Index
A
Aboriginal fishing rights, 127, 139
Native Americans, 27, 28, 70(n.8)(n.8), 124, 125, 126, 127, 269, 303
New Zealand, Maori, 92, 94, 128, 354-355, 360, 364
see also Subsistence fishing
Absentee ownership of quota shares, 3, 10, 171-172, 208, 340
see also Leasing of quota shares
Administrative issues, see Co-management processes; Enforcement issues; Fees and taxes; Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation
Air quality and pollution, 45-48
Alaska, 32(n.10)(n.10), 48, 168, 174, 217, 245
community development quotas, 125-128, 138, 206
Gulf of Alaska, 17, 77, 272, 300, 301, 306, 310, 312, 317
see also Bearing Sea-Aleutian Islands
Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries, 194, 367, 381-407
blocked quota shares, 74, 204, 205, 222-223, 268
case study, 70-77, 78-80, 98, 108, 298-317
catch and participation trends, 17, 302, 304, 305, 306
fees and taxes, 76, 79, 372-380, 387-388
IFQs, general, 2-3, 33, 146, 169, 170, 172-173, 199, 221, 222, 246 , 247, 381-407
Aleutian Islands, see Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands
Allocation of quota shares, see Initial allocation of quota shares; Transfer of quota shares
Allowable biological catch, 3, 25, 74, 177(n.5)(n.5), 302, 310
defined, 267
Alternative management approaches, general, 5, 112-138, 245, 317-322
seasonal limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118-119, 286, 301
sex limitations, fish, 36, 132, 177(n.5)(n.5)
see also Area restrictions;
Effort quotas;
Entry limits, general;
Gear and gear restrictions;
Input controls;
Output controls;
Size and size limits, fish;
Trip limits
American Fisheries Promotion Act, 7, 15
Area restrictions, 88, 94, 132-134
harvest privilege and, 8
superexclusive area registration, 134, 277
territorial use rights, 134-135
Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53
Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program, 219
Auctions, 6, 47, 96, 143, 144-145, 164-165, 203, 207, 211, 215, 244
price factors, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279
Australian drop-through allocation system, 150-151, 201, 203, 222
defined, 267-268
B
Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands, 71, 73, 104, 124, 300, 301, 308, 310, 312
Biologic and ecologic conservation factors, general, 2, 14
allowable biological catch, 3, 25, 74, 177(n.5)(n.5), 267, 302, 310
case studies, 59, 60, 63-67, 69, 71, 74, 75, 77, 84-85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 105, 106, 107, 112, 283-284, 291-292, 301-302, 312-313, 318, 321, 328-330, 344, 358-360
initial allocation criteria, 144, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224
quota auctions, 144
recommendations, 9, 196, 197, 198, 199, 223
refuges and reserves, 133-134, 303
regional uniqueness, 2, 4, 194
rent and, 24
research needs, 24-25, 217, 218, 388
stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360
sustainable yield, 1, 13, 28-29, 31, 93, 140, 274
see also Common-pool resources;
Stewardship issues
Blocked/unblocked quotas, 74, 204, 205, 309, 312, 369, 374
Boats, see Vessels
British Columbia, 29, 31, 70, 107, 173, 256, 297
Bycatch and bycatch quotas, 11, 16, 33, 123-124, 142, 177, 244
case studies, 71, 74-75, 80, 83, 91, 93, 108, 292, 300, 303, 304, 330, 336, 352-354
defined, 268
IFQ allocation criteria, 149, 216
individual bycatch quotas, 21, 123, 124, 212
mixed-stock fisheries, 113-114
see also Discard fish
C
California, 41, 43, 49-50, 52-52
Canada, 129
community factors, 128-129, 187, 196
entry limits, 29-31
halibut fishery, 70, 179(n.6)(n.6), 298, 302
IFQs/ITQs, 2, 31, 32, 35, 99, 106, 107, 129, 136-137, 146, 172, 174 , 191, 302, 313
individual vessel quotas, 122-123
lottery allocation of quotas, 146
see also Nova Scotia
Capelin, Iceland, 77, 82, 325-326
Capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408
Capital stuffing, 117, 118, 120, 199, 270, 276
defined, 268
see also "case studies" under other entries;
specific fisheries
Catcher-processor vessels, 125, 128, 129
case studies, 70, 74, 301, 310, 312
defined, 268
Catch per unit effort, 14
case studies, 65, 75, 110, 284, 292, 301, 306, 313, 357
defined, 268
Central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387
Charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268
Cheating, see Illegal activities
Coastal communities, see Fishing communities
Coast Guard, see U.S. Coast Guard
(passim), 122, 125, 136, 256, 278, 324-330, 335, 336, 340, 341
Co-management processes, 135-138, 191, 215, 285
Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Anti-Reflagging Act, 157
Common-pool resources
community-level factors, 183, 186
fees and taxes and, 57-58, 129, 162
general, 13, 26-27, 29, 37, 38-45
Icelandic fisheries, 86, 337, 338
other than fisheries, 45-58, 145, 147, 162-163
see also Public trust doctrine
Communities, see Fishing communities
Community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250
employment issues, 124, 125-126
defined, 269
Community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128-129, 147, 206-207
Computer applications
enforcement, 381
Concentration of quota shares, 3, 4, 5, 167-174, 207-210, 222-223
case studies, 63, 76, 85-86, 87, 96, 97-98, 102-104, 297, 310, 312 , 315-316, 320, 322, 332-337, 341, 349
excessive shares, 6, 33, 66, 138, 191, 208, 209, 210, 248, 259, 297 , 332-335, 341
see also Transfer of quota shares
Conservation factors, see Biologic and ecologic conservation factors
defined, 269
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 140, 213-217, 259, 366-408
administrative costs, 175-176, 178-179, 193, 196, 214, 215, 249-250, 366-367, 380-388
individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 286, 291, 311, 320-321
bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23
case studies, 69, 76, 79, 83, 92, 95, 97-99, 107, 109, 284, 286, 291, 311, 320-321, 330-331
enforcement, 175-176, 193, 216-217, 286, 349, 366, 381-387, 388
fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367
individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 316
externalities, 18, 26, 36, 270
fees and taxes to cover IFQs, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162 -167, 215, 249-250, 291, 311, 320-321, 366-380
highgrading, 109
national standards on, 114
new fishermen, market entry, 4, 210-211, 387
TACs, 72
see also Price factors
Court proceedings, see Litigation
Crews, see Employment issues
other property issues, 27-28
transfer of quota shares, 11, 173
see also Aboriginal fishing rights;
Subsistence fishing
D
Data collection and analysis, see Research, monitoring and evaluation; Statistical analyses
Data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269, 293(a)
Department of Commerce, see National Marine Fisheries Service; U.S. Department of Commerce
Derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307
Discard fish, 122, 124, 175, 177, 391
case studies, 65, 71, 74-75, 83, 91, 108, 304, 312, 329, 351
defined, 270
see also Highgrading;
Bycatch
Dockside monitoring, 120, 123, 137, 163, 223, 385
E
Ecological factors, see Biologic and ecologic conservation factors
Economic factors, 12, 112, 243-244
bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23
capital stuffing, 117, 118, 120, 199, 268, 270, 276
community development quotas, 124-128
gross domestic product, 81, 322, 324
IFQs
case studies, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67-68, 69, 71-72, 75-76, 81, 82, 85-89 (passim), 93, 95, 101, 103, 105, 287-288, 292-296, 297, 302-304, 313-316, 318, 321, 322, 324-325, 327, 328-342, 344, 346, 360-363
central registry, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387
general, 3-4, 33-34, 142, 161-162, 192, 197-212, 243-244, 388-391
windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213 -214, 222, 321
overcapitalization, 4, 5, 9, 13-14, 16, 30-34 (passim), 119, 122, 141, 170, 173-174, 186, 192, 193, 205, 381
case studies, 68, 82, 88, 93, 94, 95, 287, 288, 294, 324-325, 326, 343, 344, 361
regional councils view of, 9
research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 69, 218-219
transfer of quota shares, 168-169, 173-174
vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210
case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341
see also Catcher-processor vessels
windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213 -214, 222, 321
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Concentration of quota shares;
Employment issues;
Fees and taxes;
Funding; Price factors
Economic rents, 6, 21-25, 31, 48, 161-167, 210, 211, 214-217, 277
defined, 270
price factors, 21, 24, 25, 162, 165, 167
Effort quotas, 78, 115, 118-119
seasonal fishing limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118-119, 286, 301
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 51, 270
Employment issues, 217, 367, 391-392, 405
case studies, 61-62, 64, 65, 76, 84, 86, 101-102, 285-286, 295, 336 -337, 339
community development quotas, 124, 125-126
crew- and skipper-based quota allocations, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407
crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316
negative impacts of IFQs, 3, 4, 14, 34, 105, 167, 174, 181, 285-286, 295, 336-337, 339
see also Safety
Enforcement issues, 17-18, 35, 36, 142, 175-176, 179-180, 216-217, 244, 261, 262
case studies, 66, 68, 74, 76, 83, 91, 95, 98, 107, 290, 296-297, 316, 319, 320, 349
Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386
computer applications, 381
costs of, 175-176, 193, 216-217, 286, 349, 366, 381-387, 388
fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367
individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 316
NMFS, 68, 74, 76, 180, 296-297
see also Fines and penalties;
Illegal activities;
Reporting requirements
Entry limits, general, 8, 29-32, 176, 195, 197, 210-211, 213, 244, 249
case studies, 96, 105, 282-283, 308, 325
central registry, 250-251
control dates, 10, 199, 223, 269
fishing communities, 9
see also Alternative management approaches
Equipment, see Gear and gear restrictions; Vessels
Evaluation, see Research, monitoring and evaluation
Exclusive economic zones, 15, 29, 31, 32, 44, 136, 140, 261, 262
case studies, 77, 86, 282, 298, 324, 325, 332, 341, 343
defined, 270
Exploitation rates, 20
air resources, 45
case studies, 70, 77, 110, 293, 324, 356
data lacking, 24-25
defined, 270
fishing mortality defined, 271
nationwide, 13
overfishing defined, 292
see also Alternative management approaches;
Input controls;
Output controls;
Overfishing limits;
Total allowable catch
F
Factory trawler, see Catcher-processor vessels
Federal government role
Department of State, 249
IFQs, general, 4, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 33-34, 139-224
NOAA, 274
public trust doctrine, 43-44
regional issues and, 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 193, 194-195, 209
state coordination with, 195-196
stewardship issues, 12, 168, 224, 199-200, 201, 203, 204
Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7)(n.7), 42, 43, 48, 50-51
see also Legislation;
National Marine Fisheries Service;
U.S. Coast Guard
Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58
Fees and taxes, 5-6, 10, 18, 40, 54, 129-131, 161, 165-167, 207, 208, 213-214, 247-248, 249-250, 366-380, 387-388
capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408
case studies, 57-58, 76, 79, 86, 97-98, 291, 337, 341
common-pool resource issues, 57-58, 129, 162
enforcement, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367
IFQs, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214-216, 249-250, 291, 311, 316, 320-321, 366-380, 407-408
Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 215, 246, 249-250, 367 -368, 377, 387
open access fisheries, 367
price factors, 131, 341, 367, 369, 374-378, 379, 380
research, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216
transfer of quota shares, 368, 370-376, 379-380, 387, 390, 407-408
Fines and penalties, 18, 35, 36, 128, 136, 180, 217, 261, 262, 263 , 264
case studies, 76, 83, 91, 329-330, 351
Fisheries Acts (New Zealand), 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365
Fishery Conservation and Management Act,
see also Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
Fishery management plans, general, 5, 197
defined, 271
evaluation provisions, 9, 64, 68
Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 16, 194, 247, 248-249, 258-259, 261, 263, 264
see also Alternative management approaches;
Individual fishing quotas
Fishing communities, 10-11, 34, 181-187, 196, 215, 217, 243-244, 392-407
case studies, 65, 69, 76, 86, 87, 285-286, 295-296, 304, 306, 316, 322-323, 339, 363
common-pool resources, 183, 186
community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269
community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128-129, 206-207
entry limits, 9
Magnuson-Stevens Act, 9, 19, 125, 196
transfer of quotas allocations, 11, 158-159, 170-171
see also Aboriginal fishing rights;
Employment issues
Fishing effort, 35, 95, 105, 293, 350
defined, 271
see also Catch per unit effort;
Effort quotas
Fishing power, 18, 72, 87, 117, 119, 136, 317, 343
defined, 271
Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations), 29, 30, 271
Foreign countries
limitation of foreign entry, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 155-158, 211, 243, 249, 257, 262, 263, 290, 298;
see also Exclusive economic zones
U.S. safety standards applied to, 262
vessel ownership and registration, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257
see also International perspectives;
specific countries
Forests, see Timber resources
Funding
enforcement, 180
fees and taxes to cover IFQs, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162 -167, 214-216, 249-250, 291, 311, 316, 320-321, 366-380, 407-408
research and monitoring, 7, 8, 176, 198, 218
small fishermen, 4, 18, 210-211, 248, 387
G
Gas, see Oil and gas
Gear and gear restrictions, 28, 33, 34, 115-116, 244, 389-390
case studies, 70, 73, 88, 301, 306, 307, 317-322
defined, 271
Florida lobster fishery, tradable permits, 317-322
quota allocation criteria, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150
recreational fishing, 116, 160
technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324
territorial use rights and, 134, 135
see also Ghost fishing;
Vessels
Gender, see Sex of fish
Ghost fishing, 2-3, 71, 108, 304, 312, 389
defined, 272
Gifting of quota shares, 4, 10, 207, 378
Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23
Government role, see Federal government role; Enforcement issues; Fees and taxes; Legislation; Licensing; Litigation; Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation; State government role
Grazing lands, 57-58
Gross domestic product, 81, 322, 324
Groundfish fisheries, general, 32, 119, 120-121, 122, 187, 191
defined, 272
see specific species
Groundwater, 51-55
Gulf of Alaska, 17, 77, 272, 300, 301, 306, 310, 312, 317
Gulf of Maine, 60
Gulf of Mexico, 33, 35, 194, 221, 252-253
Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, 190, 221, 245, 252-253, 272, 318, 319
H
Haddock, 77, 87, 136, 330, 336, 341
Halibut, see Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries
Halibut Treaty of 1923, 70
Hawaii, 245
Herring, 30, 31, 32, 77, 81-85 (passim), 109, 119, 172, 269, 324, 325-330 (passim), 377, 403
Highgrading, 36, 122, 175, 177, 216
case studies, 75, 91, 108-110, 313, 329, 351
defined, 272
Historical perspectives
foreign fishing in domestic waters, 155, 211
Magnuson-Stevens Act, 15-18, 31, 60, 211, 260-264
quota allocation based on participation in fishery, 4, 10, 207, 90 , 94, 96, 118, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 199, 203-204, 206-207, 223 , 224, 289-290, 308-309, 317, 325, 339, 341, 346-347, 378
public trust doctrine, 40-43, 49-51, 55, 56
sustainable yield, 1
see also Case studies
I
Iceland, 2, 77, 81-87, 101, 102, 139, 170, 171-172, 174, 209, 322-342
see also Discard fish;
Enforcement issues;
Highgrading;
Quota busting
Individual bycatch quotas, 21, 123, 124, 212
Individual fishing quotas, general
advantages and concerns, general, 3-4, 33-37, 99-111, 210-211
area restrictions and, 133
cost-benefit analysis, 366-408
defined, 1-2, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 245-246, 272
excessive shares, 6, 33, 66, 138, 191, 208, 209, 210, 248, 259, 297 , 332-335, 341
harvest privilege and, 7-8, 9, 14, 84, 97, 337-338, 339
moratorium on, 2, 5, 14, 18, 61, 62, 140, 191, 194, 196, 200, 247
national policy, 4, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 33-34, 139-224
non-fishery common-pool resources vs, 45-58
public trust doctrine, 45
recommendations, 5-12, 192-224
TACs and, 20, 32-36 (passim), 47-48, 142, 143, 146, 147-148, 175, 178, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 200, 245-246
case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 291, 310, 311, 313, 318, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362 , 403
threshold criteria, 5, 141-142, 192, 244
see also Concentration of quota shares;
Initial allocation of quotas;
Quota busting;
Transfer of quota shares;
“IFQ" subheadings under other entries
Individual transferable quotas, 128, 136-137, 150, 163, 167, 173-174
case studies, 61-70, 82-94, 285, 286-297, 317(n.4)(n.4), 322-365
defined, 272
Individual vessel quotas, 21, 62-63, 73, 82, 123, 124, 212, 313
Initial allocation of quota shares, 5, 10, 34, 96, 142-155, 202-207, 210
air pollutant emissions as example, 46-47, 207
appeals, 73, 94, 186, 219, 220, 223, 309, 320, 348, 364, 377, 382
attenuation of, 165
auctions, 6, 47, 57, 96, 143, 144-145, 148, 164-165, 203, 207, 211 , 215, 244, 279
Australian drop-through allocation system, 150-151, 201, 203, 267, 222
blocked/unblocked shares, 74, 204, 205, 268, 278, 309, 312, 369, 374
case studies, 63, 68, 70-77 (passim), 82-84 (passim), 86, 88, 89, 90-91, 94, 102, 104, 289-290, 294, 308-310, 317, 320, 327, 341, 347 -349
central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387
co-management practices, 138, 215
community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269
community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128-129, 147, 206-207
conservation criteria, 144, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224
control dates and, 10, 199, 223
crew- and skipper-based, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337 , 341, 398-403, 405, 407
fairness, general, 4, 18, 244, 258
gear-based, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150
historical participation in fishery, 4, 10, 118, 143, 145, 148, 149 , 150, 199, 203-204, 206-207, 223, 224, 378
case studies, 90, 94, 96, 289-290, 308-309, 317, 325, 339, 341, 346 -347
lotteries, 143, 145-146, 148, 149, 158, 161, 207
price factors,
auctions, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279
other, 158, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 211, 218, 221-222, 295, 327, 330, 336-337, 341, 348, 367, 368, 369, 374-378, 380, 390, 405, 408
public trust doctrine, 12, 27, 38, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54
regional councils, role in, 142-155, 203-208 (passim), 210
rent dissipation, 25
vessel-based, 10, 21, 118, 119, 121-123, 130, 136, 147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 203, 205, 209, 212, 222, 244, 247, 403
case studies, 62-63, 73, 82-83, 86, 96, 99, 102, 104, 288-290, 309 , 310, 313, 317, 325, 341
windfalls resulting from, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213-214, 222, 321
see also Aboriginal fishing rights;
Fees and taxes;
Transfer of quota shares
Input controls, general, 4, 89, 115-119, 346
TAC-based controls vs, 3-4, 118
see also Area restrictions;
Effort quotas;
Gear and gear restrictions;
Vessels
International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 273
International Pacific Halibut Commission, 29, 70, 73, 74, 75, 109, 298, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 370-371, 373-376, 382
International perspectives
air pollution regulation, 46-47
see also Exclusive economic zones;
Foreign countries;
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;
United Nations;
specific countries
J
Japan, 27, 57, 71, 76, 130, 196, 302, 315, 343, 361, 377
Jones Act, 157
Jurisdictional issues, 16, 26, 219, 262
community-based governance, 183-185
multiple jurisdictions, 39, 43, 44, 112, 195
public trust doctrine, 39, 43, 44, 51, 194-196
state-regional cooperation, 195
UN Convention, 15
see also Exclusive economic zones
L
Leasing, nonfishery resources, 41, 55, 57-58
Leasing of quota shares, 3, 4, 10, 28, 30, 171-173, 201, 208, 210, 218
case studies, 65, 73, 74, 79, 85-86, 96, 295, 309, 327-328, 330, 336, 352
Legislation, national
American Fisheries promotion Act, 7, 15
antitrust, 97-98, 174, 209, 290, 297
Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Anti-Reflagging Act, 157
community fishing quotas, 128-129
Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58
Fisheries Acts (New Zealand), 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16
Marine Reserves Act (New Zealand), 133
Merchant Marine Act (Jones Act), 157
Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 55
New Zealand, 87-88, 90, 93, 133, 342-344, 346, 363-365
North Pacific Halibut Act, 198
Processor Preference Act, 15, 61
Taylor Grazing Act, 58
see also Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act;
Sustainable Fisheries Act
Licensing, 28, 29, 30-31, 32(n.10)(n.10), 83, 87, 117-118, 252, 368
case studies, 59, 60, 61, 82, 88, 95, 96, 105, 317-322, 325, 326, 343, 350
Florida lobster fishery, tradable permits, 317-322
stewardship issues, 224
Litigation
antitrust, 297
common-pool property, 40-44, 48, 49, 50-51
entry limits, 30
open access, 31
privilege of harvest, 7-8, 84, 337-338, 339
public trust doctrine, 40-44, 49
U.S. Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7)(n.7), 42, 43, 48, 50-51
Lobster fisheries, 116, 118, 134, 215, 317-322, 361, 362
Local factors, see Fishing communities; Social factors
Longline fishing, 115, 116, 122, 386, 389
case studies, 66, 70, 71, 73, 75, 301, 304, 306, 308, 311, 313, 327
defined, 273
Lottery allocation of quotas, 143, 145-146, 148, 149, 158, 161, 207
M
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 1, 15-21, 114, 190-191
central registry system, 8, 202, 250-251
community-based quotas, 125, 206
concentration of IFQ shares, 174, 209
defined, 273
fees and taxes, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 215, 246, 249-250, 367-368, 377, 387
fishery defined, 18-19
fishery management plans, general, 6, 16, 194, 247, 248-249, 258-259, 261, 263, 264
fishing communities, 9, 19, 140, 196
foreign ownership, 7
historical perspectives, 15-18, 31, 60, 211, 260-264
IFQs, 1-2, 14, 17-18, 20-21, 33-34, 139-140, 174, 193, 194-195, 196 , 199-201, 204, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 222
case studies, 59-77, 96, 281-322
fees and taxes, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 246, 249-250, 367-368, 377, 387
text of, relevant sections of act, 243-253
marine protected areas, 57
new entry into fisheries, 210-211, 387
privilege of harvest, 7-8, 17-18, 20-21, 40, 199-201
public trust doctrine, 40, 44, 57
regional councils, 1, 5, 6, 7, 15-16, 96-97, 193, 194-195
text of, relevant sections of act, 243-253, 258-259
see also Sustainable Fisheries Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16
Marine Reserves Act (New Zealand), 133
Maximum economic yield, 23
Maximum sustainable yield, 28-29, 31, 93
defined, 274
Gordon-Schaefer model, 23,
Merchant Marine Act, 157
Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 32, 61, 274, 282, 284, 285 , 286, 291
Migratory species, general, 39, 112, 113, 133, 134, 186
Mineral Leasing Act, 55
Monitoring, see Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation
Multispecies fisheries, 141, 193, 264
case studies, 91, 92, 107, 108, 110, 351, 352, 353, 354, 364
defined, 274
mixed-stock fisheries, 113-114
see also Bycatch and bycatch quotas;
Discard fish
N
National Marine Fisheries Service, 1, 14, 32, 220, 274
allowable biological catch, 3
case studies, 64, 68, 69, 74, 76, 286, 292, 296-297, 311, 319
central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251
community-level delegation, 196
enforcement, 68, 74, 76, 180, 296-297
entry limits, 32
research and monitoring, 7, 9, 64, 68, 69, 199, 218-221, 292, 311, 367, 369, 381, 392
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 274
see also National Marine Fisheries Service
National Sea Grant College Program, 7
Native Americans, 27, 28, 70(n.8)(n.8), 124, 125, 126, 127, 269, 303
Natural gas, see Oil and gas
Netherlands, The, 101, 137, 167, 173, 191, 196
New England Fishery Management Council, 32, 264, 274
New Jersey, 32(n.10)(n.10), 40, 60, 61. 65, 282-287 (passim), 292
New York, 287
community fishing quotas, 128
ITQs, 2, 32, 33, 87-94, 106, 107, 108, 110, 128, 129, 139, 174, 217 , 342-365
refuges, 133
Nontarget species, see Bycatch and bycatch quotas; Discard fish
North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 70, 72, 73, 74, 125, 129 , 155, 157-159, 246, 275, 298, 308, 309, 310, 311-312, 382, 385
North Pacific Halibut Act, 198
Northwest Atlantic Ocean Fisheries Reinvestment Program, 264
Norway, 101, 102, 104, 120-121, 326
Nova Scotia, 106, 136-137, 191, 196
O
Occupational safety, see Safety
Ocean quahog fishery, see Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries
Oil and gas, 55-56
Open access, 3, 14, 16, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 143, 176, 223, 381, 382
case studies, 68, 72, 283, 287, 314, 343
fees from, 367
defined, 275
resources other than fisheries, 45
Optimum yield, 15
Oregon, 70
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 115, 118, 275
Output controls, general, 119-129, 223
TAC-based controls vs, 3-4
see also Individual fishing quotas, general
Overfishing limits, 5, 15, 16, 33, 114
case studies, 74, 81, 95, 292, 311
P
Pacific Fishery Management Council, 70, 275, 298
Paralytic shellfish poisoning, 275, 283
Pelagic fisheries, general, 127, 263, 272, 276, 325, 326
see specific species
Penalties, see Fines and penalties
Permits, see Licensing
Political factors, 9, 12, 26, 28, 39, 142, 143, 147, 215
case studies, 81, 82, 325, 326
Pollock, 16, 57, 124, 132, 136, 154, 255, 269, 277, 278, 388
Price factors, 117, 123, 136, 389, 402, 403-404, 407
case studies, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 85, 95, 99, 107, 284, 285, 289, 292, 294-295, 303, 304, 307, 313-314, 316, 318, 327, 330, 331, 336 , 342, 348, 352, 361, 379
economic rents, 21, 24, 25, 162, 165, 167
fees and taxes, 131, 341, 367, 369, 374-378, 379, 380
monopoly power and, 65
quota auctions, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279
quota shares, other, 158, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 211, 218, 221-222, 295, 327, 330, 336-337, 341, 348, 367, 368, 369, 374-378, 380, 390 , 405, 408
processors, impacts on, 34, 152-155 (passim), 205, 280, 342, 390
underharvest, 69
see also Highgrading
Processor Preference Act, 15, 61
Processors and processing quotas, 4, 57, 77, 91, 188, 203, 243
case studies, 70, 74, 77, 91, 284-285, 290, 314
community dependence on, 186, 205
initial quota allocations, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317
price factors, 34, 152-155 (passim), 205, 280, 342, 390
substitutability of species, 24, 67, 285
vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210
case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341
see also Catcher-processor vessels
Public trust doctrine, 12, 27, 39-45, 49-51, 86, 140-141, 162, 186
defined, 40-41
gifting, 4
initial quota allocations, 12, 27, 38, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54
Magnuson-Stevens Act, 40, 44, 57
Purse seine fishing, 101, 102, 121, 122, 324
defined, 276
Q
Quahog fishery, see Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries
Quota allocation, see Initial allocation of quota shares; Concentration of quota shares; Transfer of quota shares
Quota busting, 36, 122, 137, 175, 177, 193, 195, 216, 269
case studies, 91, 107, 110, 312, 351, 381
defined, 276
see also Discard fish;
Highgrading
R
Rangelands, see Grazing lands
Recreational fishing, 11, 19, 27, 33, 119, 141, 159-161, 212, 261
case studies, 71, 77, 89, 303, 317, 344, 345, 346
charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268
defined, 276
Recruitment
annual variation in, 54, 60, 112, 113, 120, 283
case studies, 60, 92, 106, 282, 283, 284, 292, 302
defined, 276-277
Refuges and reserves, 133-134, 303
Regional factors
IFQs, case studies, 76, 346, 347
IFQs, discretion on, 5, 6, 9-11, 185-186, 193, 194-195, 206, 210
national regulation and, 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 193, 194-195, 209
sociocultural, 182
subregional cooperation, 8, 11, 196
territorial use rights and, 134-135
see also Cultural factors;
Fishing communities;
Social factors
Regional fishery management councils, 9-11, 193, 194-195
defined, 277
enforcement issues, 216-217
Magnuson-Stevens Act and, 1, 5, 6, 7, 15-16, 96-97, 193, 194-195
procedural allocation mechanisms, 146-147
quota allocation mechanisms, types of, 142-155, 203-208 (passim), 210
research and monitoring, 7, 9, 198, 218, 220, 221
stakeholder representation, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135-138, 203, 220
state cooperation with, 195-196
see also Fishery management plans;
specific regional councils
Rent and rent extraction, see Economic rents
Reporting requirements
case studies, 66, 75, 90, 91, 93, 107, 282, 290, 296, 301, 347, 349 , 350, 363, 347, 349-350, 357-358, 363
costs, 381
data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269, 293
price information, 308
see also Quota busting
Research, monitoring and evaluation, 13, 35, 36, 175, 177-179, 263 . 264
air pollution control, 47
biologic and ecologic, 24-25, 217, 218, 388
stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360
case studies, 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 79, 83, 90, 91, 92-93, 97-99, 107, 286, 290, 291, 296, 311-312, 320, 321, 349-351, 354, 363, 365
central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387
Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386
fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216
individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 286, 363
economic factors, 7, 8, 69, 218-219
data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269
dockside monitoring, 120, 123, 137, 163, 223, 385
funding for, 7, 8, 176, 198, 218
fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216
Gulf of Mexico red snapper, 252-253
NMFS, 7, 9, 64, 68, 69, 199, 218-221, 292, 311, 367, 369, 381, 392
output controls, 119-120
recommendations, 6-7, 8-9, 193, 198-199, 216, 217-224
regional councils, 7, 9, 198, 218, 220, 221
stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360
study at hand, methodology, 2, 37, 243-245
see also Reporting requirements;
Statistical analyses
Reserves, see Refuges and reserves
Resource rents, 6, 21-25, 31, 48, 161-167, 210, 211, 214-217, 270, 277
Riparian areas and species, 27, 48, 277
S
Sablefish, see Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries
Safety issues, 4, 36, 192, 244
case studies, 61-62, 71, 86, 99, 101, 286, 296, 304, 339-340
search and rescue operations, 99, 180, 383, 407
weather conditions, 2, 36, 62, 95, 99, 170-171, 262, 286, 296, 307 , 385, 389
Salmon, 14, 19, 29, 30, 32, 76, 113, 114, 116-117, 125, 141, 159, 172, 269, 316, 403
Search and rescue operations, 99, 180, 383, 407
Seasonal fishing limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118-119, 286, 301
see also Derby fisheries
Sex limitations, fish, 36, 132, 177(n.5)(n.5)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 297
Size and size limits, fish, 36, 113, 123, 131, 132, 160, 175, 177
case studies, 60, 64, 65, 75, 78, 91, 93, 101, 107, 108, 109, 283, 284, 287, 291, 292, 351, 363
see also Highgrading
Size factors, other, see Net mesh limits; Vessels (crew size factors); Vessels (fleet size factors); Vessels (vessel size factors)
Snapper fisheries, 33, 121, 152, 190, 194, 221, 252-253, 351, 356, 359, 361
Social factors, 2, 6-7, 9, 31, 33, 140, 197-212, 243-244
case studies, 61-62, 65, 69, 75-76, 81, 85, 86, 88, 95, 105, 292-296, 316
political factors, 9, 12, 26, 28, 39, 81, 82, 142, 143, 147, 215, 325, 326
public trust doctrine, 27
research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 218-219
transfer of quota shares, 169-171
see also Cultural factors;
Employment issues;
Fishing communities;
Safety issues
South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 66, 67, 69, 277, 317, 319
South Atlantic wreckfish fishery, IFQs, 2, 32, 37, 209, 408
case studies, 66-70, 78-80, 110
Soviet Union, 264
Sport fishing, see Recreational fishing
Stakeholder participation, general, 143, 188, 193, 197, 200, 202-203, 219, 221, 224, 249, 364
regional councils, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135-138, 203, 220
Standards, 113-138
National Standards for Fishery
Conservation and Management, 114-115, 196, 248, 258-259, 262
water resources, 51
see also Input controls;
Output controls;
Size and size limits, fish;
Technical measures
State Department, see U.S. Department of State
State government role, 11, 28, 29, 32(n.10)(n.10), 195-196, 215, 245, 261
Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53
community development quotas, 126
data collection, 70
public trust doctrine, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49-54
regional councils, cooperation with, 195-196
see also specific states
Stewardship issues, 25, 36, 41, 127, 135
case studies, 97, 105, 106, 329
licensing, 224
national policy, 12, 168, 224, 199-200, 201, 203, 204
quota allocation criterion, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224
Stock assessments
bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23
data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269
fish stock measurement, 114, 120
Stock use rights, 134-135
harvest privilege, 7-8, 9, 14, 84, 97, 337-338, 339
Subsistence fishing, 19, 27, 74, 77, 125, 182, 218, 269, 306, 308, 310
see also Aboriginal fishing rights
Sunset provisions, 8, 97, 180-181, 200-202, 297
Superexclusive area registration, 134, 277
Supreme Court, see U.S. Supreme Court
Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries, 2, 3, 32-33, 37, 194, 209, 210, 221, 247, 368, 408
case study, 60-66, 78-80, 119, 281-297
defined, 277
Sustainable Fisheries Act, 2, 16, 139, 158, 248, 366
central registry system, 8, 202, 250-251
duration of IFQs, 180
moratorium on IFQs, 2, 5, 14, 18, 61, 62, 140, 191, 194, 196, 200
maximum sustainable yield, 28-29, 31, 93, 274
T
Taylor Grazing Act, 58
Taxes, see Fees and taxes
Technical measures, 115, 131-135
Technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324
Territorial use rights, 134-135
Time factors, see Control dates; Derby fisheries; Effort quotas; Fishing effort; Seasonal fishing limits; Sunset provisions
Total allowable catch, 1, 32, 120, 379
area restrictions and, 133
case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 282, 284 , 290, 291, 301, 310-311, 313, 318, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 344, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362, 403
derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307
harvest privilege and, 8
IFQs/ITQs and, 20, 32-36 (passim), 47-48, 142, 143, 146, 147-148, 175, 178, 184, 186,, 187, 192, 193, 200, 245-246
case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 291, 310, 311, 313, 318, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362 , 403
individual vessel quotas, 121-123
mixed-stock fisheries, 113-114
new fishery entrants, 158, 200
public trust doctrine, 12
recreational fishing, 159, 212
recruitment and, 113, 120, 141, 282
resource rent and, 25
stock assessment and, 110, 120
trip limits, 121
Transfer of quota shares, 3, 5, 6, 7, 34, 167-174, 207-209, 210, 243, 244, 246, 408
air pollutant emissions as example, 46-47
case studies, 63, 68, 73-74, 83, 90-91, 92, 96, 97-98, 103-104, 290 , 310, 312, 315, 320, 325-328, 341-342, 349, 352, 364
central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387
diversity and, 158-159
economic factors, general, 168-169, 173-174
fees and taxes for, 368, 370-376, 379-380, 387, 390, 407-408
fishing communities, 11, 158-159, 170-171
foreign recipients, 156-157
gifting of quota shares, 4, 10, 207, 378
lottery allocation, 146
see also Absentee ownership of quota shares;
Concentration of quota shares;
Fees and taxes;
Individual transferable quotas;
Leasing of quota shares
Trawling and trawlers, 88, 90, 116, 122, 123, 278, 325, 343, 348, 352
see Catcher-processor vessels
Trip limits, 3, 24, 66, 119, 120-121, 122, 206, 252
case studies, 94, 286, 287, 300, 306, 318
U
United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Seas, 15
see also Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)
U.S. Coast Guard
monitoring and enforcement, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386
search and rescue operations, 99, 180, 383, 407
U.S. Department of Commerce, see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service
U.S. Department of State, 249
U.S. Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7)(n.7), 42, 43, 48, 50-51
V
Vertical market integration, 153, 154, 205, 210
case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341
defined, 172
Vessels
case studies, individual fisheries, 62-63, 64, 67, 73, 77, 81, 82-83, 96, 99, 101, 102, 282, 283, 284, 288-289, 294, 309, 310, 325, 327, 330, 331-332
crew- and skipper-based share allocation, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407
crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316
excessive IFQ shares and classes of, 6
fleet size factors, 68, 77, 85, 117, 136, 197, 244, 327, 330, 331-332
foreign ownership, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257
quota allocations to, 10, 21, 118, 119, 121-123, 130, 136, 147, 148 , 149, 151, 157, 203, 205, 209, 212, 222, 244, 247, 403
case studies, 62-63, 73, 82-83, 86, 96, 99, 102, 104, 288-290, 309 , 310, 313, 317, 325, 341
quota share transfers across classes of, 10
restrictions on, types of, 116-117, 209
vessel size factors, 34, 82, 99, 102, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122 , 136, 169, 173, 203, 309, 310, 327, 329, 350, 351, 369
see also Charter boats;
Catcher-processor vessels;
Gear and gear restrictions;
Individual bycatch quotas;
Individual vessel quotas;
Licensing;
Trip limits
Voluntary cooperatives, 129, 130
W
Washington State, 70
Water resources and pollution, 48-54, 147
Weather conditions, 2, 36, 62, 95, 99, 170-171, 262, 286, 296, 307 , 385, 389
Western Pacific Fishery Management Council, 127, 206, 278
Windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213 -214, 222, 321
see also Capital gains taxes
Wisconsin, 109
Wreckfish, see South Atlantic wreckfish fishery
X Y Z