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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25020.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25020.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25020.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25020.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25020.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25020.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

54 Aarian, M. 2017. “How a Failed Experiment Could Still Be the Future of Public Transit.” Wired, March. https:// www.wired.com/2017/03/failed-experiment-still-future-public-transit/ Aldrete-Sanchez, R., J. Shelton, and R. K. Cheu. 2010. Integrating the Transportation System with a University Transportation Master Plan: Best Practices and Lessons Learned. No. FHWA/TX-10/0-6608-3. https://static. tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6608-3.pdf Anand, P. 2017. “Leaked Internal Documents Show UberPool Was a Cash-Burning Machine.” BuzzFeedNews, May 31. https://www.buzzfeed.com/priya/uber-pool-burn-rate-frisco APTA. 2017. “University Transit.” http://www.apta.com/resources/links/Pages/USUniversityTransit.aspx BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). 2017. “BART and Shared Use Mobility Providers.” Presentation to Alameda County Transportation Commission, March 8. https://www.alamedactc.org/files/managed/Document/ 20641/6.3_BART_Scoop_Presentation.pdf Blumenberg, E., and M. Manville. 2004. “Beyond the Spatial Mismatch: Welfare Recipients and Transportation Policy.” Journal of Planning Literature 19 (2): 182–205. DOI:10.1177/0885412204269103 Bomey, N. 2017. “CEO: Ford Can Make Money on Public Transit.” USA TODAY, January 9. http://www.usatoday. com/story/money/cars/2017/01/09/mark-fields-ford-motor-co/96321984/ Brenzel, K. 2015. “17 Jitney Operators Cited for Failure to Comply with Law Inspired by Infant’s Death.” NJ.com, July 30. http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2015/07/jitney_buses_cited_for_failure_to_comply_with_ ange.html Brown, K. 2014. “For Google Shuttle Drivers, It’s a Grueling Ride.” SFGate, September 28. http://www.sfgate. com/news/article/For-Google-shuttle-drivers-it-s-a-grueling-ride-5785556.php Cabanatuan, M. 2017. “Final Plan for Corporate Shuttles Approved by Muni Board.” San Francisco Chronicle, February 23. http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Final-plan-for-corporate-shuttles-approved- by-10949371.php Cagle, S. 2015. “How a Start-Up that Wouldn’t Break the Rules Was Forced to Fail.” Pacific Standard, January 27. https://psmag.com/economics/night-school-failed-because-it-followed-law California Public Utilities Commission. 2017. “Proposed Decision of Commissioner Peevey: Order Instituting Rulemaking on Regulations Relating to Passenger Carriers, Ridesharing, and New Online-Enabled Trans- portation Services.” http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M077/K112/77112285.PDF CapMetro (Capital Metro). 2016. https://www.capmetro.org/uploadedFiles/New2016/About_Capital_Metro/ Data_and_Statistics/2016-12-Monthly-Ridership-Web-Report.pdf Carroll, R. 2013. “How Wealth of Silicon Valley’s Tech Elite Created a World Apart.” The Guardian, May 25. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/may/26/silicon-valley-elite-san-francisco Census Bureau. 2015. American Community Survey 2015, 5-year data. Census Bureau. 2017. “2015_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf.” https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/ tech_docs/subject_definitions/2015_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf Cervero, R. 1997. Paratransit in America: Redefining Mass Transportation. Praeger, Westport, CT. Cervero, R., and A. Golub. 2007. “Informal Transport: A Global Perspective.” Transport Policy 14 (6): 445–57. DOI:10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.04.011 Chariot. 2017. “Chariot - Your Commute, Solved.” https://www.chariot.com/ Chetty, R., N. Hendren, P. Kline, and E. Saez. 2014. “Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (4): 1553–1623. Cholke, S. 2016. “U. of C. to Join U-Pass Offering Students Unlimited Rides on the CTA.” DNA Info Hyde Park & Kenwood, May 3. https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20160503/hyde-park/u-of-c-join-u-pass-offering- students-unlimited-rides-on-cta Bibliography

Bibliography 55 Coffey, C., and K. Smyser. 2017. “City Not Enforcing Traffic Laws to Help Loop Link Run Smoothly: Records.” NBC Chicago, February 27. http://www.nbcchicago.com/investigations/City-Not-Enforcing-Traffic-Laws- to-Help-Loop-Link-Run-Smoothly-Records-413792133.html Cohen, L. 2015. “Atlantic City Jitneys Mark 100 Years.” Press of Atlantic City, May 19. http://www.pressofatlanticcity. com/communities/atlantic-city_pleasantville_brigantine/atlantic-city-jitneys-mark-years/article_ 46c2bc0e-fe79-11e4-aff5-73dcdef0ce8a.html Committee for Review of Innovative Urban Mobility Services. 2016. Special Report 319: Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/173511.aspx Commute.org. 2016. Working Together to Improve Our San Mateo County Commute (Annual Report FY2016). https://commute.org/files/documents/CO_FY2016_AnnualReport(1).pdf Corsa, L. 2000. “A Life in Transit.” Miami New Times, June 8. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/ a-life-in-transit-6355846 Dade County Metropolitan Planning Organization. 1993. “Technical Memorandum Task 9: Jitney Survey.” Dade County Transit Corridors Transitional Analysis. miamidadetpo.org/library/studies/transit-corridors- transitional-analysis-jitney-survey-1993-02.pdf DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2013. “New Jersey: Atlantic City Jitneys Running on Natural Gas.” Vehicle Technologies Office, November 13. https://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/new-jersey-atlantic-city-jitneys- running-natural-gas Feigon, S., and C. Murphy. 2016. TCRP Research Report 188: Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/174653.aspx FMCSA (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration). 2014. “Do I Need a USDOT Number?” https://www. fmcsa.dot.gov/registration/do-i-need-usdot-number FTA (Federal Transit Administration). 2016. “2015 Annual Database Agency Mode Service.” National Transit Database. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/2015-annual-database-agency-mode-service FTA. 2017. “Shared Mobility Frequently Asked Questions.” https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and- guidance/shared-mobility-frequently-asked-questions Galloway, N. L. 2016. “Jitney Operators Seek Route in Margate, Ventnor.” The Current, March 8. http://www. shorenewstoday.com/downbeach/jitney-operators-seek-route-in-margate-ventnor/article_06243294- e56a-11e5-aa2b-1f467587873d.html Garnett, N. S. 2001. “The Road from Welfare to Work: Informal Transportation and the Urban Poor.” Harvard Journal on Legislation 38 (1): 173–229. Gaus, A. 2015. “How Chariot Has Thrived Where Other Private Transit Startups Failed.” Silicon Valley Busi- ness Journal, September 1. https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/techflash/2015/09/chariot-leap- loup-uber-cpuc-muni-transit.html Ge, Y., C. R. Knittel, D. MacKenzie, and S. Zoepf. 2016. “Racial and Gender Discrimination in Transportation Network Companies.” Working Paper 22776. National Bureau of Economic Research. DOI:10.3386/w22776 Geron, T. 2017. “Public Transit Agencies Take a Lesson from Uber.” The Wall Street Journal, June 20. https://www. wsj.com/articles/public-transit-agencies-take-a-lesson-from-uber-1498010880 Goldwyn, E. 2017. “An Informal Transit System Hiding in Plain Sight: Brooklyn’s Dollar Vans and Transportation Planning and Policy in New York City.” https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:206339 Gordon, M. 2015. “Riding the Wave: For Downtown/Midtown Revelers, Jitney Is the Way to Go.” Houston Chron- icle, July 31. http://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/article/Riding-the-Wave-For-downtown-Midtown- revelers-6417375.php Grabell, M. 2013. “Taken for a Ride: Temp Agencies and ‘Raiteros’ in Immigrant Chicago.” ProPublica, April 29. http://www.propublica.org/article/taken-for-a-ride-temp-agencies-and-raiteros-in-immigrant-chicago Greenfield, J. 2016a. “Eyes on the Street: Loop Link Scofflaws Continue to Be a Problem.” Streetsblog Chicago, April 26. http://chi.streetsblog.org/2016/04/26/eyes-on-the-street-loop-link-lane-scofflaws-continue-to- be-a-problem/ Greenfield, J. 2016b. “Eyes on the Street: Shuttles Are Still Illegally Using the Loop Link Route.” Streetsblog Chicago, March 3. http://chi.streetsblog.org/2016/03/03/life-in-the-fast-lane-private-buses-are-still-illegally- using-loop-link-route/ Griswold, A. 2017. “Can Shared Rides Save the Iconic New York City Yellow Cab?” Quartz, June 6. https:// qz.com/999132/can-shared-rides-save-the-iconic-new-york-city-yellow-cab/ Grzesiakowski, T., and C. Gamba. 2013a. “A Hidden Phenomenon: The Private Bus Network.” Metropolitan Planning Council blog. May 1. http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6692/A-Hidden-Phenomenon-The- Private-Bus-Network Grzesiakowski, T., and C. Gamba. 2013b. “The Private Bus Network: Pros and Cons.” Metropolitan Planning Council blog. May 21. http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6703/The-Private-Bus-Network-Pros- and-Cons

56 Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions Havins, N. 2014. “Technology Industries Helped Post-Great Recession Jobs Grow Faster in Northern than in Southern California.” Monthly Labor Review (Bureau of Labor Statistics), December. https://www.bls.gov/ opub/mlr/2014/article/technology-industries-helped-post-great-recession-jobs-grow-faster-in-northern- than-in-southern-california-1.htm Heath, A. 2016. “Inside Uber’s Quest to Get More People in Fewer Cars.” Business Insider, June 8. http://www. businessinsider.com/uberpool-ride-sharing-could-be-the-future-of-uber-2016-6 Hialeah (FL), City of. 1998. City of Hialeah Circulator Study. October. http://miamidadetpo.org/library/studies/ hialeah-circulator-study-final-report-1998-10.pdf Houston (TX) Department of Administration and Regulatory Affairs. 2017. “Vehicle for Hire Permitting and Enforcement—Jitneys.” http://www.houstontx.gov/ara/vfh/jitneys.html Hu, L., and G. Giuliano. 2011. “Beyond the Inner City: New Form of Spatial Mismatch.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2242. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington DC: 98–105. DOI:10.3141/2242-12. Hu, W. 2017. “New Yorkers Try a Startling Idea: Sharing Yellow Cabs.” New York Times, June 6. https:// www.nytimes.com/2017/06/06/nyregion/new-york-yellow-taxis-ride-sharing.html Jersey Jitneys. n.d. “Jitney Buses of New Jersey” (unofficial listing of New Jersey jitney services). http:// www.jerseyjitneys.info/ Joslin, A., and W. P. Morris. 2013. Ridership Impacts of South Florida’s EASY Smart Card. No. NCTR 77946/ BDK85 977-42. Kain, J. F. 1968. “Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82 (2): 175–97. DOI:10.2307/1885893. Kent, B. 1996. “Atlantic City: Following the Fleet.” New York Times, January 14. http://www.nytimes.com/ 1996/01/14/nyregion/atlantic-city-following-the-fleet.html?mcubz=0 Keshani, A. 2017. “An Incredible Ride.” Medium, June 2. https://medium.com/@ariokeshani/an-incredible- ride-4d38ee1b92ef King, D. A. 2014. “Why Public Transit Is Not Living Up to Its Social Contract.” CityLab, June 26. http:// www.citylab.com/commute/2014/06/why-public-transit-is-not-living-up-to-its-social-contract/373368/ King, D. A., and E. Goldwyn. 2014. “Why Do Regulated Jitney Services Often Fail? Evidence from the New York City Group Ride Vehicle Project.” Transport Policy 35: 186–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.05.011 Kirby, R. F., K. U. Bhatt, M. A. Kemp, R.G. McGillivray, and M. Wohl.1974. Para-Transit: Neglected Options for Urban Mobility. The Urban Institute, Washington, DC. Klein, D., A. Moore, and B. Reja. 1997. Curb Rights: A Foundation for Free Enterprise in Urban Transit. Brookings Institution Press ,Washington, DC. Kodransky, M., and G. Lewenstein. 2016. “Can Shared Mobility Help Low-Income People Access Opportunity?” https://www.livingcities.org/resources/284-can-shared-mobility-help-low-income-people-access-opportunity Koffman, D. 2004. TCRP Synthesis Report 53: Operational Experiences with Flexible Transit Services. Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. DOI: 10.17226/23364. http://www.trb. org/Main/Blurbs/154975.aspx Krueger, T., and G. Murray. 2008. TCRP Synthesis 78: Transit Systems in College and University Communi- ties. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. http://www.trb.org/ Publications/Blurbs/160569.aspx Kuhn, L., S. Larson, and C. Bourdeaux. 2016. “Georgia’s Community Improvement Districts (CIDs).” The Center for State and Local Finance, Georgia State University, June 24. LaBelle, J., and S. Frève. 2016. “Increasing Mobility Through Enhanced Transit Connectivity” (University of Illinois at Chicago, Urban Transportation Center white paper). August 15. https://utc.uic.edu/wp-content/ uploads/Increasing-Mobility-through-Enhanced-Transit-Connectivity-LaBelle-Freve-8-15-16.pdf Lee, J. 2017. “A First-of-Its-Kind Program: Microsoft, Seattle Children’s Shuttles Are Now Using Metro Stops.” Seattle Times, April 30. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/a-first-of-its- kind-program-microsoft-seattle-childrens-shuttles-are-now-using-metro-stops/ Lee, W. 2016. “More Tech Workers Driving Solo After SF Cuts Shuttle Stops.” San Francisco Chronicle, July 16. http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/More-tech-workers-driving-solo-after-SF-cuts-8350171.php Lone Tree (CO), City of. 2017. “Lone Tree Link: Annual Report, Year 2—September 17, 2015 to September 30, 2016.” January. Manjoo, F. 2016. “Car-Pooling Helps Uber Go the Extra Mile.” The New York Times, March 30. http://www. nytimes.com/2016/03/31/technology/car-pooling-helps-uber-go-the-extra-mile.html Margonelli, L. 2011. “The (Illegal) Private Bus System That Works.” The Atlantic, October 5. https://www.the- atlantic.com/national/archive/2011/10/the-illegal-private-bus-system-that-works/246166/ Marshall, A. 2017. “How a Failed Experiment Could Still Be the Future of Public Transit.” Wired, March 6. https:// www.wired.com/2017/03/failed-experiment-still-future-public-transit/ Mattson, J. 2017. “Estimating Ridership of Rural Demand-Response Transit Services for the General Public.” https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1437427

Bibliography 57 McBride, S. 2013. “Google Bus Blocked in San Francisco Protest vs Gentrification.” Reuters, December 9. http:// www.reuters.com/article/us-google-protest-idUSBRE9B818J20131209 MDTA [Metro-Dade (FL) Transit Agency]. 1994. Jitney Enforcement Strategies. Prepared by University of South Florida Center for Urban Transportation Research. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0032155/00001 MDTA. 2017. “Transfers Outside Miami-Dade Transit Service Area.” http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/ transfers-outside-mdt.asp Menlo Park (CA), City of. 2015. “Recommended Amendment to the City’s Transportation Demand Manage- ment Guidelines and Transportation Impact Analysis Guidelines for Change of Use Projects in the M-2 Area. Agenda Item F-1 for 7/21/15 City Council Meeting.” http://www.menlopark.org/documentcenter/ view/7646 Menlo Park (CA), City of. 2011. “Revised Transportation Demand Management Plan” (Facebook proposal to the City). 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58 Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions OSU. n.d. “The OSU/Stillwater Community Transit System.” OSU Parking and Transportation Services. https:// parking.okstate.edu/transit-services Palo Alto (CA), City of. 2014. “Staff Report 4373: Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Recommenda- tions” (February 10 City Council Update). http://paloaltocityca.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx? Frame=&MeetingID=1648&MediaPosition=&ID=4373 PCID (Perimeter Community Improvement Districts). 2012. “Perimeter Circulator Implementation Report,” October 18. http://perimetercid.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Perimeter-Circulator-Implementation- Report.pdf Peterson, S. J. 2012. “Hidden Transit: How Companies Are Going the Extra Mile.” Urban Land, September 10. http:// urbanland.uli.org/economy-markets-trends/hidden-transit-how-companies-are-going-the-last-mile/ Peterson, S. 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TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Report 196: Private Transit: Existing Services and Emerging Directions provides information about private transit services and ways they are addressing transportation needs in a variety of operating environments. The document contains an overview and taxonomy of private transit services in the United States, a review of their present scope and operating characteristics, and a discussion of ways they may affect the communities in which they operate along with several case studies and other supporting information.

Private transit services—including airport shuttles, shared taxis, private commuter buses, dollar vans and jitneys—have operated for decades in many American cities. Recently, business innovations and technological advances that allow real-time ride-hailing, routing, tracking, and payment have ushered in a new generation of private transit options. These include new types of public-private partnership that are helping to bridge first/last mile gaps in suburban areas.

The report also examines ways that private transit services are interacting with communities and transit agencies, as well as resulting impacts and benefits.

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