for Cost Estimating. https:// www.rockvillemd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1121/Standard_Prices_Cost_Est_Permit?bidId=. Colorado Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. 2017. Excel-Based Workbooks for Planning and Construction Phase Cost Estimation. Software available at http://udfcd.org/software. Dasch Houdeshel, C., et al. 2011. Cost-Estimating Tools for Low-Impact Development Best Man- agement Practices: Challenges, Limitations, and Implications. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 137(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000179. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). n.d. Appendix E: BMP Cost Calculations. http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/swc/wa/Documents/ AppoPCSdocs/Appendix%20E%20-%20Cost%20Calculations.pdf. Dewberry; Gresham, Smith and Partners; GCR Inc.; R. Marchi. 2015. ACRP Report 147: Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Risk Assessment for Airports. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Doneux, M. 2011. Stormwater BMP Performance Assessment and Cost–Benefit Analysis. Mississippi River Forum, January and February, 2011. Saint Cloud and Saint Paul, Minnesota. https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/upload/DoneuxPresentRF012811.pdf. Economic Development Research (EDR) Group. 2001. Airport Runway Expansion: Rock County, Wisconsin. Prepared for Wisconsin Department of Transportation – Bureau of Aeronautics. http://bca.transportationeconomics.org/case-studies/airport-runway.

100 Benefit–Cost Analyses Guidebook for Airport Stormwater Economics, ENR: Engineering News-Record. http://www.enr.com/. EDR Group. 2001. Airport Benefit Cost (ABC) System. http://www.edrgroup.com/library/ aviation/airport-benefit-cost-system-abc.html. Engineering Solutions Online. n.d. Cost Benefit Analysis Template. http://engineeringsolutions. homestead.com/template_CBA.html. FAA. 1998. Economic Analysis of Investment and Regulatory Decisions. https://www.faa.gov/ regulations_policies/policy_guidance/benefit_cost/media/ECONOMIC.pdf. FAA. 1999a. FAA Airport Benefit–Cost Analysis Guidance. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_ policies/policy_guidance/benefit_cost/media/1999_FAA_Airport_Benefit_Cost_Analysis_ Guidance.pdf. FAA. 1999b. Policy and Final Guidance Regarding Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) on Airport Capacity Projects for FAA Decisions on Airport Improvement Program (AIP) Discretionary Grants and Letters of Intent (LOI). 64 Federal Register 240, pp. 70107-70112. https://www.faa.gov/airports/ resources/publications/federal_register_notices/media/aip_64fr70107.pdf. FAA. 2000. Airports Capital Improvement Plan. Order 5100.39A. https://www.faa.gov/ documentLibrary/media/Order/order-5100-39A-acip.pdf. FAA. 2006a. Planning Information Needed for FAA Headquarters Review of Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA). https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/bc_analysis/media/planning-information- bca.pdf. FAA. 2006b. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Actions. FAA Order 5050.4B. https://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/ orders/environmental_5050_4/. FAA. 2007a. Environmental Desk Reference for Airport Actions. https://www.faa.gov/airports/ environmental/environmental_desk_ref/media/desk-ref.pdf. FAA. 2007b. Hazardous Wildlife Attractants on or near Airports. AC No: 150/5200-33B. https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5200-33B/150_ 5200_33b.pdf. FAA. 2010. Airport Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program - Notification. https://www.faa.gov/ airports/environmental/sustainability/media/interim_guidance_sustainable_master_plan_ pilot.pdf. FAA. 2011a. Benefit Cost Analysis: Central Region. https://www.faa.gov/airports/central/aip/ benefit_cost/. FAA. 2011b. Airport Improvement Program (AIP): Modifications to Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) Threshold. 76 Federal Register 205, pp. 65769-65772. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ pkg/FR-2011-10-24/pdf/2011-27364.pdf. FAA. 2011c. Operational Safety on Airports during Construction. AC 150/5370-2F. https:// www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5370_2f.pdf. FAA. 2012. Hazardous Wildlife Attractants on or near Airports. AC No: 150/5200-33C. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document. information/documentID/1020505. FAA. 2013. Airport Drainage Design. AC No: 150/5320-5D. https://www.faa.gov/document Library/media/Advisory_Circular/150_5320_5d.pdf. FAA. 2014a. Airport Improvement Program Handbook. Order 5100.38D. https://www.faa. gov/airports/aip/aip_handbook/media/aip-handbook-order-5100-38d.pdf. FAA. 2014b. Airport Design. AC 150/5300-13A, Appendix 1. https://www.faa.gov/document Library/media/Advisory_Circular/draft_150_5300_13a.pdf.

References and Additional Resources 101 FAA. 2015. Airport Master Plans. AC No: 150/5070-6B. https://www.faa.gov/document Library/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5070-6B-Change-2-Consolidated.pdf. FAA. 2016. Airport Improvement Program (AIP) Grant Histories. https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/ grant_histories/. FHWA. n.d. INVEST. https://www.sustainablehighways.org/875/how-does-invest-measure- sustainability.html. Florida Department of Transportation – Aviation Office. 2013. Statewide Airport Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source= web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwjV7KbTsNfRAhVBJiYKHZpIALIQFggcMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. florida-aviation-database.com%2Flibrary%2Ffiledownload.aspx%3Fguid%3Da4fdf4fd-8234-482f-b8f9- 4f3f0a95a2cf&usg=AFQjCNHM3MzgjtR. Florida Department of Transportation. 2016. Transportation Costs Report: Airport Costs. http://www.fdot.gov/planning/Policy/To%20Delete/costs/Airports.pdf. Foraste, A., R. Goo, J. Thrash, and L. Hair. 2011. Measuring the Cost-Effectiveness of Stormwater Management Plans Using Life Cycle Costs & Performance Metrics. Low Impact Development Symposium, September 2011. https://www1.villanova.edu/content/dam/villanova/engineering/vcase/ sym-presentations/2011/10_1foraste.pdf. Geosyntec. 2018. Massachusetts Clean Water Toolkit: Urban stormwater Runoff. http://prj.geosyntec. com/npsmanual/sectionintrourbanstormwaterrunoff.aspx. Global Reporting Initiative. 2011. Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. Version 3.1. https:// www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G3.1-Guidelines-Incl-Technical-Protocol.pdf. GPI Southeast Inc. 2013. Ocala International Airport Final Stormwater Master Plan. Gresham, Smith and Partners. 2011. ACRP Report 53: A Handbook for Addressing Water Resource Issues Affecting Airport Development Planning. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/14576. Gresham, Smith and Partners. 2013. ACRP Report 99: Guidance for Treatment of Airport Storm­ water Containing Deicers. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/170197.aspx. Gresham, Smith and Partners, Geosyntec Consultants, HDR, Good Company. 2014. Port of Portland Stormwater Design Standards Manual. http://cdn.portofportland.com/pdfs/ Stormwater_Design_Standards_Manual_app.pdf. Hammer, J., J. Babcock, and K. Moosbrugger. 2012. TBL Toolbook: Putting Concepts into Practice: Triple Bottom Line. http://www.tbltool.org/files/CUPA_Casebook.pdf. Haveman, Robert. 2007. The Chicago O’Hare Expansion: A Case Study of Administrative Manipulation of Benefit–Cost Principles. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/ S0193-5895(07)23008-8. Hoyle, Tanner & Associates. 2016. Contractor Report: Ormond Beach Municipal Airport Storm- water Master Plan. Illinois Department of Transportation. 2012. I-LAST: Illinois – Livable and Sustainable Transportation Rating System and Guide. http://www.idot.illinois.gov/assets/uploads/files/ transportation-system/reports/desenv/environmental/i-last%20v%202%2002.pdf. Informed Infrastructure. 2015. AutoCASE Eases Triple Bottom Line Analysis for Infrastructure Projects. http://informedinfrastructure.com/12513/autocase-eases-triple-bottom-line-analysis- for-infrastructure-projects/. Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure. 2016. Envision Rating System. http://sustainable infrastructure.org/portal/files/Envision_Checklist.xlsx. Integrated Acquisition Environment. 2017. Wage Determinations Online. https://www.wdol.gov/.

102 Benefit–Cost Analyses Guidebook for Airport Stormwater International Project Estimating. 2017. Infrastructure Project Estimating: Airports and Terminal Buildings. http://www.infrastructurecost.com/Airports_and_Terminal_Buildings. International Stormwater BMP Database. 2017. http://www.bmpdatabase.org/. Jolley, J. W., M. E. Tuccillo, M. L. Young, M. Barrett, and A. Lantin. 2017. ACRP Research Report 174: Green Stormwater Infrastructure. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/176182.aspx. Karlsson, J., S. Allard, R. Viswanathan, R. Furey, and J. McCredie. 2014. ACRP Report 120: Airport Capital Improvements: A Business Planning and Decision­Making Approach. Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/ 22259. Karlsson, J., S. Allard, R. Viswanathan, R. Furey, and J. McCredie. ACRP Web­Only Document 18: Airport Capital Improvements: Developing a Cost­Estimating Model and Database. Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Main/ Blurbs/171329.aspx. Kimball, N. 2016. PANYNJ-Aviation Department Climate Resilience Overview. http://aci-na.org/ sites/default/files/kimball_panynj_resilience_presentation.pdf. Landau, S. and G. Weisbrod. 2009. ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 13: Effective Practices for Preparing Airport Improvement Program Benefit–Cost Analysis. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_syn_013.pdf. Landrum & Brown, Environmental Consulting Group, Primera Engineers, Muller & Muller. 2012. ACRP Report 80: Guidebook for Incorporating Sustainability into Traditional Airport Projects. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. http://www.airportsites.net/ acrp80/acrp_rpt_080.pdf. Low Impact Development Center, Inc. 2007. Bioretention: Costs. Low Impact Development Urban Design Tools Website. http://www.lid-stormwater.net/bio_costs.htm. Mansfield, Edwin. 1991. Statistics for Business and Economics, 4th Edition. W.W. Norton & Company http://books.wwnorton.com/books/webad.aspx?id=11407. Martin-Nagle, R. and A. Klauber. 2015. ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice 66: Lessons Learned from Airport Sustainability Plans. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, D.C. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/ 172887.aspx. McGormley, R. W., J. A. Lengel Jr., D. E. Seal, J. N. Foster, M. Kenney, P. K. Sanford, B. J. Siwinski, C. Lurie, and E. Humblet. 2011. ACRP Report 43: Guidebook of Practices for Improving Environ­ mental Performance at Small Airports. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Wash- ington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/22897. McVoy, G. R., K. Gunasekera, L. R. Sousa, and P. P. Schaffner. 2013. An Analytical Framework for Sustainability Analysis of Transportation Investments across the Triple Bottom Line Using a Common Metric. http://www.icoet.net/icoet_2013/documents/papers/ICOET2013_ Paper202C_McVoy_et_al.pdf. Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2017. Benefit–Cost Analysis for Transportation Projects. http://www.dot.state.mn.us/planning/program/benefitcost.html. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2011. Best Management Practices Construction Costs, Maintenance Costs, and Land Requirements. https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/ default/files/p-gen3-13x.pdf. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2018. Minnesota Stormwater Manual. https://stormwater.pca. state.mn.us/index.php?title=Main_Page.

References and Additional Resources 103 Minton, G. 2003. A Survey of Installation and Maintenance Costs of Stormwater Treat- ment Facilities. Prepared for the Bay Area Stormwater Management Association. http:// www.scvurppp-w2k.com/permit_c3_docs/0803_BASMAA_Treatment_Control_Cost_Survey3.pdf. Morrissey, S. 2016. Sustainable Infrastructure Denver International Airport. http://coloradoasce. org/sustainability2016_27_3923334983.pdf. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2015. A Guide to Assessing Green Infra- structure Costs and Benefits for Flood Reduction. https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/ gi-cost-benefit.html. National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Water Science and Technology Board, and Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution. 2009. Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/ 12465/urban-stormwater-management-in-the-united-states. New York State Department of Transportation. 2011. GreenLITES: Green Leadership In Transportation Environmental Sustainability. https://www.dot.ny.gov/programs/greenlites. Newport, R. 2014. Costs for Green Infrastructure and Stormwater Retention Practices. http://www.aiswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/2_EPA-Post-Construction-Cost- Analysis.pdf. Nordman, E. et al. In prep. Benefit–Cost Analysis of Stormwater Green Infrastructure for Grand Rapids, Michigan. https://wmeac.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Stormwater-document- 17Aug6.pdf. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). 2012. BMP Toolbox for Public Airports (version 4.3). https://ncdenr.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/ Energy%20Mineral%20and%20Land%20Resources/Stormwater/BMP%20Manual/DWQ%20BMP%20 Manual%20Airports%20Version%204.3.pdf. Office of Management and Budget (OMB). 1992. Circular A-94 Revised: Guidelines and Dis- count Rates for Benefit–Cost Analysis of Federal Programs. https://www.transportation.gov/ sites/dot.gov/files/docs/OMB%20Circular%20A-94.pdf. OMB. 2003. Regulatory Impact Analysis: A Primer. Circular No. A-4. https://obamawhitehouse. archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/regpol/circular-a-4_regulatory-impact-analysis-a- primer.pdf. Olson, C., and L. A. Roesner. 2010. BMP-REALCOST: Best Management Practices – Rational Estimation of Actual Likely Costs of Stormwater Treatment. A Spreadsheet Tool for Evalu- ating BMP Effectiveness and Lifecycle Costs. User’s Manual and Documentation, Version 1.0. http:// stormwater.horrycounty.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XjR6D-TXwMI%3D&tabid=540&mid=1284. Osouli, A. et al. 2017. Performance and Cost Perspective in Selecting BMPs for Linear Proj- ects. Water. 9(5), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050302. Parsons. 2005. Raleigh–Durham International Airport: Terminal C Expansion and Renovation Project. https://www.parsons.com/projects/pages/raleigh-durham-intl-airport.aspx. Pomeroy, C. 2009. BMP and LID Whole Life Cost Models: Version 2.0. WERF Project SW2R08. https://www.werf.org/a/Ka/Search/ResearchProfile.aspx?WebsiteKey=00bc0f55-bb85-4522- b31f-64e876cfd07d&ReportId=SW2R08. Prince George’s County. 2014. Stormwater Management Design Manual. http://www.princegeorges countymd.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4627. Rosen, H. and T. Gayer. 2008. Public Finance, 8th Edition. Chapter 8: Cost–Benefit Analysis. McGraw Hill, Boston. http://www.worldcat.org/title/public-finance/oclc/654355942.

104 Benefit–Cost Analyses Guidebook for Airport Stormwater San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. 2016. Water Stewardship Plan: Protecting Our Water Resources. http://www.san.org/Portals/0/Documents/Environmental/2016_0509_ Water%20Stewardship%20Plan%20Document_F2.pdf. Sattler, P. 2015. Green Stormwater Infrastructure for Airports. http://www.airportmagazine- digital.com/airportmagazine/april_may_2015?pg=62#pg62. Shi, X., M. Beutel, T. Long, A. Hellenthal, and C. Bristoll-Groll. 2015. Green Stormwater Infra- structure Strategies for Airports: Challenges and Opportunities. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/ abs/10.1061/9780784479285.001. STARS. 2016. Version 2.0 of the STAR Community Rating System. http://www.starcommunities. org/rating-system/framework/. Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance. 2018. Sustainable Principles and Practices Data- base. http://airportsustainability.org/. Taylor, A. 2005. Guidelines for Evaluating the Financial, Ecological, and Social Aspects of Urban Stormwater Management Measures to Improve Waterway Health. Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Technical Report 05/11. http://ewater.org.au/archive/crcch/archive/pubs/pdfs/ technical200511.pdf. Taylor, S., M. Barrett, M. Leisenring, S. Sahu, D. Pankani, A. Poresky, A. Questad, E. Strecker, N. Weinstein, and M. Venner. 2014. NCHRP Report 792: Long­Term Per­ formance and Life­Cycle Costs of Stormwater Best Management Practices. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/22275#. Touran, A., D. D. Gransberg, K. R. Molenaar, P. Bakhshi, and K. Ghavamifar. 2009. ACRP Report 21: A Guidebook for Selecting Airport Capital Project Delivery Methods. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/download/14312#. Transportation Economics Committee of the Transportation Research Board. 2010. Transporta- tion Benefit–Cost Analysis. http://bca.transportationeconomics.org. U.S. Army Corps. 2014. Cost-Estimation Tool for Low-Impact Development Stormwater Best Management Practices. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/ARMYCOE/PWTB/pwtb_200_ 1_135.pdf. U.S. DOT. 2016. Benefit–Cost Analysis (BCA) Resource Guide. https://www.transportation.gov/ sites/dot.gov/files/docs/BCA%20Resource%20Guide%202016.pdf. U.S. EPA. 2012. Airport Deicing Effluent Guidelines. 40 CFR Part 449. https://www.epa.gov/ eg/airport-deicing-effluent-guidelines. U.S. EPA. 2013. Case Studies Analyzing the Economic Benefits of Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure Programs. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/ lid-gi-programs_report_8-6-13_combined.pdf. U.S. EPA. 2014. The Economic Benefits of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study of Lancaster, PA. EPA 800-R-14-007. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/ cnt-lancaster-report-508_1.pdf. U.S. EPA. 2016a. NPDES Stormwater Program. https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater- program. U.S. EPA. 2016b. Clean Water Act, Section 402: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/clean-water-act-section-402-national- pollutant-discharge-elimination-system. U.S. EPA. 2016c. National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Stormwater. https:// www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#post. U.S. EPA. 2017a. Green Infrastructure. https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure

References and Additional Resources 105 U.S. EPA. 2017b. National Stormwater Calculator. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/ national-stormwater-calculator. U.S. EPA. 2018. Green Infrastructure Cost–Benefit Resources. https://www.epa.gov/ green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources. U.S. EPA. n.d. Storm Water Management Model. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water- management-model-swmm. U.S. EPA, Region 1 (R1). 2009. Managing Stormwater with Low Impact Development Practices: Addressing Barriers to LID. EPA 901-F-09-003. https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/ assets/pdfs/AddressingBarrier2LID.pdf. U.S. EPA R1. 2016a. Methodology for developing cost estimates for Opti-Tool. https:// www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/ma/green-infrastructure-stormwater-bmp-cost- estimation.pdf. U.S. EPA R1. 2016b. Opti-Tool: EPA Region 1’s Stormwater Management Optimization Tool. https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/opti-tool-epa-region-1s-stormwater-management- optimization-tool. U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2009. GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Developing and Managing Capital Program Costs. GAO-09-3SP. http:// www.gao.gov/new.items/d093sp.pdf. University of Washington and CH2M Hill. 2011. Greenroads Manual v1.5. https:// www.greenroads.org/files/236.pdf Visitacion, B., D. Booth, and A. Steinemann. 2009. Costs and Benefits of Storm-Water Management: Case Study of the Puget Sound Region. Journal of Urban Planning and Devel­ opment, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2009)135:4(150). http://faculty.washington.edu/dbooth/ Visitacion%20et%20al%202009%20stormwater%20costs.pdf. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). 2008. Airport Stormwater Guidance Manual: Managing Wildlife Hazards near Airports. Technical Manual. M 3041.00. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/aviation/AirportStormwaterGuidanceManual.htm. WSDOT. 2015. Cost Estimating Manual for Projects. Engineering and Regional Operations Devel- opment Division, Design Office. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals/fulltext/M3034/ EstimatingGuidelines.pdf. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF). 2009. Economic Evaluations of Stormwater BMPs. https://www.werf.org/liveablecommunities/toolbox/economic.htm. WRRF. 2015. Indirect Potable Reuse or a Dual Pipe System? A Triple Bottom Line Approach Frame- work for Informed Planning Decisions Regarding Indirect Potable Reuse and Dual Piping Systems. https://watereuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/WRRF_09-02_webcast.pdf. Zietsman, J., T. Ramani, J. Potter, V. Reeder, and J. DeFlorio. 2011. NCHRP Report 708: A Guidebook for Sustainability Performance Measurement for Transportation Agencies. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://www.nap.edu/ download/14598.