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Contents | ix 77 References and Bibliography 83 Appendix A Acronyms & Initialisms 86 Appendix B Glossary of Terms 92 Appendix C Case Studies 92 Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International AirportâPBN Departure Implementation 92 Introduction 94 Demographics 95 Project Description 95 Processes Used 95 Criteria Development 96 Project Communication and Public Outreach 97 Environmental Analysis 97 Project Outcomes 97 Post-Implementation Metrics 97 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 98 Denver International AirportâPBN Departure, Arrival, and Approach Implementation 98 Introduction 99 Demographics 100 Project Description 101 Processes Used 101 Criteria Development 101 Project Communication and Public Outreach 102 Environmental Analysis 102 Project Outcomes 103 Post-Implementation Metrics 104 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 104 Henderson Executive AirportâPBN Departure, Arrival, and Approach Implementation 105 Introduction 106 Demographics 107 Project Description 107 Processes Used 107 Criteria Development 108 Project Communication and Public Outreach 108 Environmental Analysis 108 Project Outcomes 108 Post-Implementation Metrics 109 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 109 Houston MetroplexâPBN Departure, Arrival, and Approach Implementation 109 Introduction 111 Demographics 111 Project Description 111 Processes Used 113 Criteria Development 113 Project Communication and Public Outreach
x | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORTâS ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION 114 Environmental Analysis 114 Project Outcomes 115 Post-Implementation Metrics 116 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 116 Minneapolis-St. Paul International AirportâPBN Departure and Arrival Implementation 116 Introduction 118 Demographics 119 Project Description 121 Processes Used 121 Criteria Development 121 Project Communication and Public Outreach 121 Environmental Analysis 121 Project Outcomes 122 Post-Implementation Metrics 122 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 123 Seattle-Tacoma International AirportâPBN Departure, Arrival, and Approach Implementation 124 Introduction 125 Demographics 126 Project Description 127 Processes Used 127 Criteria Development 127 Project Communication and Public Outreach 128 Environmental Analysis 128 Project Outcomes 129 Post-Implementation Metrics 129 Lessons Learned and Best Practices 130 References 131 Appendix D Annotated Bibliography 131 Reviews and Recommendations on PBN Implementations 134 Background of PBN 134 PBN Plans and Status 137 PBN Design and Implementation 141 PBN Metrics 143 Airport Planning and Environmental 147 Airport Community Outreach 149 PBN Flight Procedures, FAA Orders 152 PBN Flight Procedures, FAA Advisory Circulars 154 PBN Flight Procedures, Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations 155 PBN Flight Procedures, Other Publications
Introduction | 1 1 Introduction Purpose Performance-based navigation (PBN) is a critical component of the Federal Aviation Administra-tion (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) program to modernize the United States (U.S.) air transportation system. The design and implementation of PBN proce- dures can provide airports operational and environmental benefits as well as improvements to safety, reliability, and efficiencies of air services. Involvement by airport operators is essential for successful implementation of PBN. However, a failure to bring together key airport stakeholders and identify their needs could result in a stalled or even ceased implementation. Airport operators need to understand PBN technologies, the FAAâs goals for NextGen, the role of PBN within the FAAâs NextGen program, the FAAâs design and implementation process for PBN procedures, and they need to be willing to engage in the process to ensure compatibility with the local airport environment. Airport operators can promote the benefits and communicate the impacts of the PBN initiative to local stakeholders and identify and monitor the metrics of expected benefits and impacts of PBN procedures. The purpose of this Airport PBN Resource Guide is to provide comprehensive information concern- ing PBN presented in an understandable, usable, and accessible format for airport operators, plan- ners, managers, and other appropriate stakeholders. The content of this Airport PBN Resource Guide includes the following: ⢠PBN background information, federal policy, trade-offs, and impacts to stakeholders; ⢠PBN short- and long-term development affecting airport infrastructure, throughput, safety, and runway and taxiway usage; ⢠PBN issues related to safety enhancements, efficiency of operations at airport and surrounding airspace, environmental outcomes, and performance measures; ⢠Environmental requirements and considerations for PBN, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 and other applicable requirements; ⢠Guidance materials, practices, methods, and techniques airport operators can use to work with their surrounding communities, the FAA, and other stakeholders in all phases of PBN development and implementation; ⢠Lessons learned and best practices based on the findings of case studies examining the airport operatorâs role in PBN implementation; ⢠Quantitative and qualitative methods and metrics to evaluate PBN applications and implementa- tion; and ⢠Resources airports can draw on for assistance.
2 | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORTâS ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION Background PBN technology is one of the most mature NextGen technologies. Development programs to en- able area navigation (RNAV) and required navigation performance (RNP) capability have been ongo- ing since the late 1990s, including research and development efforts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the FAA, The MITRE Corporation, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and government industry groups such as the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA), the Terminal Area Operations Aviation Rulemaking Committee (TAOARC), and the Performance-Based Aircraft Aviation Rulemaking Committee (PARC). As a result of these efforts, the FAA moved to define, regulate, and invest in National Airspace System (NAS) infrastructure and air traffic programs supporting PBN technology while relying on the aircraft operators and airports to in- vest in the enabling technology to allow the operations. Figure 1-1 illustrates the relationship between the FAA, aircraft operators, and airports to achieve the benefits of PBN. PBN defines the performance requirements for routes and procedures that enable aircraft to navigate with greater precision and accuracy (Federal Aviation Administration 2013b). Performance require- ments include the navigation accuracy, integrity, continuity and functionality requirements for an aircraft to use PBN procedures in the NAS. PBN may define required aircraft- and ground-based sen- sors and equipment. The aircraftâs flight management system (FMS) is typically the primary tool for conducting PBN operations. Two key components of PBN are RNAV and RNP. RNAV permits flight paths within the limits of space-, ground- or aircraft-based navigational aids. RNAV is split into two categories: (1) lateral navigation (LNAV), and (2) lateral and vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV) which uses barometric pressure sensing for vertical guidance. RNAV enables the aircraft to follow the route of Figure 1-1. FAA PBN investments. FAA Enabling Investments ⢠Policies, Procedures, and Criteria Development ⢠Infrastructure ⢠Airspace Design ⢠Instrument Flight Procedures Aircraft Operator Enabling Investments ⢠Avionics ⢠Aircra Cerficaon ⢠Operang Policies and Procedures + Airport Enabling Investments ⢠Airfield Design ⢠Airfield Infrastructure ⢠Aeronaucal Surveying ⢠Environmental Assessment ⢠Community Outreach + Implementation Bene ts ⢠Safety: Predictable, Repeatable Routes ⢠E ciency: Enhanced Capacity, Opmized Routes ⢠Environmental: Reduced Emissions, Noise, and Fuel Burn ⢠Reliability: Connuous Operaons ⢠Planning: Airfield Design =
Introduction | 3 flight with a certain degree of lateral and/or vertical precision. RNP extends the LNAV/VNAV capability of aircraft with onboard monitoring of its navigation performance and alerting to the flight crew if the required navigation precision cannot be met. RNP authorization required (AR) is an application of RNP that requires special aircraft and air crew authorization to conduct high-precision instrument flight operations, and leverages radius-to-fix (RF) curved path navigation capability of a properly equipped aircraft. PBN is leveraged in the design of flight procedures for the departure, en route, arrival, and approach phases of flight. These are called instrument flight procedures (IFPs). Procedures may include lateral routes, altitude restrictions, speed restrictions, and other specifications for aircraft guidance. Proce- dures most relevant to the airport include departure procedures from the airport, terminal arrival pro- cedures to the airport, and approach procedures to the landing runway of an airport. The procedures are referred to as, respectively: ⢠Standard instrument departures (SIDs), ⢠Standard terminal arrivals routes (STARs), and ⢠Standard instrument approach procedures (SIAPs). PBN procedures provide a foundation for flight paths, airspace design, route separation, and obstacle clearance. RNAV procedures provide routing flexibility; efficient flight paths that can reduce fuel burn, noise, and emissions; airport access in congested airspace or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) (conditions where low cloud ceiling and restricted visibility require the use of instruments); and reduced pilot-controller communications. RNP procedures can increase airport access in certain situ- ations and help to procedurally separate multi-airport traffic, particularly through the use of curved paths. PBN arrival procedures enable the use of optimized profile descents (OPDs) that can further reduce fuel burn, noise, and emissions. The FAAâs plans call for implementing PBN procedures at airports throughout the U.S. Initial plans focus on airports in major metropolitan areas that have the highest volume of traffic and complex, high-density operations (Federal Aviation Administration 2012f, 2012g, 2013f, 2014h). These airports have been determined to have the greatest impact on the performance of nationwide air traffic. As of May 29, 2014, most major airports in the U.S. had an inventory of PBN departure and arrival proce- dures, and many had PBN approach procedures. The FAA has undertaken implementing PBN proce- dures through its Metroplex initiative, its third party vendor process, as well as its legacy PBN process. The FAAâs Metroplex program calls for the design and implementation of PBN procedures at major airports in the following areas, including Washington D.C., North Texas, Houston, Charlotte, Atlanta, Northern California, Southern California, Florida, Phoenix, Chicago, Memphis, Cleveland/Detroit, and Boston. To date, the Metroplex program has completed its implementation of PBN procedures in Houston, Washington D.C., North Texas, and Northern California. Document Structure This Airport PBN Resource Guide is structured as follows: 1. Chapter 1, Introduction: Provides background information on PBN, the purpose of the Resource Guide, and an outline of the structure of the document. 2. Chapter 2, PBN Components: Describes the navigation aids and aircraft navigation capabilities comprising PBN, and the types of PBN flight procedures that leverage these capabilities.
4 | UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORTâS ROLE IN PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION 3. Chapter 3, PBN Implementation: Presents the near-, mid- and long-term plans for implement- ing PBN procedures and related operations as well as projected equipage levels enabling these implementations. 4. Chapter 4, Impact of PBN on Airports: Addresses the breadth of capacity, flight efficiency, and noise impacts that different types of PBN procedures may have on airports and discusses specific examples. 5. Chapter 5, Procedure Design Processes, Personnel, and Tools: Summarizes the FAA 5-phase, Metroplex program and third-party vendor program procedure design processes, identifies the personnel involved in procedure design and their roles, and describes the various tools used in procedure design. 6. Chapter 6, Environmental Requirements for Procedures: Summarizes the environmental re- view requirements for PBN procedures. 7. Chapter 7, Stakeholders and Challenges in PBN Implementation: Provides an overview of the concerns and contributions of the primary stakeholdersâother than the FAAâin PBN proce- dure design and implementation, including airport operators, community members, and aircraft operators. This chapter also presents some of the challenges of PBN procedure development and implementation. 8. Chapter 8, Potential Contributions of the Airport to the Procedural Development: Suggests potential contributions of the airport at each phase, as synthesized from stakeholder surveys. 9. Chapter 9, Lessons Learned and Best Practices: Compares and contrasts the PBN implementa- tion initiatives of six different sites and summarizes the lessons learned and best practices from these initiatives for numerous aspects of PBN procedure implementation, including initiation, personnel, process, environmental, outreach, post-implementation assessment, and outcomes. 10. Chapter 10, Metrics for Assessing the Impact of Procedures: Presents established and alterna- tive metrics for evaluating the impact of PBN procedures, including noise and emissions. 11. Chapter 11, Procedure Design and Execution: Discusses the flight procedure and aircraft performance characteristics that have an impact on PBN design, implementation, and utilization. This chapter also provides an example of a PBN flight procedure and discusses the design aspects and trade-offs for meeting flight efficiency, community noise, and other design objectives and constraints. 12. Chapter 12, Summary: Provides concluding remarks concerning suggestions and potential pit- falls for airport operators in PBN implementations. 13. Appendix A, Acronyms & Initialisms: Defines the acronyms and initialisms occurring within PBN. 14. Appendix B, Glossary of Terms: Provides a glossary of industry terms pertaining to PBN. 15. Appendix C, Case Studies: Documents detailed case studies of PBN implementations at six differ- ent airports and metroplexes. 16. Appendix D, Annotated Bibliography: Provides an annotated bibliography of literature span- ning the breadth of relevant subject areas. These areas include reviews and suggestions on PBN implementations, background of PBN, design and implementation of PBN procedures, metrics for evaluating PBN procedures, airport planning and environmental processes, airport community outreach, FAA orders governing PBN flight procedures, FAA advisory circulars concerning PBN flight procedures, and federal regulations concerning PBN flight procedures.
