A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation (2013)

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C-1 APPENDIX C: DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND PRE-EVENT RECOVERY PLANNING Disaster assessment includes both determining the extent of infrastructure damage and assessing the viability of continued use of the site. Damage can range from some minor damage that can be immediately fixed with local resources to more extensive damage that requires substantial resources, including government resources, and years of time. Research has found that early assessment decisions set the tone for the efficiency of the recovery. One of the earliest challenges to recovery is understanding the extent of the damage along with what is required for repair. Multiple organizations—from state and local DOTs to federal regulatory agencies—are likely to be involved in damage assessment, and each may have their own methodology and time-frame requirements. In addition, with numerous agencies involved, it becomes difficult to determine instances of duplication or omission. In some states, such as Wisconsin, the DOT serves as the coordinating agency for assessing infrastructure damages in the state. Becoming familiar with the assessment process and who is responsible for what provides a head start on the recovery process. Although damage assessments can only be conducted after an event, systems and teams to support the recovery process can be created in advance. Establishing a standardized damage assessment classification system with supporting tools such as damage assessment forms can improve the quality and speed of the information obtained after the event. Standardized procedures and forms for damage assessments facilitate common understanding of the extent of damages and therefore facilitate contracting of repairs and reconstruction work to be performed. Case studies revealed this commonality lacking in the aftermath of the California wildfires and, as a result, the sense of urgency, scope, and pace was not the same across the organizations involved in the effort. On the other hand, as a best practice, Iowa DOT functions as the coordinator for the FHWA emergency relief program and processes the Detailed Damage Inspection Reports (DDIRs). The DDIRs are used to document cost estimates for emergency repairs and subsequently used to determine the eligibility, scope, and cost estimate for work, which the FHWA uses to support their request for emergency repair funding. Identifying the damage assessment team in advance can ensure that the team contains the diversity of expertise and experience required and provides time for training on assessment methods and the damage classification system being used.

C-2 A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND RESOURCES Tools/Resources Description and Web Link iCat Storm Damage Estimator iCat provides easy access to historical hurricane damage information. This interactive resource is a comprehensive, searchable interface to find damage estimates for all major storms in the United States from 1900 to the present day. The website encompasses a video explainer of how to use the site, including the extensive searchable methods available. The website includes sorting searches by storm year, name, place of landfall, category, as well as quick searches. Options for views include satellite, map, terrain, and Google earth, as well as map tools for selecting specific areas to show what storms occurred in any particular area. Searches can be bookmarked, and there is an option for exporting data and sharing from the estimator via email, print, Google Earth or in a spreadsheet file. http://www.icatdamageestimator.com/ FEMA Map Service Center FEMA provides map information for a variety of users affected by floods, including homeowners and renters, real estate and flood determination agents, insurance agents, engineers and surveyors, and federal and exempt customers. There are flood maps, databases, map viewers, documents, and publications providing comprehensive information. Further aspects of the site include FEMA- issued flood maps available for purchase, definitions of FEMA flood zone designations, and information about FIRMettes, a full-scale section of a FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that users can create and print at no charge. http://msc.fema.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/FemaWelcomeView?storeId=1 0001&catalogId=10001&langId=-1 Key Assessment Functions Pre-Event Actions Rapid Assessment • Identify lead state agency conducting/coordinating assessments • Become familiar with damage assessment process • Identify rapid assessment process • Identify and train team on rapid assessment methods Preliminary Damage Assessment • Learn who is responsible for assessments of transportation infrastructure • Establish standardized damage classification system • Identify and train team on classification system Site Assessment • Identify rebuild vs. relocate criteria. Consider whether re-siting to a location of reduced risk is an option. • Identify potential alternate sites for relocation and prepare/project cost estimates for possible land acquisition.

Appendix C: Damage Assessment and Pre-Event Recovery Planning C-3 Information Tools to Improve Post- Earthquake Prioritization of Bridge Inspections WSDOT tools and procedures to estimate the likelihood of slight (or greater) bridge damage based on the intensity of earthquake shaking (obtained from ShakeMaps) and on each bridge’s location, year of construction, and bridge type and information contained in HAZUS software for predicting the lowest level of damage. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/602.1.htm Safety Assessment Program (SAP) California Emergency Management Program for registered professionals— licensed engineers, architects, geologists, and building inspectors trained to assess infrastructure for rapid damage assessment. www.calema.ca.gov/Recovery/Documents/SAPGuideline.pdf ASCE Post-Disaster Assessment Manual The ASCE Post-Disaster Assessment Manual provides general guidance for the formation and operation of ASCE post-disaster assessment teams (assessment team or team).The primary purpose of ASCE post-disaster assessments is to evaluate the behavior of various engineered facilities under extreme conditions and to learn from the behaviors observed. The goal of these assessments is to document lessons learned regarding the causes of failures, restoration efforts, restoration times, and success stories. The document addresses the process for making the decision to launch an assessment as well as outlining the overall purpose, funding, and operation of the team effort so that assessment teams can be assembled, assessments conducted, and findings reported in a timely manner. http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/ASCEPost-DisasterManual.pdf Safety Evaluation of Buildings After Wind Storms and Floods The ATC-45 Field Manual provides guidelines and procedures to determine whether damaged or potentially damaged buildings are safe for use after wind storms or floods, or if entry should be restricted or prohibited. Formatted as an easy-to-use pocket guide, the Manual is intended to be used by structural engineers, building inspectors, and others involved in post-disaster building safety assessments. Advice is provided on evaluating structural, geotechnical, and nonstructural risks. Also included are procedures for Rapid Safety Evaluation, procedures for Detailed Safety Evaluation, information on how to deal with owners and occupants of damaged buildings, information on field safety for those making damage assessments, and example applications of the procedures. https://www.atcouncil.org/Postdisaster-Safety-Evaluation-of-Buildings/Field- Manual-Safety-Evaluation-of-Buildings-after-Wind-Storms-and- Floods/flypage.tpl.html

C-4 A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation Post Earthquake Damage and Safety Evaluation of Buildings THE ATC-20 product series contains guidelines and related materials for post- earthquake evaluation and repair of damaged buildings. The series is offered for sale on the Applied Technology Council (ATC) website, and includes all products in the ATC-20 Series and reports prepared under the ATC-43 project. Subjects in the ATC-20 series include basic procedure manuals, a field manual, case studies, a training slide set and a tech brief. Documents prepared under the ATC-43 project provide guidance on in-depth engineering evaluation and repair of earthquake-damaged mason-wall buildings and concrete-wall buildings (FEMA 306, FEMA 307, FEMA 308), which are collectively available on the ATC-43 CD. https://www.atcouncil.org/vmchk/Postearthquake-Damage-and-Safety- Evaluation-of-Buildings/View-all-products.html Evaluation of Earthquake-Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Basic Procedures Manual (FEMA 306) Evaluation of Earthquake-Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Technical Resources (FEMA 307) FEMA 306 was developed for and is focused on assessment and repair of earthquake-damaged buildings. The document provides practical criteria and guidance for buildings consisting of concrete or masonry bearing walls and frames with concrete or masonry infill panels. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1651 This document provides background and theoretical information to be used in conjunction with FEMA 306. Analytical and experimental findings are included, as well as information on the Component Damage Classification Guides. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1652 Recommended Post Earthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel Moment- Frame Buildings (FEMA 352) This report provides recommendations for performing inspections to detect damage in steel moment-frame buildings following an earthquake; evaluating the damaged buildings’ safety in a post-earthquake environment; and repairing damaged buildings. Chapters cover inspection and classification of damage; preliminary post-earthquake assessment; detailed post-earthquake evaluations; and post-earthquake repair. The appendices include procedures for performance evaluation; sample placards that may be used to post buildings following preliminary post-earthquake evaluations; and sample inspection forms that may be used to record damage detected in beam-column connections as part of a detailed post-earthquake inspection program. http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/pdf/fema-352.pdf Post-Earthquake Investigation Field Manual for the State of Kentucky The Manual provides a rapid and efficient method of inspecting bridge structures after an earthquake. Primary users are intended to be first-line transportation personnel who initially reach the bridge sites. http://www.ktc.uky.edu/Reports/KTC_06_30_SPR_234_01_1F.pdf

Appendix C: Damage Assessment and Pre-Event Recovery Planning C-5 Checklist for Tornado/Hurricane Damaged Structure Inspection After a structure has been damaged during any of the wind storms—tornado, hurricane, or high winds—this describes the damage signs that should be noted for a wood frame structure (exterior and interior), steel frame or load bearing walls, or concrete frame or slab. From AIA. http://www.aia.org/about/initiatives/AIAS075274?dvid=&recspec=AIAS075274 Related damage assessment worksheet available: http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aias077907.pdf Quick Rapid Post- Earthquake Building Assessment This work presents two single and direct methods designed for post-earthquake building inspections and safety classifications in small-to-medium size towns stricken by a damaging earthquake. The first Post-Earthquake Building Safety Assessment (PEBSA) method is an easy way to achieve general and approximated initial information on damage distribution, and to detect heavily damaged and unsafe constructions (4 and 5 damage degree in EMS scale). These early data are necessary to emergency assistance, local disaster statements, external aid requests, and for organizing rapid building inspections. The second method, named Rapid-PEBSA, follows conventional approaches for post- earthquake safety inspections in seismic prone countries (USA, Japan, Italy). http://www.narpimed.org/wp-content/uploads/Paper-3-post-EQ.pdf FHWA Detailed Damage Inspection Report (DDIR) Form FHWA standard Detailed Damage Inspection Report (DDIR) form FHWA-1547 is available online. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/erm/fhwa1547.pdf