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INDEX The underscored numbers indicate the start of an extensive discussion of the topic. abbreviations used, 127 American Chemical Society, Fuel Division, acid mine drainage, 46 24 aluminum, 47 American Society for Testing Materials, 36, calcium, 47, 98 37 flash distillation, 47 DOS Committee on Coal and Coke, 34 fly ash neutralization, 98 amines in water, trace-element removal, 106 pH, 98 Analytical Abstracts, 37 ion exchange, 47 Analytical Chemistry, 37 iron, 47, 98 antelopes, trace elements, 51 magnesium, 47 antimony, ash, 73 neutralization, 47 ash/coal ratio, 77 OH, 98 coal, 18, 22 potassium, 47 coal cleaning, 63 public health, 55 coal combustion, 64 reverse osmosis, 47 electrostatic precipitators, 83 sludge, 47 fly ash, 73 sodium, 47 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 sulfate, 47 stack emissions, 99 surface mines, 47 vaporization temperature, 71 trace elements, 47 antimony/arsenic ratio, coal, 22 acid-gas removal, trace elements, 106 antimony/copper ratio, coal, 22 acidity, coal slurry, 58 Appalachia, acid mine drainage, 46, 47 air emissions, trace elements, 55 aragonite, coal, 17 air mobilization of trace elements, ~ Arizona, Black Mesa Coal Field, 58 air pollution, coal-waste burning, 63 arsenic, ash, 73 airport runway construction, use of ash, 65 ash/sludge ratio, 79 alfalfa, ash tolerance (table), 95 coal, 18, 22 boron, 93 coal cleaning, 57, 63 fly ash, yield (table), 96 coal transport, 61 fly-ash-amended soil, 91, 961 (table), fly ash, 73 92, 95, 97 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 gypsum, 90 scrubber liquor, 102 molybdenum, 93, 941 (table), 94, 96 vaporization temperature, 71 sulfur, 91, 93 arsenic/antimony ratio, coal, 22 algae, water, removal by fly ash, 98 arsenopyrite, coal, 61 alkylbenzenesulfonate, fly ash removal ash, see also bottom ash, boiler ash, fly from water, 98 ash-- aluminum, acid mine drainage, 47 chemical composition, 70, 73 ash, 73 furnace configurations-Ztable), 67 coal, 17 gasifier, trace elements, 105 coal cleaning, 63 leachates, 811 (table), 83 fly ash, 74, 79 lightweight aggregate, 69 soil/fly ash ratio, 88 particle size, cf. composition, 73 Alldur, Mary o., xiii physical properties, 69 radioactive elements,-Y-02 143
144 ash/coal ratio, trace elements, 77 boron/salinity ratio, soil, 90 ash/sludge ratio, trace elements, 79 bottom ash, 65 atlK>sphere, trace elements, 82 physical properties, 69 at011ic absorption spectroscopy, coal, 34 trace elements, 11, (table), 78 atriplex plants, 93 bottom ash/sludge ratio, trace elements, 79 brittlebush, fly-ash-a.ended soil, 96' bacteria in water, removal by fly ash, 98 (table), 94, 97 bag filters, 65 broad bean, ash tolerance (table), 95 barite, coal, 17 br011ine, ash/coal ratio, 77 barium, ash, 73, 81 fly ash, 73 ash/sludge ratio, 79 stack emission, 99 coal combustion, 64 Bruce Mansfield electric plant (photo), 6 fertilizer, 81 gypsua-like waste (photo), 8 fly ash/soil ratio, 81 scrubber system (photo), 7 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 brussels sprouts, ash tolerance (table), 95 soil pH and salinity, to buckwheat, ash tolerance (table), 95 water contamination, 81 barley, ash tolerance (table), 95 cabbage, ash tolerance (table), 95 fly-ash-amended soils, 90 cadmiua, ash size, 73 Baser, M. E., iii, xiii ash/coal ratio, 77 beans, fly ash, 94 coal, 18, 22,34 Beckner, Jack L., iii coal cleaning, 63 coal combustion, 64 beets, boron, 94 flue gas, 106 fly ash, 93 fly ash, 73, 74 Bermuda grass, fly-ash-a.ended soil, 96' mass deposition model, 85 (table), · 94, 97 sulfur, 91 plants, 84, 101 Berner, Robert A., vii soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 beryllium, ash/coal ratio, 77 stack emissions, 99 coal, 22, 34 vaporization temperature, 71 coal combustion, 64 cadmium/zinc ratio, coal, 22 fly ash, 74 calcite, coal, 17 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 calcium, acid mine drainage, 47, 98 hilar lymph nodes, 54 coal, 17, 77 miner's lung, 54 coal cleaning, 63 stack emissions, 100 coal slurry, 58 biogeochemical carbon cycle, 12 fertilizer, 81 bismuth, ash/sludge ratio, 79 fly ash, 73, 74, 79, 81 fly ash, 73 fly ash/soil ratio, 81 miner's lungs, 54 fly-ash-a.ended soil, 87, 91, 93, blackwater, 61 (table), 89 Block, Fred, iii lignite, 17 bog lakes, fly-ash neutralization, 98 soil pH and salinity, 90 boiler ash, disposal, 66 calcium carbonate, fly ash/soil ratio, 88 boiler slag, 65, 69 calciua/manganese ratio, coal, 22 bone ash, sludge-waste conductor, 99 cancer (lung), coke workers, 116 boron, alfalfa, 93 carbon, biogeochemical cycle, 12 ash/coal ratio, 77 fly ash, 74 ash size, 73 sludge-waste condition, 99 beets, 94 carbon monoxide, coal combustion, 63 coal, 18, 22 carbonate in water, trace-element removal, coal combustion, 64 106 fertilizer, 81 carrot, ash tolerance (table), 95 fly ash, 73 , 81 Cascade impactor, 82 fly ash/soil ratio, 87 Castano, John R., vii fly-ash-amended soil, 91, 93 catalyst disposal, trace elements, 107 lettuce, 93, 96 cement from ash, 65 peas, 94 cenospheres, fly ash, 70 sludge, 81 cerium, fly ash, 73, 74 soil, 90 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 soil pH and salinity, 90 cesium, ash/coal ratio, 77 soil/fly ash ratio, 89 fly ash, 73, 74 water contamination, 81 fly-ash-amended soil, 93
145 char, 104 general analyses, needs, 36 chemical feedstock, coal, 14 illite, 17 Chemical Abstracts, 37 impurities, 12 chemical composition, ash, 70 instrumental neutron activation coal, 15 analysis, 25, 34 regional variations, 18 iron, 17, 22 United States (table)-;-19 kaolinite, 1 7 chlorine, ash, 73 lead, 18, 22, 34 ash/coal ratio, 77 lead/copper ratio, 22 flue gas, 106 liquefaction, 103 fly ash, 73 magnesium, 17 chlorine/sodium ratio, coal, 22 manganese, 17, 34 chromium, ash, 73 marcasite, 17, 47 ash size, 73 mass spectroscopy, 25 coal, 22, 34 mercury, 18, 22, 34 coal combustion, 64 mineral composition, 15 electrostatic precipitators, 83 molybdenum, 18, 34 fly ash, 73, 74 montmorillonite, 17 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 nickel, 22, 34 hilar lymph nodes, 54 optical emission spectroscopy, 25, 34 mass depositional model, 85 overburden removal, 40 miner's lungs, 54 polarography, 25 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 potassium, 17, 34 chronic bronchitis, coal workers, 53 power utility consumption, 13 Clairton coal works, 116 pyrite, 17, 47, 58, 61 clay, 77 pyrolysis, 104 coal, 17 quartz, 17 Clean Air Act, 67 radioactivity, 34 coal, aluminum, 17 radionuclides, 24 analyses (table), 12 radon, 34, 55 analytical techniques, 24 rank, 111 (table), 12 antimony, 18, 22 reserves (table), 15, 16 aragonite, 17 related to environmental assessment, 36 arsenic, 18, 22 sampling techniques, 35 arsenic/antimony ratio, 22 selenium, 18, 22 arsenopyrite, 61 siderite, 17 ash, uses, 65 silicate minerals, 22 atomic absorption spectrography, 25 silicon, 17 analysis, 34 sodium, 17 barite, 17 sodium/chlorine ratio, 22 beryllium, 22, 34 standard reference material, 9 boron, 18, 22 standards, 24 cadmium, 18, 22, 34 strontium, 34 calcite, 17 sulfides, 22 calcium, 17 synthetic fuels, 14 calcium/manganese ratio, 22 synthetic fuels processing, !Ql chars, 36 thorium, 34 chemical composition, 15r (table), 19, 21 tin, 22 regional variations,-x!_ titanium, 17 chemical feedstock, 14 trace elements, 16, 24 chromium, 22, 34 enrichment (table), 20, 22 clay, 17 health effects, 99 cobalt, 34 literature on analyses (table), 26 coke, 14 l i thotypes, 82 colorimetric analysis, 25 minerals (table), 18 copper, 22 mobilization to environment (table), 65 copper/antimony ratio, 22 occupational health, 99 copper/cobalt ratio, 22 public health, 99 copper/nickel ratio, 22 removal by cleaning (table), 58 dolomite, 17 values (table), 35 fluorapatite, 17 uranium, 23, 34 fluorine, 34 use, llr (table), 17 formation, 11 vanadium, 22
146 vanadyl porphyrin chelate&, SS coal tar, 36 x-ray fluorescence analyses, 25 trace elements, 104 zinc, 22, 34 coal transport, arsenic, 61 zinc/cadmium ratio, 22 health effects, 60 zirconium, 17 coal types, production (table), 14 coal cleaning, solid waste disposal, 63 heating values (table), 14 trace elements, 57, 61, 63 coal wastes, ignition, trace elements, 63 coal combustion, boiler types, 64 coal workers' pneumoconiosis, S3 residues, 64 coal-fired power plant, flow diagraa trace elements, 64 (illus.), 66 air mobilization (table), 126 trace-element enrichllent (table), 76 volatility (table), 74 cobalt, ash, 73 coal conversion processes, descriptions coal, 34 (illus.), 105 coal cleaning, 63 trace elements, 36 coal combustion, 64 coal dumps, trace elements, S9 coal preparation, 59 coal dust, hilar lymph nodes, 54 fly ash, 73 miner's lungs, 54 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 polar regions, 37 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 synfuel-plant emissions, 116 stack emission, 99 trace elements, 59 cobalt/copper ratio, coal, 22 coal fields of the United States (map), coke, 103 14 coal;l4 coal fines, trace elements, 55 sludge-waste conditioners, 99 water supplies, S5 trace elements, 103 coal flow, energy content (table), 124 health effects, 110 magnitudes (table), 123 coke workers, lung cancer, 116 coal gasification plants, unit operations coking, trace-element data sources (illus.), 107 (table), ll5 coal liquefaction plants, flow plan coking plants, trace elements, 108 (illus.), 106 condensate, 106 unit operations (illus.), 107 unit operations (table), 108 coal mine reclamation, 48 effluents (table), 109 coal miners, Wl8 antigei\; 55 Colorado, surface mining, cross section coal mining, 39 (illus.), 41 explosives,40 Wadge coal seam, 40 final abandonment, SO colorimetric analyses, coal, 2S health effects, S3 colors in water, fly ash removal, 98 postmining land use, 48 conclusions, ! public health, ~ copper, ash, 73 pyrite, Sl ash size, 73 radon, 5S ash/coal ratio, 77 revegetation processes, SO ash/sludge ratio, 79 surface mining, 401 (illus.), 421 coal, 22 (photo), 43 coal cleaning, 63 cross section (illus.), 41 coal combustion, 64 dragline operation (photo), 44 fly ash, 73 trace-element redistribution, ~ hilar lymph nodes, S4 coal preparation, trace elements, S9 miner's lungs, S4 coal residues, analytical techniques, ~ soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 disposal, trace elements, 861 (table), 7S pH and salinity, 90 flue-gas desulfurization (table), 69 stack emissions, 100 physical parameters (table), 70 copper deficiency disease, 93 coal slurry, 49 copper/antimony ratio, coal, 22 acidity, S8 copper/cobalt ratio, coal, 22 calcium, S8 copper/lead ratio, coal, 22 magnesium, S8 copper/nickel ratio, coal, 22 settling basin, cross section (illus.), corn, fly ash, 94 49 fly-ash-amended soil, 961 (table), 89, sodium, S8 96, 97 trace elements, 77 zinc, 91 coal storage and transport, .?!, trace elements, SO zinc, 941 (table), 96 - - - _J
147 Crawford, Maria Luisa B., vii alkylbenzenesulfonate, reJDOval from Cretaceous Period, coals, 13 water, 98 crop production, post:mtning land use, 48 bacteria, removal from water, 98 crops, ash tolerance (table), 9S beans, 94 Crowell, John c., xiii beets, 93 cyclone furnaces, 64 chemical composition 791 (table), 80 color, reJDOval from water, 98 DTPA-extractable metals, soil, 90 corn, 941 (table), 96 deer, trace elements, Sl crop tolerance (table), 9S denitrification, molybdenum, 101 fertilizer, 81 dolomite, coal, 17 fish, 98 drainage water controls, coal mines, 44 grasses, 93 drinking water, trace elements, 100 groundwater contamination, 102 Duncan's multiple range test, S4 layering, 7S dwarf bean, ash tolerance (table), 9S legumes, 93 dysprosium, fly ash, 74 Mojave Generating Station, Arizona, 70 odor, reJDOval from water, 98 effluent streams, synthetic-fuel plants, organic matter, reJDOval from water, 98 104 particle size, 69 electricity, coal-powered sources, 13 peas, 94 electrostatic precipitators, 6S percentage in flue gas (table), 67 trace elements, 82 phenols, reJDOval from water, 98 Blseewi, A. A., iii, xiii physical properties, 69 Bncelia farinosa (brittlebush), 88 pickle liquor neutralization, 98 trace elements, 87 plants (table), 97 energy, coal role, 13 plating solution neutralization, 98 energy conversions, 13 soil, 87 epidemiology, trace elements in water, SS boron (table), 89 erbium, ash/coal ratio, 77 calcium (table), 89 Ernst, w. Gary, xiii magnesium (table), 89 europium, fly ash, 73, 74 pH, 87, 881 (table), 89 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 sulfur, 90 explosives, coal mining, 40 sulfate in water, 98 sulfur, 83 FGD sludge, 66 sulfuric acid, 7S Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 1972, surface water disposal, 97 49 taste, reJDOval from watef. 98 ferric oxide, 77 trace elements, 6S, 66, 67, 73, 74, 81, ferrous sulfate, 47 8S fertilizer, fly ash, 81 ratios, 77 fish, fly ash, 98 size, 731 (table), 71, 76 flash distillation, acid mine drainage, 47 soil comparison (table), 82 flue gas, desulfurization (table), 71 trinitrotoluene, reJDOval from water, 98 emissions, synfuel plants, 116 uranium, 23 fly ash percentage (table), 67 waste sludge, 99 sludge, 66 conditioner,99 trace elements, 73, 106 water hardness, 98 fluidized-bed boilers, 68 water purification, 97 fluorapatite, coal, 17 fly ash/soil ratio, aluminum, 88 fluorine, ash/coal ratio, 77 boron, 87, 89 ash/sludge ratio, 79 calcium, 87 coal, 34 calcium carbonate, 88 coal combustion, 64 magnesium, 87 flue gas, 106 manganese, 88 sludge, 81 sulfur, 87 water contamination, 81 trace elements, 79 fly ash, 6S, 66 fly-ash-aaended soil (table), 88 acid bog-lake neutralizing, 98 electrical conductivity, 88 acid mine drainage neutralizing, 98 physical properties, 90 pH, 98 plant chemistry, !! - alfalfa (table), 92, 96 furnace configurations, ash percentage, 67 algae, reJDOval from water, 98 fusite, trace elements, 82
148 gadoliniua, ash/coal ratio, 77 coal, 17, 22 Galke, June R., iii coal cleaning, 63 gallium, ash size, 73 fly ash, 74, 79 coal cleaning, 63 hilar lymph nodes, 54 fly ash, 73 miner's lungs, 54 gas scrubber water, trace elements, 105 plant enrichllent, 84 gasification, trace elements, 104 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 gasifier plants, 104 pH and salinity, 90 ash, trace elements, 105 stack emissions, 100 Geological Society of America, Comaittee on water supplies, 55 Environment and Public Planning, 59 germanium, ash size, 73 Jenne, Everett A., v miner's lungs, 54 Gluskoter, Harold J., v, vii, xiii kaolinite, coal, 17 grass, fly ash, 93 Keller, Walter D., v Greenland, coal dust, 37 Kurland, Leonard T., v groundwater, contamination by coal combustion, 106 lanthanum, fly ash, 73, 74 reclaimed mines, 44 Lawrence, Pope A., iii trace elements, 53 lead, ash size, 73 groundwater control, underground mining, 46 ash/sludge ratio, 79 Gulf Coast states, coal, 13 coal, 18, 22, 34 gypsum, alfalfa, 90 coal cleaning, 57, 63 ash sludge, 69 coal combustion, 64 fly ash, 77 electrostatic precipitation, 83 plants, 91 fertilizer, 81 soil, 90 fly ash, 73, 74 hilar lymph nodes, 54 hafnium, ash/coal ratio, 77 mass deposition model, 85 ash/sludge ratio, 79 scrubber liquor, 102 fly ash, 73, 74 soil pH and salinity, 90 Hamilton, Leonard D., iii stack emissions, 99 Hartung, Rolf, v lead/copper ratio, coal, 22 hay, trace elements, 50 legumes, fly ash, 93 hazardous trace elements (illus.), 3 lettuce, ash tolerance (table), 95 health effects, coal mining, 53 boron, 93, 96 coal transportation, 60 fly-ash-amended soil, 96r (table), 95, 97 coking, 110 ~ sulfur, 93 trace elements, coal, 99 lightweight aggregate, ash, 69 hilar lymph nodes, trace-elements, 54 lignite, calcium, 17 Hittman report, 125 Gulf Coast states, 13 Horvath, Donald J., v magnesium, 17 hydrocarbons, coal combustion, 63 Montana, 13 hydroxyl ion, acid mine draina9e, 98 North Dakota, 13 potassium, 34 INIS, atomic index, 37 radioactivity, 34 Illinois, soil mercury (table), 84 radon, 34 Illinois State Geological Survey, 22 silicon, 17 illite, coal, 17 sodium, 17 instrumental neutron activation analysis, spontaneous ignition, 59 25, 34 thorium, 34 International Atomic Energy Agency, 36 uranium, 34 International Standards Organization, South Dakota, 23 Co11111ittee on Solid Mineral Fuels, 34 Wyoming, 13 iodine, ash/coal ratio, 77 limestone, boiler ash, 68 ash/sludge ratio, 79 sulfur dioxide removal, 107 fly ash, 73 liquefaction of coal, 103 ion exchange, acid mine drainage, 47 trace-element concentration, 104 Iowa, coal, uranium, 53 lithium, ash/coal ratio, 77 iron, acid mine drainage, 47, 98 ash/sludge ratio, 79 air emitted, mortality (table), 102 coal combustion, 64 air mobilized (table), 62 fly ash, 74 ash, 73 livestock, trace elements, 51, 53
149 lung, stack emissions, 99 molybdenosis, 93 lung pathology, coal workers, 54 molybdenum, alfalfa, 93, 941 (table), 96 quartz, 54 ash, 73, 81 lung tissue, trace elements, 54 coal, 18, 34 Lurgi gasifier, trace elements (table), 115 coal cleaning, 63 lutetium, fly ash, 73 coal combustion, 64 denitrification, 101 magnesium, acid mine drainage, 47 fertilizer, 81 ash, 73 fly ash, 73, 81 coal, 17 fly ash/soil ratio, 81 coal slurry, 58 fly-ash-amended soil, 931 (table), 94 fly ash, 74, 79, 81 nitrogen fixation, 101 fly ash/soil ratio, 87 plants, 101 fly-ash-amended soil (table), 89 sludge, 81 hilar lymph nodes, 54 soil pH and salinity, 90 lignite, 17 water contamination, 81 miner's lungs, 54 white clover, 93 soil pH and salinity, 90 Montana, coal, 13 manganese, ash/coal ratio, 77 montmorillonite, coal, 17 ash size, 73 Morris, s. c., iii, xiii coal, 17, 34 mortality, trace elements, air emission coal cleaning, 57, 63 (table) , 102 coal preparation, 59 mullite, 77 electrostatic precipitator, 83 municipal water waste, fly ash fly ash, 73, 74, 81 conditioner, 99 fly ash, soil ratio, 88 Murthy, v. Rama, vii fly-ash-amended soil, 91 hilar lymph nodes, 54 National Bureau of Standards, 9, 34, 37 miner's lungs, 54 National Cancer Institute, xiii soil salinity and pH, 90 National Coal Board, 54 stack emissions, 99, 100 national coal resources data system, 9, water supplies, 55 18, 24 manganese/calcium ratio, coal, 22 national pollutant discharge elimination map, coal fields of the United States, 14 system, 45 marcasite, coal, 17, 47 National Research Council, Assembly of Life mass deposition, coal-fired power plant Sciences, x (illus.), 85 Assembly of Mathematical and Physical mass deposition model, 84 Sciences, ix mass spectroscopy, coal, 25 Committee on Accessory Elements, x Committee on Research Needs on the Health meadow grass, ash tolerance (table), 95 mercury, ash, 73 Effects of Fossil Fuel Combustion ash size, 73 Products, x coal, 18, 22, 34 National Science Foundation, xiii coal cleaning, 57, 63 Neavel, Richard c., iii coal combustion, 64 neodymium, fly ash, 73, 74 flue gas, 73, 106 neutron activation analyses, fly ash, 73 fly-ash-amended soil (table), 95 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 Nevada, Bullhead City, 57 mass depositional model, 85 nickel, ash size, 73 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 coal, 22, 34 · Illinois (table), 84 coal cleaning, 63 vaporization temperature, 71 coal combustion, 64 metals, daily intake with food and water coal preparation, 59 (table), 56 electrostatic precipitation, 83 mineralogy, coal, l l fly ash, 73, 74 miner's lungs, trace elements, cf. hilar lymph nodes, 54 nonminers, 54 miner's lungs, 54 Missouri, coal, uranium, 23 plant enrichment, 84 Mojave Generating Station, Arizona, 69 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 ash size, 73 soil pH and salinity, 90 atmospheric deposition, 84 stack emission, 99 fly ash, 70, 88 nickel/copper ratio, coal, 22 trace elements, 81 niobium, ash, 73
150 nitrogen, emission, cyclone furnaces, 64 public health, coal, trace elements, !! fixation, molybdenum, 101 coal transport, 61 nitrogen oxides, coal burning, 63 pulmonary fibrosis, coal workers, 54 North Dakota, coal, 13 pulverized-coal (PC) fired boilers, ~ Nuclear Science Abstracts, 37 PC-fired boilers pyrite, coal, 17, 47, 58, 61, 77 oats, ash tolerance (table), 95 coal mining, 51 occupational health, coal, 99 coal slurry, 49 odors in water, fly ash removal, 98 pyrolysis, coal, 104 oil-fired boilers, 64 optical emission spectroscopy, coal, 25, 34 quartz, coal, 17, 77 overburden, drainage, postmining, 48 coal slurry, 49 overburden removal, trace elements, 53 lung pathology, 54 oxide emissions, cyclone furnaces, 64 radioactive elements, ash, 102 PC-fired boilers, ash, 65 radioactivity, coal, 34 PECH, xiii lignite, 34 Page, Albert L., iii, v, 58 stack emissions, 102 Panel on Trace Element Geochemistry of Coal radionuclide&, coal, 24 Resource Environment in Relation to coal mine drainage, 56 Health (PECH), ix radish, ash tolerance (table), 95 paper coal, sludge-water conditioner, 99 fly-ash-amended soil, 961 (table), 97 paper mill sludge, fly ash, 99 radon, coal 34 Papike, James L., vii coal mining, 55 particle sizes, ash and slag, 69 lignite, 34 pasture, postmining land use, 48 stack emissions, 102 Patrick, Ruth, v rangeland, postmining land use, 48 peas, ash tolerance (table), 95 rape, ash tolerance (table), 95 boron, 94 reclamation, coal mine, .!! fly ash, 94 recoamendations, ! peat, 11 recreational areas, postmining land use, 48 sludge-waste conditioner, 99 red beets, ash tolerance (table), 95 Pennsylvania, anthracite, 13 red clover, ash tolerance (table), 95 coals, 13 red fescue grass, ash tolerance (table), 95 Kiskiminetas River, uranium, 56 refractory organic materials in water, fly Perhac, Ralph M., xiii ash removal, 98 Perry, Harry, xiii residue water, trace elements, 81 Petering, Harold G., v respiratory deposition, airborne-particles Petrie, William L., iii (illus.), 100 phenols in water, removal by fly ash, 98 respiratory tract, stack emissions, 99 phosphorous, fly ash, 73, 74 reverse osmosis, acid mine drainage, 47 fly ash removal from water, 97 road construction, ash, 65 fly-ash-amended soil, 91 road dust, coal mines, 58 physical properties, ash, 69 Rose, Arthur w., vii pickle liquor, fly ash neutralization, 98 rubber-factory sludge, fly ash, 99 plants, fly-ash-amended soil, 91, !!1 rubidium, ash, 73 (table), 94, 97 fly ash, 73, 74 trace-element enrichment, 84 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 plating solutions, fly ash neutralization, Ruch, Rodney R., iii 98 rye grass, ash tolerance (table), 95 plerospheres, fly ash, 701 (photo), 72 polarography, coal, 25 Sackett, William M., vii ponds, postmining land use, 48 salinity/boron relationship, soil, 90 Pories, Walter J., v samarium, ash/coal ratio, 77 potassium, acid mine drainage, 47 fly ash, 73, 74 coal, 17, 34 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 coal cleaning, 63 sampling techniques, coal, 35 fly ash, 74, 79 scandium, ash, 73 lignite, 34 fly ash, 73, 74 potatoes, ash tolerance (table), 95 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 power company consumption, coal, 13 scrubber liquor, 102 power plants, airborne trace elements selenium, ash, 81 (table), 101 ash size, 73
151 ash/coal ratio, 77 trace elements near power plants ash/sludge ratio, 79 (table), 86 coal, 18, 22 soil/fly ash ratio, trace elements, 79r coal cleaning, 57, 63 (table), 80 coal CCllbustion, 64 South Dakota, lignite, 23 electrostatic precipitation, 83 South Pole, coal dust, 37 fertilizer, 81 Southern California Edison Company, 69 flue gas, 106 Mojave Generating Station, Arizona, 57 fly ash, 73 spinach, ash tolerance (table), 95 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 spoil drainage, postmining land use, 48 scrubber liquor, 102 stack eaisslons, 99, 100 sludge, 81 radioactive minerals, 102 stack emissions, 99 respiratory tract, 99 vaporization teaperature, 71 standard reference materials, 34 water contaaination, 81 stoker-fired boilers, 64 sewage sludge, plants, 91 stored coal, trace eleaents, 59 Shearer, L. G., 40 Straughan,. Ian R., iii, xiii siderite, coal, 17 strawberry clover, ash tolerance (table) a silicate minerals, coal, 22 95 silicon, ash/coal ratio, 77 strontium, ash, 73 coal, 17 ash/coal ratio, 77 fly ash, 79 coal, 34 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 fertilizer, 81 hilar lymph nodes, 54 fly ash, 74, 81 lignite, 17 fly ash/soil ratio, 81 miner's lungs, 54 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 silt, water supplies, 55 soil pH and salinity, 90 silver, ash/coal ratio, 77 subbituminous coal, Gulf Coast states, 13 fly ash, 73 Montana, 13 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 North Dakota, 13 slag, cyclone furnaces, 64 Wyoming, 13 groundwater contaaination, 102 Subcomaittee on the Geocheaical Environment sludge, acid mine drainage, 47 in Relation to Health and Disease, groundwater contaaination, 102 ix, xiii leachates, trace elements, 83 members, v trace elements (table), 78 subsidence, underground mining, 45 slurry transport, trace elements, 61 sulfate, acid mine drainage, 47 sodiua, acid mine drainage, 47 stack emission, 99 coal, 17 water, fly ash reJDOval, 98 coal slurry, 58 water supplies, 55 fly ash, 73, 74, 79 sulfides, coal, 22 fly ash/soil ratio, 81 sulfur, alfalfa, 91, 93 fly-ash-amended soil, 91, 93 ash size, 73 lignite, 17 Berauda grass, 91 sodium/chlorine ratio, coal, 22 fertilizer, 81 soil, A and B horizons, 40 flue gas, 73, 106 atmospheric deposition, 83, 84 coal residue production (table), 69 boron, 90 fly ash, 73, 74, 83 boron/salinity relation, 90 fly ash/soil ratio, 87 D'l'PA-extractable metals, 90 fly-ash-amended soil, 91, 96 fly-ash-aaended, 89r (table), 88, 89 lettuce, 93 electrical conductivity, 88 soil, 90 modulus of rupture, 91 turnips, 9lr (table), 92 pH, 87, as, (table), 89 white clover, 91 physical properties, .!!!. sulfur dioxide, flue gas, 67 plant chemistry, .!! removal, limestone, 107 plant growth, 93 stack emission, 100 trace elements, 87r (table), 82 sulfur oxides, coal combustion, 63 gypsum, 90 sulfur plants, tail gas, 107 mercury, atmospheric deposition, 84r sulfuric acid, 47 (table), 84 fly ash, 75 pH and salinity, 94 sumaary, ! sulfur, 90 surface coal mining, l!
152 Surface Mining Control and Reclalllltion occupational health, 99 Act, 41, 46 public health, .!! surface water, fly ash disposal, 97 United States (table), 19 Swanson, Vernon E., iii, 107 ~ coal cleaning, S7, 6lr (table), S8 sweet clover, ash tolerance (table), 9S coal combustion, !! Swiss chard, fly-ash-amended soil, 96r coal conversion, 36 (table), 97 coal cycle, 38 synthetic fuels, 6 coal dumps, S9 coal, 14 coal dust, SS, S9 effluent streams, 104 coal enrichment, regional (table), 22 processes, 108r (table), llS coal product liquids, 107 trace elements, .!Q.!1 (tables), 110, lll, coal residues, 86r (table), 7S 112, 113, 114 coal slurry, 77 synthetic-fuel plants, trace elements, .!!! coal standards, 34 unit operations (table), 108 coal waste, burning, 63 effluents (table), 109 coke, 103 coking data (table), llS tail gas, sulfur plants, 107 health effects, 110 taste in water, fly ash re110Val, 98 coking plants, 108 Tennessee Valley Authority, 69 condensates, 106 Shawnee Generating Station, 69 corn, SO terbium, ash/coal ratio, 77 deer, Sl ash/sludge ratio, 79 distribution models, 100 fly ash, 73, 74 drinking water, 101 Tertiary Period, coals, 13 Encelia farinosa,'87 thallium, ash size, 73 enrichment, coal-fired power plants, 761 fly ash, 73, 74 (table), 20 vaporization temperature, 71 environ11ental llObilization, coal cf. thorium, ash/coal ratio,77 industry (table), 6S coal, 34 flue gas, 106 fly-ash-amended soil, 93 fly ash, 67, 8S lignite, 34 fertilizer, 81 thallium, ash/coal ratio, 77 particle size (table), 76 tin, ash/coal ratio, 77 fly ash/soil ratio, 79 coal, 22 fusite, 82 fly ash, 73, 74 gas scrubber water, lOS titanium, ash, 73 gasifier ash, lOS coal, 17 general health considerations, 37 coal cleaning, 63 groundwater solution, S3 fly ash, 74, 79 hay, SO hilar lymph nodes, S4 lettuce (table), 9S miner's lungs, S4 livestock, Sl, S3 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 lung tissue, S4 trace elements, acid-gas removal systems, Lurgi gasifier (table), llS 106 minerals in coal (table), 18 acid mine drainage, 47 neutron activation analyses, ash (table), air emissions, SS, 991 (table), 62 9S mortality (table), 102 overburden, 39 air mobilization, l2Sr (table), 126 removal and replacement, S3 airborne, power plants (table), 101 pipeline slurry transport, 61 alfalfa, fly-ash-amended soil (table), plants, atmospheric enrichment, 84 92, 9S potential hazards (illus.), 3 analyses, coal, literature (table), 26 redistribution in mining, Sl environmental materials, 37 removal by amines, 106 ~ antelope, Sl removal by carbonates, 106 ash leachates (table), 83 revegetation, coal mining, SO atmosphere, 821 (table), 68 sludges, (table), 78 atmospheric catalysts, 100 sludge leachate& (table), 83 bottom ash (table), 78 soil near power plants (table), 86 catalyst disposal, 107 stored coal, S9 coal, 16, 241 (table), 3S synthetic fuels (table), 111, 112, 113, health effects, 99 114, llS lithotypes, 82 ~ processing, 103, 1081 (table), 110
153 synthetic-fuel plants, !!! vaporization temperature, trace elements, topsoil handling, 52 71 vegetation near power plants (table), 87 vegetation, trace elements, near power volatility, coal combustion (table), 74 plants (table), 87 water, epidemiology, 55 ventilatory impairment, coal workers, 53 water from residue, 81 Vidale, Rosemary J., iii, v weathering, coal dumps, 59 wildlife, 53 Wl8 antigen, coal miners, 55 trinitrotoluene, fly ash removal, 98 waste disposal, postmining, 49 tungsten, ash/coal ratio, 77 plants, 101 waste sludge, fly ash, 99 water contamination, synthetic-fuel fly-ash-amended soil, 93 plants, 116 turnips, ash tolerance (table), 95 trace elements, 81 sulfur, 911 (table), 92 water hardness, fly ash, 98 Water Pollution Control Act, 1972, 49 underground mining, ! i water purification, fly ash, 97 acid mine drainage, 46 water storage, postmining land use, 48 groundwater control, 46 water supplies, acid mine drainage, 55 subsidence, 45 water treatment, acid mine drainage, 55 unit operations, coal plants (table), 108, West Virginia, coal seams, 11 109 wet scrubbers, 65 effluents (table), 109 Wetherill, George w., vii United States, coal analyses, regional wheat, ash tolerance (table), 95 (table), 21 white clover, ash tolerance (table), 95 coal enrichment, regional, trace fly-ash-amended soil, 93, 961 (table), 94 elements, 22 97 coal production (table), 16 sulfur, 91 coal reserves, 1974 (table), 15 white mustard, ash tolerance (table), 95 coal utilization (table), 17 wildlife habit, postmining land use, 48 United States Atomic Energy Commission, trace elements, 53 xiii Wixon, Bobby G., iii United States Bureau of Mines, xiii, 36, 66 Wyoming, coal, 13 United States Department of Energy, xiii United States Energy Research and x-ray fluorescence, coal, 25 Development Administration, xiii United States Environmental Protection ytterbium, ash, 73, 74 Agency, xiii, 34 yttrium, ash, 73, 74 Effluent Guidelines Division, 55 United States Geological Survey, xiii, 9, Zen, E-an, vii 18, 24, 36 zinc, ash, 73 United States National Committee for ash size, 73 Geochemistry, ix ash/coal ratio, 77 members, vii ash/sludge ratio, 79 United States Public Health Service, 53 coal, 22, 34 uranium, ash, 23 coal cleaning, 63 ash size, 73 coal combustion, 64 ash/coal ratio, 77 coal preparation, 59 ash/sludge ratio, 79 corn, 941 (table), 96 coal, 23, 34 electrostatic precipitation, 83 fly ash;.23, 73 flue gas, 106 lignite, 34 fly ash, 73, 74 South Dakota, 23 fly-ash-amended soil, 91 Pennsylvania, Kiskiminetas River, 56 hilar lyiqph nodes, 54 mass deposition model, 85 vanadium, coal, 22 miner's lungs, 54 coal combustion, 64 fly ash, 74 plant enrichment, 84 soil, atmospheric deposition, 84 hilar lymph nodes, 54 soil pH and salinity, 90 miner's lungs, 54 stack emissions, 99 stack emissions, 99, 100 zinc/cadmium relations, coal, 22 vanadium pentoxide, coal, 55 zirconium, coal, 17 vanadyl porphyrin chelates, coal, 55 coal cleaning, 63 fly ash, 73
