A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation (2013)

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F-1 APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Arterial - A class of roads serving major traffic movements (high-speed, high volume) for travel between major points. Arterial Highway - A major highway used primarily for through traffic. Arterial Street - A class of street serving major traffic movements (high-speed, high volume) for travel between major points. Bridge Management System (BMS) - A systematic process that provides, analyzes, and summarizes bridge information for use in selecting and implementing cost-effective bridge construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance programs. Bus Lane – (1) A street or highway lane intended primarily for buses, either all day or during specified periods, but sometimes also used by carpools meeting requirements set out in traffic laws. (2) A lane reserved for bus use only. Sometimes also known as a "diamond lane." Bus Priority System - A system of traffic controls in which buses are given a special advantage over other mixed-flow traffic (e.g., preemption of traffic signals or preferential lanes). Change of Mode - The transfer from one type of transportation vehicle to another (i.e., automobile to bus or pedestrian to automobile). Class I Railroad - Railroad with an annual operating revenue of at least $266.7 million. Collector (Highway) - In rural areas, routes that serve intra-county rather than statewide travel. In urban areas, streets that provide direct access to neighborhoods and arterials. Community – In the context of facilitating disaster recovery, community refers to a network of individuals and families, businesses, institutions, and other civic organizations that reside or operate within a shared geographical boundary and may be represented by a common political leadership at a regional, county, municipal, or neighborhood level. Commuter Rail - Long-haul passenger service operating between metropolitan and suburban areas, whether within or across the geographical boundaries of a state, usually characterized by reduced fares for multiple rides and commutation tickets for regular, recurring riders. Commuter Rail (Transit) - Urban passenger train service for short-distance travel between a central city and adjacent suburb. Does not include rapid rail transit or light rail service. Congestion Management System (CMS) - Systematic process for managing congestion. Provides information on transportation system performance and finds alternative ways to alleviate congestion and enhance the mobility of people and goods to levels that meet state and local needs. Corridor - A broad geographical band that follows a general directional flow connecting major sources of trips that may contain a number of streets, highways and transit route alignments.

F-2 A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation Critical Infrastructure – Systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital that their incapacity or destruction could have a debilitating impact on security, public health or safety, the economy, the environment, or any combination thereof, across any federal, state, regional, territorial, or local jurisdiction. Expressway - A controlled access, divided arterial highway for through traffic with intersections that are usually separated from other roadways by differing grades. Federal-Aid Highways - Those highways eligible for assistance under Title 23 U.S.C., except those functionally classified as local or rural minor collectors. Ferry Boat - A boat providing fixed-route service across a body of water. Ferryboat (Transit) - Vessels that carry passengers and/or vehicles over a body of water. Generally steam or diesel powered, ferryboats may also be hovercraft, hydrofoil, and other high-speed vessels. The vessel is limited in its use to the carriage of deck passengers, or vehicles, or both. A ferryboat operates on a short run on a frequent schedule between two points over the most direct water routes (other than in ocean or coastwise service) and is offered as a public service of a type normally attributed to a bridge or tunnel. Freeway - A divided arterial highway designed for the unimpeded flow of large traffic volumes. Access to a freeway is rigorously controlled, and intersection grade separations are required. General Aviation – (1) All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and nonscheduled air transport operations for taxis, commuter air carriers, and air travel clubs that do not hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity. (2) All civil aviation activity except that of air carriers certificated in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations, Parts 121, 123, 127, and 135. The types of aircraft used in general aviation range from corporate, multiengine jet aircraft piloted by professional crews to amateur-built, single-engine, piston-driven, acrobatic planes to balloons and dirigibles. Heavy Rail (Transit) - An electric railway with the capacity to transport a large volume of passenger traffic and characterized by exclusive rights-of-way, multicar trains, high speed, rapid acceleration, sophisticated signaling, and high-platform loading. Also known as subway, elevated (railway), or metropolitan railway (metro). High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) - Vehicles carrying two or more people. The number that constitutes an HOV for the purposes of HOV highway lanes may be designated differently by different transportation agencies. High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane - Exclusive road or traffic lane limited to buses, vanpools, carpools, and emergency vehicles. Highway - Any road, street, parkway, or freeway/expressway that includes rights-of-way, bridges, railroad-highway crossings, tunnels, drainage structures, signs, guardrail, and protective structures. The highway further includes that portion of any Interstate or international bridge or tunnel and the approaches thereto (23 U.S.C. 101a). Infrastructure – (1) In transit systems, all the fixed components of the transit system, such as rights-of- way, tracks, signal equipment, stations, park-and-ride lots, bus stops, and maintenance facilities. (2) In transportation planning, all the relevant elements of the environment in which a transportation system operates. (3) A term connoting the physical underpinnings of society at large, including, but not limited

Appendix F: Glossary of Terms and Definitions F-3 to, roads, bridges, transit, waste systems, public housing, sidewalks, utility installations, parks, public buildings, and communications networks. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - The application of advanced technologies to improve the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. Intermediate Recovery – Involves returning critical infrastructure and essential government or commercial services back to a functional, if not pre-disaster state. Such activities are often characterized by temporary actions that provide a bridge to permanent measures. Intermodal - The ability to connect, and the connections between, modes of transportation. Intersection – (1) A point defined by any combination of courses, radials, or bearings of two or more navigational aids. (2) Used to describe the point where two runways, a runway, and a taxiway, or two taxiways cross or meet. Interstate Highway – Limited-access, divided highway of at least four lanes designated by the FHWA as part of the Interstate System. Interstate Highway (Freeway or Expressway) - A divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and grade separations at major intersections. Lane - A portion of a street or highway, usually indicated by pavement markings, that is intended for one line of vehicles. Large Regionals (Air) – Air carrier groups with annual operating revenues between $20 million and $99,999,999. Level of Service (LOS) - A qualitative assessment of a road's operating conditions. For local government comprehensive planning purposes, level of service means an indicator of the extent or degree of service provided by, or proposed to be provided by, a facility based on and related to the operational characteristics of the facility. Level of service indicates the capacity per unit of demand for each public facility. Light Rail - A streetcar-type vehicle operated on city streets with semi-exclusive rights-of-way or exclusive rights-of-way. Service may be provided by step-entry vehicles or by level boarding. Local Street - A street intended solely for access to adjacent properties. Long-term Recovery – Process of recovery that follows a disaster event and may continue for months and years. Examples include the complete redevelopment and revitalization of the damaged area, which could mean returning the area to conditions set in a long-term recovery plan. Maritime - Business pertaining to commerce or navigation transacted upon the sea or in seaports in such matters as the court of admiralty has jurisdiction. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) - A document providing a general description of the responsibilities that are to be assumed by two or more parties in their pursuit of some goal(s). More specific information may be provided in an associated Statement of Work (SOW).

F-4 A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) – (1) Regional policy body, required in urbanized areas with populations over 50,000, and designated by local officials and the governor of the state. The MPO is responsible, in cooperation with the state and other transportation providers, for carrying out the metropolitan transportation planning requirements of federal highway and transit legislation. (2) Formed in cooperation with the state, develops transportation plans and programs for the metropolitan area. For each urbanized area, an MPO must be designated by agreement between the Governor and local units of government representing 75% of the affected population (in the metropolitan area), including the central cities or cities as defined by the Bureau of the Census, or in accordance with procedures established by applicable state or local law (23 U.S.C. 134(b)(1)/Federal Transit Act of 1991 Sec. 8(b)(1)). Minor Arterials (Highway) - Roads linking cities and larger towns in rural areas. In urban areas, roads that link but do not penetrate neighborhoods within a community. Mitigation – Activities providing a critical foundation in the effort to reduce the loss of life and property from natural and/or manmade disasters by avoiding or lessening the impact of a disaster and providing value to the public by creating safer communities. Mitigation seeks to fix the cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. These activities or actions, in most cases, will have a long-term sustained effect. Mode - A specific form of transportation, such as automobile, subway, bus, rail, or air. Multimodal - The availability of transportation options using different modes within a system or corridor. National Highway System (NHS) - The system of highways designated and approved in accordance with the provisions of 23 U.S.C. 103b. Occupancy - The number of persons, including driver and passenger(s) in a vehicle. Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) occupancy rates are generally calculated as person miles divided by vehicle miles. Paratransit – (1) Comparable transportation service required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) for individuals with disabilities who are unable to use fixed-route transportation systems. (2) A variety of smaller, often flexibly scheduled-and-routed transportation services using low-capacity vehicles, such as vans, to operate within normal urban transit corridors or rural areas. These services usually serve the needs of persons that standard mass-transit services would serve with difficulty or not at all. Often, the patrons include the elderly and persons with disabilities. Peak Period - A portion of the day in which the heaviest demand occurs for a given transportation corridor or region, usually defined as a morning or evening period of 2 or more hours. Port - Harbor with piers or docks. Private Carrier - A carrier that provides transportation service to the firm that owns or leases the vehicles and does not charge a fee. Privately Owned Vehicle (POV) – (1) A privately-owned vehicle or privately-operated vehicle. (2) Employee's own vehicle used on official business for which the employee is reimbursed. Public Transit System - An organization that provides transportation services owned, operated, or subsidized by any municipality, county, regional authority, state, or other governmental agency, including

Appendix F: Glossary of Terms and Definitions F-5 those operated or managed by a private management firm under contract to the government agency owner. Rail - A rolled steel shape laid in two parallel lines to form a track for carrying vehicles with flanged steel wheels. Ramp Metering - A system used to reduce congestion on a freeway facility by managing vehicle flow from local-access on-ramps. An on-ramp is equipped with a traffic signal that allows vehicles to enter the freeway. Recovery – The development, coordination, and execution of service- and site-restoration plans; the reconstitution of government operations and services; individual, private-sector, nongovernmental, and public-assistance programs that provide housing and to promote restoration; long-term care and treatment of affected persons; additional measures for social, environmental, and economic restoration; evaluation of the incident to identify lessons; post incident reporting; and development of initiatives to mitigate the effects of future incidents. Regional Planning Organization (RPO) - An organization that performs planning for multi- jurisdictional areas. MPOs, regional councils, economic development associations, and rural transportation associations are examples of RPOs. Resilience – “The ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards, Disasters and Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, The National Academies; Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative; The National Academies Press, 2012, p. 1). Response – Immediate actions to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic human needs. Response also includes the execution of emergency plans and actions to support short-term recovery. Restoration – Returning a physical structure, essential government or commercial services, or a societal condition back to its pre-disaster state through repairs, rebuilding, or reestablishment. Road - An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land. Road Class - The category of roads based on design, weatherability, governmental designation, and U.S. DOT’s functional classification system. Short-term Recovery – Phase of recovery in which the scope of damages and needs are assessed, basic infrastructure is restored, and recovery organizations and resources are mobilized. Stabilization – The process by which the immediate impacts of an event on community systems are managed and contained. Stakeholders - Individuals and organizations involved in or affected by the transportation planning process. Includes federal/state/local officials, MPOs, transit operators, freight companies, shippers, and the general public. Sustainability – Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

F-6 A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide for Transportation Underserved Populations/Communities – Groups that have limited access or barriers to access to resources or are otherwise disenfranchised. These groups include those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged, persons who have limited English proficiency, people who are geographically isolated or educationally disenfranchised, minority groups, women and children, individuals with disabilities and others with access and functional needs, and older people. Urban Highway - Any road or street within the boundaries of an urban area. An urban area is an area including and adjacent to a municipality or urban place with a population of 5,000 or more. The boundaries of urban areas are fixed by state highway departments, subject to the approval of the FHWA, for purposes of the federal-aid highway program. Vanpool (Transit) - Public-sponsored commuter service operating under prearranged schedules for previously formed groups of riders in 8- to 18-seat vehicles. Drivers are also commuters who receive little or no compensation.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation