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NOTES
1. For a full discussion of the historical development of the academic research activities in other industrialized nations, see
the symposium volume, The University Research Enterprise ~ The ~nd4=iali~d Nations: Cornparaiive [Iistoncal
Pcr~cctives, Government-University-Indust~y Research Roundtable, November, 1989.
2.
3.
Discussion of the research enterprise from 1890 to 1940 is derived from Roger L" Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: lAc
Growth of Amaican Research Universities: 19001940, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
See: Bush, Vannevar, Science - The Endless Frontier: A Report to ~ Preside on A Program for Postwar Sciainfic Rcsca~ch,
July, 1945 (reprint: Washington: National Science Foundation, 1980~; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Military
Affairs, Subcommittee on War Mobilization, Hearings on Science Legislation, 1945 (Gilgore Report); and Steelman, John
R., Science and Public Policy: A Program for the Nation, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947.
President's Science Advisory Committee, Scientific Protects, The universities, and ~ Fcd~al Govemmcnt, 1960, pg.10-11.
(the Seaborg Report).
S. National Academy of Sciences, Federal Support of Basic Research in Ins~ons of Higher Lcaming, 1964, pg. 92.
6.
7.
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Research personnel (full-time equivalent) include those scientists and engineers (within the physical sciences, engineering,
environmental sciences, life and health sciences, mathematics and computer sciences, and social and behavioral sciences)
conducting funded (separately budgeted) academic R&D, estimated by the following: the fraction of faculty time spent in
those research activities, non-faculty scientists and engineem employed to conduct research in campus facilities (except
PEKDCs), post-doctoral researched working in academic institutions, and graduate students paid as research assistants. As
used in this repon, doctoral universities are institutions that awarded an average of at least 10 Ph.D s per year in the
natural sciences and engineering between 1966 and 1986. There are 185 such institutions; 116 are public universities and
69 are private.
See Smith, Bruce LR. and Joseph J. Karlesly, 77'c State of Acad~'nic Science, New York. Change Magazine Press, 1977;
Carnegie Corporation of blew York et.al., Research Univcrsmes and the Nanonal In~rcst: A Report from Filter' Un~v~siy
Presidents, New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1977; Sloan Commission on Government and Higher
Education, "Federal Support for Academic Research, A Program for Rowed Partnership, New York: Sloan Foundation,
1980.
For public universities, such funds are in part derived from state and local government sources. Reponed univemity-
generated internal funds for research and development include institutional funds for separately budgeted research and
development, cost-shanng, and under-recovery of indirect costs. They are derived from (1) general purpose state or local
government appropriations, (2) general purpose grants from industry, foundations, or other outside sources, (3) tuition and
fees, and (4) endowment income. See National Science Foundation, Academic Scicnec and En~pnecru~g ID Funds, 1987.
9. In 1986, unrecovered indirect R&D costs for public universities, as a percent of total R&D costs, was 10.7 percent-
compared with 5.2 percent for private universities. Source: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and
Analysis.
See: State Technology Programs in the United States: 1988, Minnesota Department of Trade and Economic Development,
Office of Science and Technology, 1988.
Compared to 4.7 percent annual growth for the top 20 universities. Source: National Science Foundation, Division of
Policy Research and Analysis.
National Science Foundation, Foreign Citrons in US. Scicnec and En~ncenng History, Stand, and Outlook, Washington,
1986.
In 1985, at the major private research universities, non-faculty appointments averaged 22 percent of doctoral (non-
postdoctoral) personnel in the sciences and engineering, reaching 38 percent in physics and astronomy, 35 percent in
computer science, and 40 percent in environmental sciences. For major public research universities, in 1985 non-faculty
averaged 12 percent of employment of doctoral scientists and engineem. Source: Survey of Doctoral Recipients, lilational
Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel.
14. National Science Foundation, SRS, special tabulations.
1-28
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15. Assuming mid-level projections of the 18-to-22 year old cohort and current enrollment rates. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Cunent Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 952, Projections of the Population of the
United States by Age, Sex, and Race: 1983-2080.
16.
17.
18.
19.
To maintain the 1985 volume, the participation rate would have to increase to about 65 per thousand 22-year olds. For the
last 15 years, participation rates have fluctuated between 40 and 50 per thousand. During the next decade, to maintain
current levels of baccalaureate degrees in the sciences and engineering, a significant increase in the rate at which 22-year
olds attain science and engineering degrees would be required. See: Nurturing Science and En`pnecnag Talent: A Discussion
Paper, Government-Univemity-Indust~y Research Roundtable, July 1987.
See: Nurmnng Science and Enguteer~ng Talent: A Disc~n Papal, Gc~vernment-University-Indust~y Research Roundtable,
July 1987, pas 7-12.
National Science Foundation, Acadanic Research Equipment in Selected Science/En~r=~nng Folds: 1982-1983 to 1985-1986,
1988.
National Science Foundation, Scientific anal Eng~ng Rcscarch Facilities at Universities and Colleges, September 1988.
20. Between 1980 and 1988, average compensation for academic research personnel (faculty and non-faculty) has increased by
nearly 25 percent, accounting for inflation. Source: National Foundation, Division of Polisher Research and Analysis.
1-29
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
local government
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