Index
A
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), 95, 251
development and availability needs, 307
Acid rain, 222
and meteorite catastrophe, 128
Adaptive radiation, 124
Advanced Photon Source (APS), 252
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) , 182
Advection, 140
Aerial photography, 253
Africa, 72
Agency for International Development, 260, 263
coal combustion, 173-175
Alaska earthquake of 1964, 59, 195, 208, 209, 210
Alberta Basin, 167
Aleutian Islands, 211
Aleutian Trench, 101
Alkenones, 111
Alps, 79
Amazon Basin, 121
Amosite, 218
Amphibole, 71
Andesite, 70
Anticlines, 167-168
Aquifers, 146-149
Archaeopteryx, 126
ARISTOTELES, 182
Asteroids, 52-53
Asthenosphere, 54
Aswan Dam, 148
Atmosphere, early development, 117
Atmospheric processes
carbon cycle origin, 108-109
models, 129
research needs, 130
B
Bacteria, 290
Bahamas, 101
Basin and Range province, 74-75, 119
Bengal fan, 79
Beryllium, 82
Biological evolution, 25-26, 115, 120-127
adaptive breakthroughs, 131
see also Adaptive radiation;
Speciation
Biometallurgists, 156
Biosphere, 187
Biotic interactions, 124
Black smokers, 66, 67, 141, 158
Borah Peak, Idaho, 204
C
Calcareous nannoplankton, 109
California, 148, 205, 209, 210
Carbon and carbon cycle, 108-109, 112-113, 117
research needs, 132-133
Carbon dioxide, 108-109
Carbon-14, 95
Carcinogens, 217-218
Caribbean land bridge, 121
Catastrophes, 127-128
research needs, 231
CD-ROM, 265
Chelation, 144
Chemical geodynamics, 88
Chicxulub crater, 52, 128, 213
Chile, 208
Chlorite, 71
Chromium, 150
Chrysotile, 217-218
Cigar Lake, Saskatchewan, 157
Circum-Atlantic Project, 260
Circum-Pacific Map Project, 260
Circumantarctic Current, 111
Cladistic analysis, 127
Clean Air Act, 223
Climate
Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) project , 110
research needs, 133
Climatic fluctuations, 25-26
earth orbit variations, effect, 20
El Niño, 195
glaciation effects, 49-50
global warming, 131
global warming and mineral deposition, 154-155
indicators of past changes, 113
mountain building, effects on, 119-120
and orbital cycles, 105
Tibetan plateau influence, 80
volcano effects, research needs, 231
accessible resources, assessment needs, 181
mining and environment, research needs, 230
pollution control technologies, research needs, 174-175
Coastal areas and processes, 196-197
Colleges and universities, solid-earth scientists employed, 239
Columbia River Plateau, 63
Comets, 52-53
Community Climate Model, NCAR, 120
Computer simulations, see Models and modeling
Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP), 71, 203, 292
Computers
advanced supercomputing capability needs, 182, 290, 294
international cooperative data programs, 266
computational and modeling capabilities, 290, 309
three-dimensional seismology, 171, 172
Comstock lode, Nevada, 159
Construction materials, 216
Construction sites, 214
Consulting firms
solid-earth scientists employed, 239
Continental collision, 78-80
Continental evolution and structure, 29-32, 70, 71-84, 107-108
research needs, 290-293
terranes, 120
Continental margins, 78, 100-103
Continental rifts, 74-75, 85, 86
Continental Scientific Drilling Program, 257
Continental shields, 76-77
Convection, 49, 52, 53-71, 72, 81-83
fluid dynamics, 140
magma-groundwater interaction, 140-141
mantle convection, research needs, 313
Convergent plate boundaries, 69-71, 86, 87, 155
sediment deposition, 101-102
volcanism, 211-212
earthquakes, 199-200
Cool-temperature anomalies, 49
Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project (COHMAP), 114
research needs, 133
Copper, 157
water in mantle and core, 82-83
Craters, 52-53
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 51-53
Crocidolite, 218
active crustal deformation, research needs, 290-293
continental evolution, 71-84
crustal fluids, research needs, 180, 286-288
extensional deformation, 74-75
mountain building, 73-74
petroleum sedimentary basins formation, 165
recycling of crust, 81-83
D
Data bases, see Data collection and management
Data catalogs, 255
Data collection and management, 5, 8, 42-43
accessibility of industry and DOD data, 254-255
common data exchange format, 265
data base access and standards, 135, 253-255
data base development and access, 307-309
digital data, 253-255
geological map data base, 183
geochemical/geophysical data base, 231
geophysical data bases, 183
global seismic networks, 249, 259
international cooperative earth science programs, 266-267
national interactive earth science data system, 264, 315
on-line national data directory, 265
paleoenvironmental data bases, development, 285-286
paleontological data base, 308-309
petroleum industry data availability, 253
space-based data, 253
topographic data base, 183
tsunamis field data, 209
water quality data, collection problems, 145
Data format standards, 253-255
Dating techniques, 87, 92-93, 95, 106, 119
isotopic dating, research needs, 179
laser probe, 73-74
new techniques, 136
tectonic processes, research needs, 228, 292
Decompression melting, 66-67
Dedicated drilling, 293
Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 258, 288
Department of Defense (DOD), 237-238, 293
Department of Energy (DOE), 222, 242, 250, 293, 310
Deserts, 98
Detachment systems, 75
Developing countries
solid-earth science education, international support, 261, 263
Dinosaurs, 52-53, 125-126, 213
Discontinuities, 53
DNA hybridization, 127
Drainage basins, research needs, 135
Drought, 148
Dynamic topography, 56-57
E
Earth core, 262
magnetic field, 88
research needs, 294
Earth crust, 84
research needs, 87
age, 76
Earth Observing System (EOS), 182, 311
climatic effects, research needs, 301
Earth origin, 50-51
early history, 116
Earth system, 16-18
integrated model, 292
Earthquakes, 37, 58-61, 87, 197-208
hazard assessment and prediction, research needs, 226-227, 293, 299 -300, 313
intraplate earthquakes, 200
reservoir safety, research needs, 228
silent earthquakes, 61
East African rift, 74
East Texas oilfield, 169
Eclogite, 56
Electric generating plants, 222, 225
coal combustion emission control technologies, 174-175
Elementary and secondary education, earth science courses and teachers , 244
Energy resources, 34-36, 162-177
research needs, 297
Engineered structures, 215-216
Engineering geology, 263
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 145, 217-219
Evaporites, 113
Exclusive Economic Zone, 238, 252
Extinctions, 51-53, 93, 120-127
and catastrophes, 127-128
mass extinctions, 125-126
Extraterrestrial impacts
giant impacts, consequences, 213-214
and mass extinctions, 50-52, 213
moon formation, 50-51
research needs, 300
F
Faults, 58-59
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET), 224, 271
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 293
Feedback mechanisms, 108
Fellowships, 310
Fertilizers, 219
Fluid dynamics, 28-29, 48-49, 83-84, 86
crustal fluids, research needs, 180, 286-288
earth core, 57-58
magmas, 62-63
mineral transport, 157-158
and mountain building, 73-74
petroleum migration within basins, 166-68
research needs, 135, 288-290, 312-313
rock-fluid interactions, 140-141
Fluid inclusions, 155
Fluxes, 70, 71, 85-86, 94, 116, 128
hydrologic cycle transfer fluxes, 142
Foreign policy, 263
Foreland basins, 101-102
Fossil fuels, 162
Fossil pollen, 98
Fossils, 92-93, 111, 117-127, 253
anomalous distributions, 120
eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, 115
Funding of research, 8, 39-40, 309-311
basic research training, funding need, 263
federal funding, 309
industry support of university research, 309-310
G
Gas chromatography, 250
Geobarometry, 73
Geochemical cycles, 26-28, 81-83, 107-109
Geochemistry
atmospheric and oceanic changes, research needs, 130-131
engineered bacterial species for leaching metals, 156
genetic ore deposition studies, 155-156
instrument development and availability, 307
instruments and facilities, 250-252
interface geochemistry, 84, 86, 299
mineral-water interface geochemistry, research needs, 135
modeling, 86
Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT), 238
Geodetic studies, 292
Geographic information systems (GIS), 19-20, 195
development needs, 229, 290, 307-309
Geological archives, 308
Geological hazards, 36-37, 187-213
hazard assessment and prediction, research needs, 226-230, 299-300
interactive natural hazards, research needs, 229
Geological site analyses, 215-216
Geological Society of America, 245, 252, 260, 309
Geological Survey of Canada, 257
Geomagnetism, 18, 57-58, 119, 262
ocean floor magnetism mapping, 237-238
research needs, 296
Geomorphology, 94-95
Geophysics, 203
crustal deformation research techniques, research needs, 292-293
engineering geophysics, 217
mineral detection techniques, 160-161
subsurface exploration, research needs, 229
GEOSCOPE project, 259
Geothermal energy, 176-177
concealed fields location, research needs, 182
Geothermometry, 73
Geysers, 159
and orbital cycles, 105
Sahara region, 111
sea level, effects on, 94
uplifts as cause of, 120
Global Change Research Program, 262, 271, 276
Global environmental change, 25-26, 223
research needs, 227, 230-231, 283-286, 312
Global geological cycles, 26-28, 103-115, 312
Global Geoscience Transects (GGT) Project, 257
Global Positioning System (GPS), 19, 61, 87, 212, 248-249
Global Seismographic Network (GSN), 257, 259
Global seismic networks, 249, 257, 259, 296, 309
Glomar Challenger, 258
Gold, 150-151, 153, 157, 159-160
Gondwana, 49, 79-80, 108, 111, 154, 163-164
Government agencies, solid-earth scientists employed, 239
Gravity, 294
Great Lakes, 196
Great Rift Valley, 98
Green River Formation, Utah, 165
Greenhouse effect, 104-105, 117, 131, 195
Greenland, 293
Groot Island, Australia, 155
magma-groundwater interaction, 140
research needs, 230
water quality national network, 297-298
Groundwater contamination, 38, 84, 144-145, 180, 219, 221, 223
Gulf of Mexico, 94, 163, 171, 192
encroachment upon Mississippi delta, 94
H
Habitats, 93
Hawaii, 62-63, 192, 208-209, 212
Hazardous waste, 230
Health regulations
asbestos, 217-218
radioactive waste disposal, 221-222
radon, 218-219
zinc, 219
Health risks, 217-219
research needs, 230
Heavy metals, 144-145
High Plains, 148
High-pressure apparatus, 55, 88, 251-252, 296, 307
High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 182
High-spatial-resolution instruments, 251, 292
High-temperature apparatus, 55, 88, 251-252, 290, 296
Historical record, earthquake documentation, 200-201
Hot-spots, see Mantle plumes
Hot springs, 159
Human activities, 20, 93-94, 195, 214-215, 223-225
Hurricane Andrew, 198
Hydraulic fractures, 140
Hydrothermal circulation of ocean water, 67
I
Ice cores, 308
Imaging techniques, 19-20, 53-58, 93
multispectral satellite imagery, 193
sonar images of seafloor, 61
Income, solid-earth scientists, 241
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), 259, 293
Indus River, 101
Insolation, 105
Instruments and facilities, 5, 19-20, 31, 41-42, 75
accelerator mass spectrometry, 95
current applications, 248-252
development needs, 136, 248-252, 307, 315
earliest earthquake detection instrument, 203
earthquake detection instruments, 203, 205
micromagnetic measuring instruments, need for, 89
mineral exploration, research needs, 182
ocean bottom instruments, need for, 89, 209
overseas facilities of multinational corporations, 261
paleontology, new equipment, 136
soil formation measurement, 95
submarine features measurement, 101
tectonic strain measurement, 61
see also Dating techniques;
Imaging techniques;
Seismic data and imaging;
Satellites;
Space-borne instruments
International assistance
solid-earth science education, international support, 261
International cooperation, 8, 44-45, 79, 93, 210, 224, 255-263, 266 -267, 316
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), 224, 256
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), 65, 212, 226, 257
International Geodynamics Project (IGP), 256
International Geological Congress (IGC), 252, 256
International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP), 257
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 254, 256
International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), 65, 224, 257, 276
International Lithosphere Program (ILP), 256, 262
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), 256, 262
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), 256, 260
Interplanetary probes, 19
Irrigation, 146-148
Isotopic analysis, 28, 95, 107-109, 111, 117, 118, 155-156, 250-251, 296, 307
J
Joint ventures, see International cooperation
K
Kerogens, 165
Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 64, 211-212
Kimberlite, 62
Kodiak Island, Alaska, 210
Komatites, 153
Krakatoa, 63
L
Lahars, 212
Lake Baikal, 98
Lakes, 98-99
Land use, 214
Landfills, 230
Landforms, 94-95
Landslides, 191-195
prediction and prevention, research needs, 228, 300
Lascar volcano, 65
Laurasia, 79-80
Laurentia, 154
Leachates, 221
Lead, 150-152
Lesser Antilles Trench, 101
Life, origin, 116
Lithosphere, see Continental evolution and structure;
Crustal dynamics;
Earth crust
Lunar rocks, 308
M
Magellan probe, 52
arc magmas, 70-71
fluid dynamics, research needs, 288-290
groundwater-magma interaction, 140-141
ocean, 51
research needs, 301
Magnetic surveys, 160-161
Mammals
species impoverishment, 120-121
Manganese, 154
Mantle dynamics, 32, 34, 53-71, 81-83, 84-85, 87, 251-252, 262
convection, research needs, 313
discontinuities, 54
mantle mixing, 81-83
material transport by convection, 53-57, 88
research needs, 293-296
see also Core-mantle dynamics;
Mantle plumes
Mantle plumes, 18, 48-49, 53, 55, 56, 62, 67-69
Maps and mapping, 19, 69, 88, 92, 237-238
geological maps, development and availability needs, 307-308
digital topographic data sets, need, 308
volcanoes, 213
climatic map of world 18,000 years ago, 110
geological site analyses, map needs, 215
mineral deposit formation, research needs, 180
volcano mapping, research needs, 228
Marianas Trench, 101
Marine reefs, 113
Mars, 98
Mathematics, inversion techniques, 203, 205
Mercury, 150
Mercury poisoning, 144-145
Metals, 158
in situ mining, research needs, 180
Metamorphic petrology, 73
Meteorites, 116, 128, 213, 308
Microorganisms
genetically-engineered microbes for waste treatment, 180
Microtectites, 127-128
Mineral dusts, 218
Mineral resources, 34-36, 149-178
distribution and concentrations, 149-152
epigenetic and syngenetic ore deposits, 152-153
research needs, 297
see also Energy resources;
Metals;
Mining and mining industry;
Sand and gravel;
Quarried rock
Minerals
concealed ores detection, research needs, 181
deposit occurrence prediction, research needs, 180
deposit formation, research needs, 180-181
and mountain building, 73-74
Minerals Management Service, 265
Mining and mining industry, 218, 219, 265
in situ and traditional techniques, 161-162
funding of research, 310
solid-earth science education support, 261
solid-earth scientists employed, 239
Mining law, 265
Minorities, 244
Mission to Planet Earth, 262
Mississippi River, 97, 100, 191
Models and modeling, 15, 31, 50, 53, 92-93
advanced computational and modeling facilities, 182, 309
climatic models. 114-115
continental-scale modeling, research needs, 87
earth system modeling problems, 128-129, 292
earthquake rupture mechanisms, 60
earthquakes, 205-206
energy-balance model, 114-115
evolutionary change models, 122-123
extraterrestrial giant object impact, consequences, 213
extraterrestrial impacts, 52
general circulation models (GCMs), 57, 105
glaciation periods, 129
global geological change, research needs, 133-136
landform changes, research needs, 135
mantle convection, 57
mantle plumes, 68
meteorite catastrophe, 128
mineral deposits, 153, 156-158
mineral occurrence and deposit formation, research needs, 180
mountain building, 73-74
ocean spreading centers, 67, 291
organic material maturation and diagenesis, 168, 178
sedimentary basin fluid flow, 168
tsunamis, 209
volcanic eruptions, 211
water flow, research needs, 180
Molybdenum, 151
Mono Lake, California, 148
Mount Pinatubo, 193, 223, 299-300
Mount St. Helens, 63, 191, 211, 212, 299-300
Mountain building
climatic effects, 119-120
research needs 290-292
Mudflows, 212-213
Multinational corporations, 261
Museum curation and storage, 308
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 224, 262
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 120
National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 293, 300
National Geological Mapping Act, 308
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 300
National laboratories, solid-earth scienti employed, 239
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 252
National Science Foundation (NSF), 209, 238, 258-259, 271, 300
National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), 244
National Synchotron Light Source, 252
Natural selection, 122-123
Networks
development and availability, 309
earthquake and volcanic eruption warning systems, 37, 208
earthquake parameters assessment networks, 208
global seismic networks, 249, 259
INTERNET, 249
national earth science data system, 264
Neutron activation analysis, 250
Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, 192, 213
New Madrid, Missouri, 200
New Zealand, 159
Nicaragua, 208
Niger delta, 100
Nimbus 7 spacecraft, 65
North American Continent-Ocean Transects Program, 257
Northern Hemisphere, 149
glaciation effects, 94
waste disposal, research needs, 230
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 293
Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 222
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 218
Ocean basin processes, 29-30, 66-71, 74-76, 81
cycles of opening and closing, 107
sediment deposition, 100-103
research needs, 284-285, 290-293
Ocean crust
formation, 69
recycling through mantle, 56
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), 75, 118, 182, 258, 259, 275-276, 284 , 288, 290, 293
cores collection, 93
expanded role, 307
Ocean floor
cores collection, 93
research needs, 290-293
sediment deposition in deep ocean, 102-103
Ocean plateaus and ridges, 66, 68-69, 83, 86, 158
volcanic activity, 62
Ocean spreading centers, 66, 76
Oceanic anoxic events, 112
Oceanic Research (SCOR), ICSU, 258
Oceans
atmospheric and oceanic changes, 130-131
currents, 110-113
temperature and current changes, 110-113
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 271
Office of Technology Assessment, 270
Ogallala aquifer, 148
Oil and gas drilling
trends in relation to number of geology majors, 242
Oil shale, 169-170
Oil spills, 139
Ontong Java plateau, 69
Orinoco Delta, 100
Orogenies
continental-scale modeling, research needs, 87
Ostracodes, 111
Oxidation, 117
P
Pacific Northwest, 59, 207-208
Paleobiology, 120-127
Paleoceanography, 109-113
research needs, 133
Paleoclimatology, 113
research needs, 133
Paleogeography, 119
research needs, 133
Paleomagnetic data, 117
Paleontology, 120-127
research needs, 228
Perovskite, 21
Petroleum and petroleum industry, 79, 112-113, 163-172
advanced production and enhanced recovery, research needs, 181
anoxic conditions and petroleum formation, 165
delta resources, 100
exploration, 170-172
exploration, research needs, 181
formation of deposits, 163-166
funding of research, 309-311
lake beds as source, 98
migration through sedimentary basins, 166-168
origin of oil, research needs, 178
resource development and recovery, research needs, 297
solid-earth science education support, 261
solid-earth scientists employed, 239
traps, 168-169
Petroleum geology, 106-107
Phytoplankton, 112
Plagioclase, 51
Plants, 113-114
continental evolution, 71-81
convergent plate boundaries, 101-102
and earthquakes, 58-61
Late Quaternary history, research needs, 228
and mineral deposits, 153
and mountain building, 73-74
ocean basin processes, 66-71
plate motion rates and directions, 69, 87
recycling of plates, 82
and Southern Hemisphere cooling, 111
volcanic activity, 61-66
Polar regions, 111
Policy recommendations, see Research goals, priorities, and recommendations
Population concentration problems, 192, 214-223
Precambrian period, 115-117
Pressure-temperature (P-T) paths, 73-74
Professional societies, 246-247, 252-253
Project Mohole, 258
Protangulum, 125
Public awareness, 247
Public lands, 264
Q
Quarried rock, 216
Quebec-Maine-Gulf of Maine transect, 257
R
Radar, 161
Radioactive decay, 115
Radioactive nuclides, 162
Radioactive waste disposal, 162, 176, 215, 221-222
research needs, 301
Rain forests, 121
Rare earths, 157
Real-time geology, research needs, 228
Recycling, of crust, 81-83, 286-287
Red Dog deposit, Alaska, 152
Red Sea, 158
erosion patterns, 190
geothermal resources identification, 177
mineral detection methods, 161
research needs, 231
volcano observation, research needs, 228
Research goals, priorities, and recommendations, 2-4, 6-7, 9-12, 20-39, 269-316
Research institutions
solid-earth scientists employed, 239
Reservoirs, 228
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 215
Ridge InterDisciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE), 275, 290, 293
Rio Grande rift, 74
Rivers and streams, sediment transport, 96-98
Rock cycle, 104-115
Rubidium, 107-108
S
Sahel, 98
Salt domes, 157
San Andreas Fault, 58-59, 76-77, 202, 206-208, 299
San Francisco, California, 206
San Joaquin Valley, California, 195
Sand and gravel, 216
Sand dunes, 113
Satellite laser ranging (SLR), 61
Satellites, 19, 61, 65, 93, 106, 295
multispectral imagery, 193
volcano observation, research needs, 228
Sea Satellite (SEASAT), 238
Sea level fluctuations, 94-95, 106-107, 129, 170, 197
Seawater, 109-113
Sediment
ocean deposition, 100-103
oldest, 116
transport and deposition, 33, 87, 96-103, 191
Sedimentary basins
oil and gas traps, 168-169
petroleum migration, 166-168
petroleum origin, 164-166
research needs, 135, 178-179, 290, 297
Sedimentology, 118-119
Seiches, 209
Seismic data and imaging, 19, 31, 53-58, 60, 106-107, 169, 197-208, 294
cross-well seismology, 172
development of seismological equipment, 256
earthquake detection, 203, 209-210
global seismic networks, 70, 249, 292, 296, 300, 305-306
national and regional seismic networks, need, 300
neotectonic features identification, research needs, 229
petroleum exploration techniques, 170-172
sedimentary basins, 78
seismic reflection profiling, 71, 166, 171, 292
strong ground-motion seismology, 60, 206
teleseismic data, 206
three-dimensional seismology, 170-172
tsunami-detection, 209-210
Seismology, see Seismic data and imaging
Seismometers, see Seismic data and imaging
Selenium, 145
Serengeti Plain, 122
Sewers, 217
Seychelles plateau, 69
Shatsky plateau, 69
Sierra Nevada, 119-120
Silica, 63
Slumping, 192
earthquakes and soil condition, 206
processes, research needs, 133, 228
volume-changing soils, research needs see also Soil degradation;
Soil formation
Soil degradation, 220
see also Erosion
Solar system, 50
Solid waste disposal, 215
Solid-earth science education, 4-5, 43
curricula change needs, 263, 311-312
engineering-earth science curricula bridging, 312
enrollment and graduates, 243-244
graduate and postdorate studies, 263-264
introductory college courses, 245-246
research experience for students, 246
universal availability of earth-science education, 316
Solid-earth scientists
employment by sector and education, 43-44, 239
peer review, 272
supply, demand, and characteristics, 4-5, 225, 237-242, 247-248
South Africa, 150
Southeast Asia, 151
Southern California Earthquake Center, 293
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 260
Space Research (COSPAR), ICSU, 258
Space-borne instruments, research needs, 315
Space-time scales, 17-18
Speciation, 122-123
Spectrometric techniques, 250-251
see also Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
State geological surveys, 252
State water quality agencies, 145
Stratigraphy, 50, 93, 97, 101, 102
magnetic stratigraphy, 118
seismic stratigraphy, 169
sequence stratigraphy, 106-107
Strontium, 107-108
Subduction, 48-49, 53-71, 81-83
continental evolution, 71-81
and convergent plate boundaries, 101-110
and earthquakes, 58-61
ocean basin processes, 66-71
Submarine canyons, 101
Submarine fans, 101
Submarine navigation, 237-238
Submersibles, 101
research needs, 229-230
Sulfur, 174
Sulfur dioxide, 222-223
Superfund, 242
Synchotron facilities, 89, 252
development and availability, 252, 307
T
Tar sands, 170
Telecommunications, 254
global seismic networks, 249, 259
international cooperative earth science programs, need, 266-267
national earth science data system, need, 264
Temperature changes, 109-113
Thetford, Quebec, 218
Thistle, Utah, 191
Thrust belts, 169
Tin, 151
Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS), 65
Toxic wastes, 215
research needs, 301
water supply contamination, 143-145
see also Radioactive waste disposal
Triaxial stresses, 252
Tsunamis, 208-210
Tungsten, 157
Tunnels, 216-217
U
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 145, 183, 252, 257, 259, 260, 300, 308
Underground space, 229
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 257
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 257
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 182
Uplift, 196-197
see also Crustal fluid dynamics;
Mountain building
Upper Mantle Project (UMP), 256
Uranium, 153, 157, 162, 175-176
Urban geology, 214
Urbanization problems, see Population concentration problems
V
Varves, 98
Venus, 52
Very-long-baseline radio interferometry (VLBI), 61
Vitrinite, 165-166
Volatiles, 63
Volcano Observatory, USGS, 63
Volcanoes, 48, 59, 61-66, 155, 210-213
aborted eruptions, 211
climatic effects, research needs, 231
eruption causes and prediction, research needs, 228, 299-300
intraplate volcanism, 62, 67-69
island arc volcanism, 62, 69-71, 82
W
geological assessment needs, 214
research needs, 301
Water quality and pollution, 143-145, 222
estuaries, 197
water quality national network, 297-298, 313
water quality, research needs, 180
see also Groundwater contamination
Water supply and use, 34, 141-149
depletion in western U.S., 147-148
distribution of surface water, 143
drainage basin analysis, research needs, 178-179
water quality national network, 297-298, 313
Water-rock interaction, 178
research needs, 299
Well logging, 171
water supply problems, 146-148
earthquake hazard research needs, 299
Wind, 98
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 258
World Data Centres, ICSU, 266
World Stress Map, 257
Worldwide Seismic Networks, 254
Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network (WWSSN), 259
X
Xenoliths, 72
Y
Yellowstone National Park, 159
Yellowstone volcanic area, 65
Yucca Mountain, Nevada
Yugoslavia, 259
Z
Zagros Mountains, 79