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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
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Index

A

Aboriginal fishing rights, 127, 139

Native Americans, 27, 28, 70(n.8)(n.8), 124, 125, 126, 127, 269, 303

New Zealand, Maori, 92, 94, 128, 354-355, 360, 364

see also Subsistence fishing

Absentee ownership of quota shares, 3, 10, 171-172, 208, 340

see also Leasing of quota shares

Administrative issues, see Co-management processes; Enforcement issues; Fees and taxes; Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation

Air quality and pollution, 45-48

Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163

Alaska, 32(n.10)(n.10), 48, 168, 174, 217, 245

community development quotas, 125-128, 138, 206

Gulf of Alaska, 17, 77, 272, 300, 301, 306, 310, 312, 317

see also Bearing Sea-Aleutian Islands

Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries, 194, 367, 381-407

blocked quota shares, 74, 204, 205, 222-223, 268

case study, 70-77, 78-80, 98, 108, 298-317

catch and participation trends, 17, 302, 304, 305, 306

derby fishing, 2-3, 306, 307

fees and taxes, 76, 79, 372-380, 387-388

IFQs, general, 2-3, 33, 146, 169, 170, 172-173, 199, 221, 222, 246 , 247, 381-407

Aleutian Islands, see Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands

Allocation of quota shares, see Initial allocation of quota shares; Transfer of quota shares

Allowable biological catch, 3, 25, 74, 177(n.5)(n.5), 302, 310

defined, 267

Alternative management approaches, general, 5, 112-138, 245, 317-322

bag limits, 119, 120-121

seasonal limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118-119, 286, 301

sex limitations, fish, 36, 132, 177(n.5)(n.5)

see also Area restrictions;

Effort quotas;

Entry limits, general;

Gear and gear restrictions;

Input controls;

Output controls;

Size and size limits, fish;

Trip limits

American Fisheries Promotion Act, 7, 15

Area restrictions, 88, 94, 132-134

harvest privilege and, 8

superexclusive area registration, 134, 277

territorial use rights, 134-135

Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program, 219

Auctions, 6, 47, 96, 143, 144-145, 164-165, 203, 207, 211, 215, 244

price factors, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279

zero-revenue, 6, 47, 145, 211

Australia, 32, 108, 109, 135

Australian drop-through allocation system, 150-151, 201, 203, 222

defined, 267-268

B

Bag limits, 119, 120-121

Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands, 71, 73, 104, 124, 300, 301, 308, 310, 312

Biologic and ecologic conservation factors, general, 2, 14

allowable biological catch, 3, 25, 74, 177(n.5)(n.5), 267, 302, 310

case studies, 59, 60, 63-67, 69, 71, 74, 75, 77, 84-85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 105, 106, 107, 112, 283-284, 291-292, 301-302, 312-313, 318, 321, 328-330, 344, 358-360

initial allocation criteria, 144, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224

quota auctions, 144

legislation, 17, 140

recommendations, 9, 196, 197, 198, 199, 223

refuges and reserves, 133-134, 303

regional uniqueness, 2, 4, 194

rent and, 24

research needs, 24-25, 217, 218, 388

stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360

sustainable yield, 1, 13, 28-29, 31, 93, 140, 274

see also Common-pool resources;

Stewardship issues

Blocked/unblocked quotas, 74, 204, 205, 309, 312, 369, 374

defined, 268, 278

Boats, see Vessels

British Columbia, 29, 31, 70, 107, 173, 256, 297

Bycatch and bycatch quotas, 11, 16, 33, 123-124, 142, 177, 244

case studies, 71, 74-75, 80, 83, 91, 93, 108, 292, 300, 303, 304, 330, 336, 352-354

defined, 268

IFQ allocation criteria, 149, 216

individual bycatch quotas, 21, 123, 124, 212

mixed-stock fisheries, 113-114

net mesh size, 115, 116, 132

see also Discard fish

C

California, 41, 43, 49-50, 52-52

Canada, 129

community factors, 128-129, 187, 196

entry limits, 29-31

halibut fishery, 70, 179(n.6)(n.6), 298, 302

IFQs/ITQs, 2, 31, 32, 35, 99, 106, 107, 129, 136-137, 146, 172, 174 , 191, 302, 313

individual vessel quotas, 122-123

lottery allocation of quotas, 146

rent recovery, 163, 164

see also Nova Scotia

Capelin, Iceland, 77, 82, 325-326

Capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408

Capital stuffing, 117, 118, 120, 199, 270, 276

defined, 268

Case studies, 59-111, 280-365

see also "case studies" under other entries;

specific fisheries

Catcher-processor vessels, 125, 128, 129

case studies, 70, 74, 301, 310, 312

defined, 268

Catch per unit effort, 14

case studies, 65, 75, 110, 284, 292, 301, 306, 313, 357

defined, 268

Central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387

Charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268

Cheating, see Illegal activities

Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163

Coastal communities, see Fishing communities

Coast Guard, see U.S. Coast Guard

Cod, 24, 77, 81-87

(passim), 122, 125, 136, 256, 278, 324-330, 335, 336, 340, 341

Co-management processes, 135-138, 191, 215, 285

Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Anti-Reflagging Act, 157

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Common-pool resources

community-level factors, 183, 186

cultural factors, 39, 46

defined, 38, 39, 269

fees and taxes and, 57-58, 129, 162

general, 13, 26-27, 29, 37, 38-45

Icelandic fisheries, 86, 337, 338

litigation, 40-44, 48, 49

other than fisheries, 45-58, 145, 147, 162-163

price factors, 47, 52

see also Public trust doctrine

Communities, see Fishing communities

Community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250

employment issues, 124, 125-126

defined, 269

Community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128-129, 147, 206-207

Computer applications

enforcement, 381

monitoring, 178-179, 388-389

reporting, 90, 347

Concentration of quota shares, 3, 4, 5, 167-174, 207-210, 222-223

case studies, 63, 76, 85-86, 87, 96, 97-98, 102-104, 297, 310, 312 , 315-316, 320, 322, 332-337, 341, 349

excessive shares, 6, 33, 66, 138, 191, 208, 209, 210, 248, 259, 297 , 332-335, 341

see also Transfer of quota shares

Conservation factors, see Biologic and ecologic conservation factors

Control dates, 10, 199, 223

defined, 269

Cooperatives, 129, 130

Cost and cost-benefit factors, 140, 213-217, 259, 366-408

administrative costs, 175-176, 178-179, 193, 196, 214, 215, 249-250, 366-367, 380-388

individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 286, 291, 311, 320-321

bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23

case studies, 69, 76, 79, 83, 92, 95, 97-99, 107, 109, 284, 286, 291, 311, 320-321, 330-331

co-management, 135, 215

data lacking, 8, 92, 366, 408

enforcement, 175-176, 193, 216-217, 286, 349, 366, 381-387, 388

fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367

individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 316

externalities, 18, 26, 36, 270

fees and taxes to cover IFQs, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162 -167, 215, 249-250, 291, 311, 320-321, 366-380

highgrading, 109

national standards on, 114

new fishermen, market entry, 4, 210-211, 387

resource rents and, 21-25, 48

TACs, 72

see also Price factors

Court proceedings, see Litigation

Crews, see Employment issues

Cultural factors, 19, 181-185

common-pool resources, 39, 46

other property issues, 27-28

transfer of quota shares, 11, 173

see also Aboriginal fishing rights;

Subsistence fishing

D

Data collection and analysis, see Research, monitoring and evaluation; Statistical analyses

Data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269, 293(a)

Department of Commerce, see National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Department of Commerce

Derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307

Discard fish, 122, 124, 175, 177, 391

case studies, 65, 71, 74-75, 83, 91, 108, 304, 312, 329, 351

defined, 270

see also Highgrading;

Bycatch

Dockside monitoring, 120, 123, 137, 163, 223, 385

E

Ecological factors, see Biologic and ecologic conservation factors

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Economic factors, 12, 112, 243-244

bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23

capital stuffing, 117, 118, 120, 199, 268, 270, 276

community development quotas, 124-128

gross domestic product, 81, 322, 324

IFQs

case studies, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67-68, 69, 71-72, 75-76, 81, 82, 85-89 (passim), 93, 95, 101, 103, 105, 287-288, 292-296, 297, 302-304, 313-316, 318, 321, 322, 324-325, 327, 328-342, 344, 346, 360-363

central registry, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387

general, 3-4, 33-34, 142, 161-162, 192, 197-212, 243-244, 388-391

windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213 -214, 222, 321

overcapitalization, 4, 5, 9, 13-14, 16, 30-34 (passim), 119, 122, 141, 170, 173-174, 186, 192, 193, 205, 381

case studies, 68, 82, 88, 93, 94, 95, 287, 288, 294, 324-325, 326, 343, 344, 361

regional councils view of, 9

research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 69, 218-219

transfer of quota shares, 168-169, 173-174

vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210

case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341

see also Catcher-processor vessels

windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213 -214, 222, 321

see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;

Concentration of quota shares;

Employment issues;

Fees and taxes;

Funding; Price factors

Economic rents, 6, 21-25, 31, 48, 161-167, 210, 211, 214-217, 277

defined, 270

case studies, 64, 79, 85

price factors, 21, 24, 25, 162, 165, 167

Effort quotas, 78, 115, 118-119

case studies, 60, 95, 326-327

seasonal fishing limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118-119, 286, 301

El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 51, 270

Employment issues, 217, 367, 391-392, 405

case studies, 61-62, 64, 65, 76, 84, 86, 101-102, 285-286, 295, 336 -337, 339

community development quotas, 124, 125-126

crew- and skipper-based quota allocations, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407

crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316

negative impacts of IFQs, 3, 4, 14, 34, 105, 167, 174, 181, 285-286, 295, 336-337, 339

see also Safety

Enforcement issues, 17-18, 35, 36, 142, 175-176, 179-180, 216-217, 244, 261, 262

case studies, 66, 68, 74, 76, 83, 91, 95, 98, 107, 290, 296-297, 316, 319, 320, 349

Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386

co-management, 135, 191

computer applications, 381

costs of, 175-176, 193, 216-217, 286, 349, 366, 381-387, 388

fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367

individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 316

NMFS, 68, 74, 76, 180, 296-297

see also Fines and penalties;

Illegal activities;

Reporting requirements

Enterprise schemes, 88, 90-91

Entry limits, general, 8, 29-32, 176, 195, 197, 210-211, 213, 244, 249

case studies, 96, 105, 282-283, 308, 325

central registry, 250-251

control dates, 10, 199, 223, 269

fishing communities, 9

see also Alternative management approaches

Equipment, see Gear and gear restrictions; Vessels

Evaluation, see Research, monitoring and evaluation

Exclusive economic zones, 15, 29, 31, 32, 44, 136, 140, 261, 262

case studies, 77, 86, 282, 298, 324, 325, 332, 341, 343

defined, 270

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Exploitation rates, 20

air resources, 45

case studies, 70, 77, 110, 293, 324, 356

data lacking, 24-25

defined, 270

fishing mortality defined, 271

nationwide, 13

overfishing defined, 292

see also Alternative management approaches;

Input controls;

Output controls;

Overfishing limits;

Total allowable catch

F

Factory trawler, see Catcher-processor vessels

Federal government role

Department of State, 249

IFQs, general, 4, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 33-34, 139-224

NOAA, 274

public trust doctrine, 43-44

regional issues and, 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 193, 194-195, 209

state coordination with, 195-196

stewardship issues, 12, 168, 224, 199-200, 201, 203, 204

Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7)(n.7), 42, 43, 48, 50-51

see also Legislation;

National Marine Fisheries Service;

U.S. Coast Guard

Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58

Fees and taxes, 5-6, 10, 18, 40, 54, 129-131, 161, 165-167, 207, 208, 213-214, 247-248, 249-250, 366-380, 387-388

capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408

case studies, 57-58, 76, 79, 86, 97-98, 291, 337, 341

common-pool resource issues, 57-58, 129, 162

enforcement, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367

IFQs, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214-216, 249-250, 291, 311, 316, 320-321, 366-380, 407-408

Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 215, 246, 249-250, 367 -368, 377, 387

open access fisheries, 367

price factors, 131, 341, 367, 369, 374-378, 379, 380

research, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216

transfer of quota shares, 368, 370-376, 379-380, 387, 390, 407-408

Fines and penalties, 18, 35, 36, 128, 136, 180, 217, 261, 262, 263 , 264

case studies, 76, 83, 91, 329-330, 351

Fisheries Acts (New Zealand), 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365

Fishery Conservation and Management Act,

see also Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

Fishery management plans, general, 5, 197

case studies, 59-111, 280-365

defined, 271

evaluation provisions, 9, 64, 68

Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 16, 194, 247, 248-249, 258-259, 261, 263, 264

see also Alternative management approaches;

Individual fishing quotas

Fishing communities, 10-11, 34, 181-187, 196, 215, 217, 243-244, 392-407

case studies, 65, 69, 76, 86, 87, 285-286, 295-296, 304, 306, 316, 322-323, 339, 363

common-pool resources, 183, 186

community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269

community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128-129, 206-207

defined, 19-20, 181

entry limits, 9

Magnuson-Stevens Act, 9, 19, 125, 196

transfer of quotas allocations, 11, 158-159, 170-171

see also Aboriginal fishing rights;

Employment issues

Fishing effort, 35, 95, 105, 293, 350

defined, 271

see also Catch per unit effort;

Effort quotas

Fishing power, 18, 72, 87, 117, 119, 136, 317, 343

defined, 271

Florida, 118, 215, 317-322

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations), 29, 30, 271

Foreign countries

limitation of foreign entry, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 155-158, 211, 243, 249, 257, 262, 263, 290, 298;

see also Exclusive economic zones

U.S. safety standards applied to, 262

vessel ownership and registration, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257

see also International perspectives;

specific countries

Forests, see Timber resources

Funding

enforcement, 180

fees and taxes to cover IFQs, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162 -167, 214-216, 249-250, 291, 311, 316, 320-321, 366-380, 407-408

research and monitoring, 7, 8, 176, 198, 218

small fishermen, 4, 18, 210-211, 248, 387

G

Gas, see Oil and gas

Gear and gear restrictions, 28, 33, 34, 115-116, 244, 389-390

case studies, 70, 73, 88, 301, 306, 307, 317-322

defined, 271

Florida lobster fishery, tradable permits, 317-322

net mesh size, 115, 116, 132

quota allocation criteria, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150

recreational fishing, 116, 160

technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324

territorial use rights and, 134, 135

see also Ghost fishing;

Vessels

Gender, see Sex of fish

Ghost fishing, 2-3, 71, 108, 304, 312, 389

defined, 272

Gifting of quota shares, 4, 10, 207, 378

Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23

Government role, see Federal government role; Enforcement issues; Fees and taxes; Legislation; Licensing; Litigation; Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation; State government role

Grazing lands, 57-58

Gross domestic product, 81, 322, 324

Groundfish fisheries, general, 32, 119, 120-121, 122, 187, 191

case studies, 82, 83, 326-327

defined, 272

see specific species

Groundwater, 51-55

Gulf of Alaska, 17, 77, 272, 300, 301, 306, 310, 312, 317

Gulf of Maine, 60

Gulf of Mexico, 33, 35, 194, 221, 252-253

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, 190, 221, 245, 252-253, 272, 318, 319

H

Haddock, 77, 87, 136, 330, 336, 341

Halibut, see Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries

Halibut Treaty of 1923, 70

Hawaii, 245

Herring, 30, 31, 32, 77, 81-85 (passim), 109, 119, 172, 269, 324, 325-330 (passim), 377, 403

Highgrading, 36, 122, 175, 177, 216

case studies, 75, 91, 108-110, 313, 329, 351

defined, 272

Historical perspectives

foreign fishing in domestic waters, 155, 211

IFQs, 2, 17-18, 26-33

Magnuson-Stevens Act, 15-18, 31, 60, 211, 260-264

quota allocation based on participation in fishery, 4, 10, 207, 90 , 94, 96, 118, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 199, 203-204, 206-207, 223 , 224, 289-290, 308-309, 317, 325, 339, 341, 346-347, 378

public trust doctrine, 40-43, 49-51, 55, 56

sustainable yield, 1

see also Case studies

I

Iceland, 2, 77, 81-87, 101, 102, 139, 170, 171-172, 174, 209, 322-342

Illegal activities, 11, 13, 18, 175, 216-217, 263-264, 385

case studies, 76, 83, 91, 107-108, 110, 287, 351

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

poaching, 175, 177, 216, 276

see also Discard fish;

Enforcement issues;

Highgrading;

Quota busting

Individual bycatch quotas, 21, 123, 124, 212

Individual fishing quotas, general

advantages and concerns, general, 3-4, 33-37, 99-111, 210-211

area restrictions and, 133

case studies, 59-111, 280-365

cost-benefit analysis, 366-408

defined, 1-2, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 245-246, 272

excessive shares, 6, 33, 66, 138, 191, 208, 209, 210, 248, 259, 297 , 332-335, 341

harvest privilege and, 7-8, 9, 14, 84, 97, 337-338, 339

moratorium on, 2, 5, 14, 18, 61, 62, 140, 191, 194, 196, 200, 247

national policy, 4, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 33-34, 139-224

non-fishery common-pool resources vs, 45-58

public trust doctrine, 45

recommendations, 5-12, 192-224

TACs and, 20, 32-36 (passim), 47-48, 142, 143, 146, 147-148, 175, 178, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 200, 245-246

case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 291, 310, 311, 313, 318, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362 , 403

threshold criteria, 5, 141-142, 192, 244

see also Concentration of quota shares;

Initial allocation of quotas;

Quota busting;

Transfer of quota shares;

IFQ" subheadings under other entries

Individual transferable quotas, 128, 136-137, 150, 163, 167, 173-174

case studies, 61-70, 82-94, 285, 286-297, 317(n.4)(n.4), 322-365

defined, 272

Individual vessel quotas, 21, 62-63, 73, 82, 123, 124, 212, 313

Initial allocation of quota shares, 5, 10, 34, 96, 142-155, 202-207, 210

air pollutant emissions as example, 46-47, 207

appeals, 73, 94, 186, 219, 220, 223, 309, 320, 348, 364, 377, 382

attenuation of, 165

auctions, 6, 47, 57, 96, 143, 144-145, 148, 164-165, 203, 207, 211 , 215, 244, 279

Australian drop-through allocation system, 150-151, 201, 203, 267, 222

blocked/unblocked shares, 74, 204, 205, 268, 278, 309, 312, 369, 374

bycatch criteria, 149, 216

case studies, 63, 68, 70-77 (passim), 82-84 (passim), 86, 88, 89, 90-91, 94, 102, 104, 289-290, 294, 308-310, 317, 320, 327, 341, 347 -349

central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387

co-management practices, 138, 215

community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269

community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128-129, 147, 206-207

conservation criteria, 144, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224

control dates and, 10, 199, 223

cooperatives, 129, 130

crew- and skipper-based, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337 , 341, 398-403, 405, 407

enterprise schemes, 88, 90-91

fairness, general, 4, 18, 244, 258

foreign interests, 15, 91

gear-based, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150

gifting, 4, 10, 207, 378

historical participation in fishery, 4, 10, 118, 143, 145, 148, 149 , 150, 199, 203-204, 206-207, 223, 224, 378

case studies, 90, 94, 96, 289-290, 308-309, 317, 325, 339, 341, 346 -347

lotteries, 143, 145-146, 148, 149, 158, 161, 207

price factors,

auctions, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279

other, 158, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 211, 218, 221-222, 295, 327, 330, 336-337, 341, 348, 367, 368, 369, 374-378, 380, 390, 405, 408

procedural/priority ranking, 146, 148

processor awards, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

public trust doctrine, 12, 27, 38, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54

regional councils, role in, 142-155, 203-208 (passim), 210

rent dissipation, 25

vessel-based, 10, 21, 118, 119, 121-123, 130, 136, 147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 203, 205, 209, 212, 222, 244, 247, 403

case studies, 62-63, 73, 82-83, 86, 96, 99, 102, 104, 288-290, 309 , 310, 313, 317, 325, 341

windfalls resulting from, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213-214, 222, 321

see also Aboriginal fishing rights;

Fees and taxes;

Transfer of quota shares

Input controls, general, 4, 89, 115-119, 346

defined, 1, 115, 272

TAC-based controls vs, 3-4, 118

see also Area restrictions;

Effort quotas;

Gear and gear restrictions;

Vessels

International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 273

International Pacific Halibut Commission, 29, 70, 73, 74, 75, 109, 298, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 370-371, 373-376, 382

International perspectives

air pollution regulation, 46-47

IFQs, 2, 139-140

see also Exclusive economic zones;

Foreign countries;

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;

United Nations;

specific countries

J

Japan, 27, 57, 71, 76, 130, 196, 302, 315, 343, 361, 377

Jones Act, 157

Jurisdictional issues, 16, 26, 219, 262

community-based governance, 183-185

multiple jurisdictions, 39, 43, 44, 112, 195

public trust doctrine, 39, 43, 44, 51, 194-196

state-regional cooperation, 195

UN Convention, 15

see also Exclusive economic zones

L

Leasing, nonfishery resources, 41, 55, 57-58

Leasing of quota shares, 3, 4, 10, 28, 30, 171-173, 201, 208, 210, 218

case studies, 65, 73, 74, 79, 85-86, 96, 295, 309, 327-328, 330, 336, 352

Legislation, national

American Fisheries promotion Act, 7, 15

antitrust, 97-98, 174, 209, 290, 297

Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163

Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Anti-Reflagging Act, 157

community fishing quotas, 128-129

Iceland, 77, 326, 337-339

Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58

Fisheries Acts (New Zealand), 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16

Marine Reserves Act (New Zealand), 133

Merchant Marine Act (Jones Act), 157

Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 55

New Zealand, 87-88, 90, 93, 133, 342-344, 346, 363-365

North Pacific Halibut Act, 198

Processor Preference Act, 15, 61

Shipping Act, 155, 243, 257

Taylor Grazing Act, 58

see also Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act;

Sustainable Fisheries Act

Licensing, 28, 29, 30-31, 32(n.10)(n.10), 83, 87, 117-118, 252, 368

case studies, 59, 60, 61, 82, 88, 95, 96, 105, 317-322, 325, 326, 343, 350

Florida lobster fishery, tradable permits, 317-322

stewardship issues, 224

Litigation

antitrust, 297

common-pool property, 40-44, 48, 49, 50-51

entry limits, 30

open access, 31

privilege of harvest, 7-8, 84, 337-338, 339

public trust doctrine, 40-44, 49

U.S. Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7)(n.7), 42, 43, 48, 50-51

Lobster fisheries, 116, 118, 134, 215, 317-322, 361, 362

Local factors, see Fishing communities; Social factors

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Longline fishing, 115, 116, 122, 386, 389

case studies, 66, 70, 71, 73, 75, 301, 304, 306, 308, 311, 313, 327

defined, 273

Lottery allocation of quotas, 143, 145-146, 148, 149, 158, 161, 207

M

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 1, 15-21, 114, 190-191

bycatch, 124, 200, 259

central registry system, 8, 202, 250-251

community-based quotas, 125, 206

concentration of IFQ shares, 174, 209

defined, 273

fees and taxes, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 215, 246, 249-250, 367-368, 377, 387

fishery defined, 18-19

fishery management plans, general, 6, 16, 194, 247, 248-249, 258-259, 261, 263, 264

fishing communities, 9, 19, 140, 196

foreign ownership, 7

historical perspectives, 15-18, 31, 60, 211, 260-264

IFQs, 1-2, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 33-34, 139-140, 174, 193, 194-195, 196 , 199-201, 204, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 222

case studies, 59-77, 96, 281-322

fees and taxes, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 246, 249-250, 367-368, 377, 387

text of, relevant sections of act, 243-253

limited entry, 8, 96, 213

marine protected areas, 57

new entry into fisheries, 210-211, 387

privilege of harvest, 7-8, 17-18, 20-21, 40, 199-201

public trust doctrine, 40, 44, 57

regional councils, 1, 5, 6, 7, 15-16, 96-97, 193, 194-195

review of, 15-18, 243-244

text of, relevant sections of act, 243-253, 258-259

see also Sustainable Fisheries Act

Maine, 60, 134, 289, 291

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16

Marine Reserves Act (New Zealand), 133

Maryland, 28, 29

Maximum economic yield, 23

Maximum sustainable yield, 28-29, 31, 93

defined, 274

Gordon-Schaefer model, 23,

Merchant Marine Act, 157

Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 32, 61, 274, 282, 284, 285 , 286, 291

Migratory species, general, 39, 112, 113, 133, 134, 186

Mineral Leasing Act, 55

Monitoring, see Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation

Multispecies fisheries, 141, 193, 264

case studies, 91, 92, 107, 108, 110, 351, 352, 353, 354, 364

defined, 274

mixed-stock fisheries, 113-114

see also Bycatch and bycatch quotas;

Discard fish

N

National Marine Fisheries Service, 1, 14, 32, 220, 274

allowable biological catch, 3

case studies, 64, 68, 69, 74, 76, 286, 292, 296-297, 311, 319

central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251

community-level delegation, 196

control dates, 10, 199

enforcement, 68, 74, 76, 180, 296-297

entry limits, 32

research and monitoring, 7, 9, 64, 68, 69, 199, 218-221, 292, 311, 367, 369, 381, 392

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 274

see also National Marine Fisheries Service

National Sea Grant College Program, 7

Native Americans, 27, 28, 70(n.8)(n.8), 124, 125, 126, 127, 269, 303

Natural gas, see Oil and gas

Netherlands, The, 101, 137, 167, 173, 191, 196

Net mesh size, 115, 116, 132

New England Fishery Management Council, 32, 264, 274

New Jersey, 32(n.10)(n.10), 40, 60, 61. 65, 282-287 (passim), 292

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

New York, 287

New Zealand, 129, 157

community fishing quotas, 128

ITQs, 2, 32, 33, 87-94, 106, 107, 108, 110, 128, 129, 139, 174, 217 , 342-365

refuges, 133

rent recovery, 163, 164, 214

Nontarget species, see Bycatch and bycatch quotas; Discard fish

North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 70, 72, 73, 74, 125, 129 , 155, 157-159, 246, 275, 298, 308, 309, 310, 311-312, 382, 385

North Pacific Halibut Act, 198

Northwest Atlantic Ocean Fisheries Reinvestment Program, 264

Norway, 101, 102, 104, 120-121, 326

Nova Scotia, 106, 136-137, 191, 196

O

Occupational safety, see Safety

Ocean quahog fishery, see Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries

Oil and gas, 55-56

Open access, 3, 14, 16, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 143, 176, 223, 381, 382

case studies, 68, 72, 283, 287, 314, 343

fees from, 367

defined, 275

resources other than fisheries, 45

Optimum yield, 15

case studies, 63-64, 282

Oregon, 70

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 115, 118, 275

Output controls, general, 119-129, 223

defined, 1-2, 119, 275

TAC-based controls vs, 3-4

see also Individual fishing quotas, general

Overfishing limits, 5, 15, 16, 33, 114

case studies, 74, 81, 95, 292, 311

defined, 275, 292

P

Pacific Fishery Management Council, 70, 275, 298

Paralytic shellfish poisoning, 275, 283

Pelagic fisheries, general, 127, 263, 272, 276, 325, 326

see specific species

Penalties, see Fines and penalties

Permits, see Licensing

Poaching, 175, 177, 216, 276

Political factors, 9, 12, 26, 28, 39, 142, 143, 147, 215

case studies, 81, 82, 325, 326

Pollock, 16, 57, 124, 132, 136, 154, 255, 269, 277, 278, 388

Price factors, 117, 123, 136, 389, 402, 403-404, 407

case studies, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 85, 95, 99, 107, 284, 285, 289, 292, 294-295, 303, 304, 307, 313-314, 316, 318, 327, 330, 331, 336 , 342, 348, 352, 361, 379

common pool resources, 47, 52

economic rents, 21, 24, 25, 162, 165, 167

fees and taxes, 131, 341, 367, 369, 374-378, 379, 380

monopoly power and, 65

quota auctions, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279

quota shares, other, 158, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 211, 218, 221-222, 295, 327, 330, 336-337, 341, 348, 367, 368, 369, 374-378, 380, 390 , 405, 408

processors, impacts on, 34, 152-155 (passim), 205, 280, 342, 390

underharvest, 69

see also Highgrading

Processor Preference Act, 15, 61

Processors and processing quotas, 4, 57, 77, 91, 188, 203, 243

case studies, 70, 74, 77, 91, 284-285, 290, 314

community dependence on, 186, 205

cooperatives, 129, 130

excess capacity, 33, 34

initial quota allocations, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317

price factors, 34, 152-155 (passim), 205, 280, 342, 390

substitutability of species, 24, 67, 285

vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210

case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341

see also Catcher-processor vessels

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

Public trust doctrine, 12, 27, 39-45, 49-51, 86, 140-141, 162, 186

defined, 40-41

gifting, 4

initial quota allocations, 12, 27, 38, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54

litigation, 40-44, 49

Magnuson-Stevens Act, 40, 44, 57

Purse seine fishing, 101, 102, 121, 122, 324

defined, 276

Q

Quahog fishery, see Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries

Quota allocation, see Initial allocation of quota shares; Concentration of quota shares; Transfer of quota shares

Quota busting, 36, 122, 137, 175, 177, 193, 195, 216, 269

case studies, 91, 107, 110, 312, 351, 381

defined, 276

see also Discard fish;

Highgrading

R

Rangelands, see Grazing lands

Recreational fishing, 11, 19, 27, 33, 119, 141, 159-161, 212, 261

bag limits, 119, 120-121

case studies, 71, 77, 89, 303, 317, 344, 345, 346

charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268

defined, 276

gear restrictions, 116, 160

TAC allotments, 159, 212

Recruitment

annual variation in, 54, 60, 112, 113, 120, 283

case studies, 60, 92, 106, 282, 283, 284, 292, 302

defined, 276-277

TACs and, 113, 120, 141, 282

Refuges and reserves, 133-134, 303

Regional factors

IFQs, case studies, 76, 346, 347

IFQs, discretion on, 5, 6, 9-11, 185-186, 193, 194-195, 206, 210

national regulation and, 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 193, 194-195, 209

sociocultural, 182

subregional cooperation, 8, 11, 196

territorial use rights and, 134-135

see also Cultural factors;

Fishing communities;

Social factors

Regional fishery management councils, 9-11, 193, 194-195

defined, 277

enforcement issues, 216-217

history of, 15-16, 32

Magnuson-Stevens Act and, 1, 5, 6, 7, 15-16, 96-97, 193, 194-195

procedural allocation mechanisms, 146-147

quota allocation mechanisms, types of, 142-155, 203-208 (passim), 210

research and monitoring, 7, 9, 198, 218, 220, 221

stakeholder representation, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135-138, 203, 220

state cooperation with, 195-196

sunset provisions, 8, 201-202

see also Fishery management plans;

specific regional councils

Rent and rent extraction, see Economic rents

Reporting requirements

case studies, 66, 75, 90, 91, 93, 107, 282, 290, 296, 301, 347, 349 , 350, 363, 347, 349-350, 357-358, 363

computerized, 90, 347

costs, 381

data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269, 293

price information, 308

see also Quota busting

Research, monitoring and evaluation, 13, 35, 36, 175, 177-179, 263 . 264

air pollution control, 47

biologic and ecologic, 24-25, 217, 218, 388

stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360

case studies, 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 79, 83, 90, 91, 92-93, 97-99, 107, 286, 290, 291, 296, 311-312, 320, 321, 349-351, 354, 363, 365

central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387

Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386

co-management, 135, 215

computer applications, 178-179, 388-389

confidentiality of information, 219, 251-252, 263

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

costs of, 175-176, 193, 363

fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216

individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 286, 363

economic factors, 7, 8, 69, 218-219

data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269

dockside monitoring, 120, 123, 137, 163, 223, 385

funding for, 7, 8, 176, 198, 218

fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216

Gulf of Mexico red snapper, 252-253

NMFS, 7, 9, 64, 68, 69, 199, 218-221, 292, 311, 367, 369, 381, 392

output controls, 119-120

recommendations, 6-7, 8-9, 193, 198-199, 216, 217-224

regional councils, 7, 9, 198, 218, 220, 221

state role, 11, 195

stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360

study at hand, methodology, 2, 37, 243-245

see also Reporting requirements;

Statistical analyses

Reserves, see Refuges and reserves

Resource rents, 6, 21-25, 31, 48, 161-167, 210, 211, 214-217, 270, 277

case studies, 64, 79, 85

Riparian areas and species, 27, 48, 277

S

Sablefish, see Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries

Safety issues, 4, 36, 192, 244

case studies, 61-62, 71, 86, 99, 101, 286, 296, 304, 339-340

derby fishing, 2, 3, 307

search and rescue operations, 99, 180, 383, 407

standards, 114, 259, 262

weather conditions, 2, 36, 62, 95, 99, 170-171, 262, 286, 296, 307 , 385, 389

Saithe, 77, 83, 328

Salmon, 14, 19, 29, 30, 32, 76, 113, 114, 116-117, 125, 141, 159, 172, 269, 316, 403

Search and rescue operations, 99, 180, 383, 407

Seasonal fishing limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118-119, 286, 301

see also Derby fisheries

Sex limitations, fish, 36, 132, 177(n.5)(n.5)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 297

Shipping Act, 155, 243, 257

Size and size limits, fish, 36, 113, 123, 131, 132, 160, 175, 177

case studies, 60, 64, 65, 75, 78, 91, 93, 101, 107, 108, 109, 283, 284, 287, 291, 292, 351, 363

see also Highgrading

Size factors, other, see Net mesh limits; Vessels (crew size factors); Vessels (fleet size factors); Vessels (vessel size factors)

Snapper fisheries, 33, 121, 152, 190, 194, 221, 252-253, 351, 356, 359, 361

case studies, 67, 68, 69, 91

Social factors, 2, 6-7, 9, 31, 33, 140, 197-212, 243-244

case studies, 61-62, 65, 69, 75-76, 81, 85, 86, 88, 95, 105, 292-296, 316

political factors, 9, 12, 26, 28, 39, 81, 82, 142, 143, 147, 215, 325, 326

public trust doctrine, 27

research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 218-219

transfer of quota shares, 169-171

see also Cultural factors;

Employment issues;

Fishing communities;

Safety issues

South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 66, 67, 69, 277, 317, 319

South Atlantic wreckfish fishery, IFQs, 2, 32, 37, 209, 408

case studies, 66-70, 78-80, 110

Soviet Union, 264

Sport fishing, see Recreational fishing

Stakeholder participation, general, 143, 188, 193, 197, 200, 202-203, 219, 221, 224, 249, 364

regional councils, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135-138, 203, 220

Standards, 113-138

air quality, 46, 145, 162-163

National Standards for Fishery

Conservation and Management, 114-115, 196, 248, 258-259, 262

net mesh size, 115, 116, 132

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

safety, 114, 259, 262

water resources, 51

see also Input controls;

Output controls;

Size and size limits, fish;

Technical measures

State Department, see U.S. Department of State

State government role, 11, 28, 29, 32(n.10)(n.10), 195-196, 215, 245, 261

Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53

community development quotas, 126

data collection, 70

enforcement, 66, 179-180

public trust doctrine, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49-54

regional councils, cooperation with, 195-196

see also specific states

Stewardship issues, 25, 36, 41, 127, 135

case studies, 97, 105, 106, 329

licensing, 224

national policy, 12, 168, 224, 199-200, 201, 203, 204

quota allocation criterion, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224

Stock assessments

bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23

data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269

fish stock measurement, 114, 120

Stock use rights, 134-135

harvest privilege, 7-8, 9, 14, 84, 97, 337-338, 339

Subsistence fishing, 19, 27, 74, 77, 125, 182, 218, 269, 306, 308, 310

see also Aboriginal fishing rights

Sunset provisions, 8, 97, 180-181, 200-202, 297

Superexclusive area registration, 134, 277

Supreme Court, see U.S. Supreme Court

Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries, 2, 3, 32-33, 37, 194, 209, 210, 221, 247, 368, 408

case study, 60-66, 78-80, 119, 281-297

defined, 277

Sustainable Fisheries Act, 2, 16, 139, 158, 248, 366

central registry system, 8, 202, 250-251

duration of IFQs, 180

moratorium on IFQs, 2, 5, 14, 18, 61, 62, 140, 191, 194, 196, 200

Sustainable yield, 1, 13, 140

maximum sustainable yield, 28-29, 31, 93, 274

T

Taylor Grazing Act, 58

Taxes, see Fees and taxes

Technical measures, 115, 131-135

Technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324

Territorial use rights, 134-135

Timber resources, 56-57, 144

Time factors, see Control dates; Derby fisheries; Effort quotas; Fishing effort; Seasonal fishing limits; Sunset provisions

Total allowable catch, 1, 32, 120, 379

area restrictions and, 133

case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 282, 284 , 290, 291, 301, 310-311, 313, 318, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 344, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362, 403

defined, 3, 120, 277-278

derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307

harvest privilege and, 8

IFQs/ITQs and, 20, 32-36 (passim), 47-48, 142, 143, 146, 147-148, 175, 178, 184, 186,, 187, 192, 193, 200, 245-246

case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 291, 310, 311, 313, 318, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362 , 403

individual vessel quotas, 121-123

mixed-stock fisheries, 113-114

new fishery entrants, 158, 200

public trust doctrine, 12

recreational fishing, 159, 212

recruitment and, 113, 120, 141, 282

resource rent and, 25

stock assessment and, 110, 120

trip limits, 121

Transfer of quota shares, 3, 5, 6, 7, 34, 167-174, 207-209, 210, 243, 244, 246, 408

air pollutant emissions as example, 46-47

case studies, 63, 68, 73-74, 83, 90-91, 92, 96, 97-98, 103-104, 290 , 310, 312, 315, 320, 325-328, 341-342, 349, 352, 364

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
×

central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387

diversity and, 158-159

economic factors, general, 168-169, 173-174

fees and taxes for, 368, 370-376, 379-380, 387, 390, 407-408

fishing communities, 11, 158-159, 170-171

foreign recipients, 156-157

gifting of quota shares, 4, 10, 207, 378

lottery allocation, 146

see also Absentee ownership of quota shares;

Concentration of quota shares;

Fees and taxes;

Individual transferable quotas;

Leasing of quota shares

Transshipment, 278, 350

Trawling and trawlers, 88, 90, 116, 122, 123, 278, 325, 343, 348, 352

see Catcher-processor vessels

Trip limits, 3, 24, 66, 119, 120-121, 122, 206, 252

case studies, 94, 286, 287, 300, 306, 318

U

United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Seas, 15

see also Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)

U.S. Coast Guard

monitoring and enforcement, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386

search and rescue operations, 99, 180, 383, 407

U.S. Department of Commerce, see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service

U.S. Department of State, 249

U.S. Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7)(n.7), 42, 43, 48, 50-51

V

Vertical market integration, 153, 154, 205, 210

case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341

defined, 172

Vessels

bioeconomic models, 23, 34

case studies, individual fisheries, 62-63, 64, 67, 73, 77, 81, 82-83, 96, 99, 101, 102, 282, 283, 284, 288-289, 294, 309, 310, 325, 327, 330, 331-332

crew- and skipper-based share allocation, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407

crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316

excessive IFQ shares and classes of, 6

fleet size factors, 68, 77, 85, 117, 136, 197, 244, 327, 330, 331-332

foreign ownership, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257

quota allocations to, 10, 21, 118, 119, 121-123, 130, 136, 147, 148 , 149, 151, 157, 203, 205, 209, 212, 222, 244, 247, 403

case studies, 62-63, 73, 82-83, 86, 96, 99, 102, 104, 288-290, 309 , 310, 313, 317, 325, 341

quota share transfers across classes of, 10

restrictions on, types of, 116-117, 209

vessel size factors, 34, 82, 99, 102, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122 , 136, 169, 173, 203, 309, 310, 327, 329, 350, 351, 369

see also Charter boats;

Catcher-processor vessels;

Gear and gear restrictions;

Individual bycatch quotas;

Individual vessel quotas;

Licensing;

Trip limits

Voluntary cooperatives, 129, 130

W

Washington State, 70

Water resources and pollution, 48-54, 147

Weather conditions, 2, 36, 62, 95, 99, 170-171, 262, 286, 296, 307 , 385, 389

Western Pacific Fishery Management Council, 127, 206, 278

Windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213 -214, 222, 321

see also Capital gains taxes

Wisconsin, 109

Wreckfish, see South Atlantic wreckfish fishery

X Y Z

Zero-revenue auctions, 6, 47, 145, 211

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6335.
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Most U.S. fish stocks are fully or over-exploited, and harvesting in many fisheries far exceeds sustainable levels. The individual fishing quota (IFQ) is a relatively new instrument under which harvesting privileges are allocated to individual fishermen—innovative yet controversial for its feared effect on fishing communities and individual fishermen.

Based on testimony from fishermen, regulators, environmentalists, and others, Sharing the Fish explores how IFQs might address the serious social, economic, and biologic issues raised by depleted fish stocks. In their approach to a national policy on IFQs, the panel makes direct recommendations to Congress, the Secretary of Commerce, the National Marine Fisheries Service, regional fishery management councils, state authorities, and others.

This book provides definitions and examples, reviews legislation and regulations, and includes lessons learned from fisheries on the U.S. East Coast and in Alaska, and in Iceland, New Zealand, and other nations. The committee discusses the public trust doctrine, management of common-pool resources, alternative and complementary approaches to the IFQ, and more.

Sharing the Fish provides straightforward answers that will be important to fishery policymakers and regulators, natural resource economists, fishery managers, environmental advocates, and concerned fishermen and their communities.

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