Airport Microgrid Implementation Toolkit (2021)

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92 1. Ton, D. T. & Smith, M. A. (2012). “The U.S. Department of Energy’s Microgrid Initiative.” The Electricity Journal, 25(8), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2012.09.013 2. US Department of Energy. (2017, August). Staff Report to the Secretary on Electricity Markets and Reliability (pp. 63, 100). Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/08/f36/Staff%20Report%20 on%20Electricity%20Markets%20and%20Reliability_0.pdf 3. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation’s Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24836 4. Advanced Energy Economy Institute. (2018, January 18). Cybersecurity in a Distributed Energy Future: Addressing the Challenges and Protecting the Grid from a Cyberattack. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://info.aee.net/hubfs/Cybersecurity_FINAL_WP_AEEInstitute_1.18.18.pdf 5. Eaton. (n.d.). Blackout Tracker: United States Annual Report 2015. Retrieved from http://www.sustainable powersystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US_BlackoutTracker_2015_Final.pdf 6. Bourgeois, T., Gerow, J., Litz, F., & Martin, N. (2013). Community Microgrids: Smarter, Cleaner, Greener. White Plains, NY: Pace Energy and Climate Center. 7. Navigant Research. (2017). C&I Microgrids: Grid-Tied and Remote Microgrid Forecasts, Technology and Policy Market Drivers, and Key Players. Washington, DC. 8. Marqusee, J., Schultz, C., & Robyn, D. (2017, January 12). Power Begins at Home: Assured Energy for U.S. Military Bases. Reston, VA: Noblis. Commissioned by The Pew Charitable Trusts; Pew Charitable Trusts. (2014, January). Power Surge: How the Department of Defense Leverages Private Resources to Enhance Energy Security and Save Money on U.S. Military Bases. Washington, DC. 9. Rocky Mountain Institute. (n.d.). Airport Microgrid Summit. Retrieved from https://www.eventbrite.com/ e/airport-microgrid-summit-registration-54011128740 10. Rickerson, W., Wu, M., & Pringle, M. (2018). Beyond the Fence Line: Strengthening Military Capabilities Through Energy Resilience Partnerships. Washington, DC: Association of Defense Communities. 11. CNA Military Advisory Board. (2015). National Security and Assured U.S. Electrical Power (p. 36). Arlington, VA: CNA Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/national-security-assured- electrical-power.pdf 12. US Department of Defense. (2009). Department of Defense Instruction 4170.11 - Installation energy management. Washington, DC. 13. US Department of Defense. (2014). Department of Defense Directive 4180.01 - DoD energy policy. Wash- ington, DC. 14. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense. (2016). Memorandum regarding installation energy plans. Washington, DC. 15. Secretary of the Air Force. (2016). Air Force Policy Directive 90-17 - Energy and Water Management. Washington, DC. 16. Secretary of the Army. (2017). Army Directive 2017-07 (Installation Energy and Water Security Policy). Washington, DC. 17. Tetatzin, J. (2017, December). Department of the Navy Shore Energy Security Framework. Presented at the Energy Planning for Resilient Military Installations Workshop, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://www.districtenergy.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey= 6ebbf70c-108d-4f99-1cb9-243060497171&forceDialog=0 18. H.R. Res. 5515, 115th Cong., John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5515/text 19. Rickerson, W., Uppal, J., Glassmire, J., Lilienthal, P., Sanders, E., Colson, C., . . . Couture, T. (2012). Renewable Energies for Remote Areas and Islands. Utrecht, the Netherlands: International Energy Agency References and Notes

References and Notes 93 Renewable Energy Technology Deployment; Asmus, P., Forni, A., & Vogel, L. (2018). Microgrid Analysis and Case Studies Report: California, North America, and Global Case Studies (CEC-500-2018-022). Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission; Maitra, A., Rogers, L., & Handa, R. (2016). Program on Technology Innovation: Microgrid Implementations: Literature Review (Technical Report No. 3002007384). Electric Power Research Institute; Van Broekhoven, S. B., Judson, N., Nguyen, S. V. T., & Ross, W. D. (2012). Microgrid Study: Energy Security for DoD Installations. Lexington, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology Lincoln Laboratory. 20. The installations include Camp Edwards (Army National Guard), Otis Air National Guard Base (Air Force National Guard), Cape Cod Air Force Station (US Air Force), US Coast Guard Base Cape Cod, and US Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod. 21. 102nd Intelligence Wing. (n.d.). Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.102iw.ang.af.mil/ 22. Unless otherwise noted, information in this section was provided during interviews with Capt. Shawn Doyle and by the following sources: Altman, D. (2016). Hybrid Microgrid with High Penetration Wind for Islanding and High Value: EW-201606 Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: Department of Defense ESTCP Program; Burger, A. (2018, August 22). Otis Microgrid Nearly Ready and Poised to Make Some Energy His- tory in Massachusetts. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://microgridknowledge.com/otis-microgrid- development/; Rits, M. (2017). Air Force Energy Resilience and Renewables. Presented at 2017 Energy Exchange, Tampa, FL. 23. UltraBattery Technology. Retrieved October 26, 2018, from http://ultrabattery.com/technology/ultrabattery- technology/ 24. Karson, D. (2011). Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE)–Wind I. Retrieved from https://www.massnationalguard.org/JBCC/afcee-documents/ fact-sheet-wind-1-oct-2011.pdf 25. Personal correspondence with Rose Forbes, Remediation Program Manager, Joint Base Cape Cod Air Force Civil Engineer Center. 26. Exec. Order No. 541. (2012, February 27). No. 541: Establishing the Commonwealth’s Military Asset and Security Strategy Task Force. Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/executive-orders/no-541- establishing-the-commonwealths-military-asset-and-security-strategy-task 27. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2014, July). FY2015-2019 Five-Year Capital Investment Plan. https:// archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/303897 28. MassDevelopment. (2015, August 20). Barnes and Joint Base Cape Cod to Receive More Than $2 Million for Clean Energy. Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://www.massdevelopment.com/news/barnes- and-joint-base-cape-cod-to-receive-more-than-2-million-for-clean-ene/ 29. Altman, D. (2016). Hybrid Microgrid with High Penetration Wind for Islanding and High Value: EW-201606 Fact Sheet. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/ Installation-Energy-and-Water/Energy/Microgrids-and-Storage/EW-201606 30. Fortuna, C. (2018). Otis Microgrid: Cape Cod Military Base To Run Fully On Renewable Energy. CleanTechnica. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://cleantechnica.com/2018/09/10/otis-microgrid- cape-cod-military-base-to-run-fully-on-renewable-energy/ 31. Altman, D. (2016). Hybrid Microgrid with High Penetration Wind for Islanding and High Value: EW-201606 Fact Sheet. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/ Installation-Energy-and-Water/Energy/Microgrids-and-Storage/EW-201606 32. Peak shaving is the ability of the microgrid to reduce the maximum demand to the grid, minimizing the need for the utility to bring expensive generation facilities (such as coal) online to meet grid demand. 33. 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. [Mission statement]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.3rdmaw. marines.mil/About/Mission/ 34. Information in this section was provided during interviews with Mick Wasco and from the follow- ing sources, unless otherwise noted: Wasco, M. (2016). Marine Corps Air Station Miramar Installa- tion Microgrid. Retrieved from https://efiling.energy.ca.gov/getdocument.aspx?tn=233758; Wild, J., Boutin, V., Barton, P., & Haines, L. (n.d.). Microgrid Benefits and Example Projects. Schneider Electric; Maitra, A., Rogers, L., & Handa, R. (2016). Program on Technology Innovation: Microgrid Implementations: Literature Review (Technical Report No. 3002007384). Electric Power Research Institute; Faries, R. (2016). Zinc Bromide Flow Battery Installation for Islanding Backup Power (ESTCP Project EW-201242). Raytheon and ESTCP. 35. A flight line includes all facilities associated with the operation of aircraft, including runway operations, storage, and maintenance. 36. Chissell, H. G., Hammack, K., & Byers, T. (2018, August). Conference Sessions. US DOE Energy Exchange: 2018 Better Buildings Summit. 37. Energy Resilience and Conservation Investment Program. (n.d.). Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https:// www.acq.osd.mil/eie/ie/FEP_ECIP.html

94 Airport Microgrid Implementation Toolkit 38. Booth, S., Barnett, J., Burman, K., Hambrick, J., Helwig, M., & Westby, R. (2010). Targeting Net Zero Energy at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar: Assessment and Recommendations (No. National Renew- able Energy Laboratory/TP-7A40-47991, 1001435). https://doi.org/10.2172/1001435 39. US Army Corps of Engineers. (n.d.). DD1391 Processor System. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.hnc.usace.army.mil/Media/Fact-Sheets/Fact-Sheet-Article-View/Article/482078/dd1391- processor-system/ 40. California Public Utilities Commission. (n.d.). Energy Research, Development & Deployment. Retrieved from https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/energyrdd/ 41. A sustainment project is one that is designed to ensure that the facility it is attached to remains operable in the case of any grid disruption. 42. Energy Research and Development Division. (2018). Renewable Firming EnergyFarm (No. CEC-500-2018- 009) (p. 20). California Energy Commission. Retrieved from https://www.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/ CEC-500-2018-009/CEC-500-2018-009.pdf 43. Energy Research and Development Division. (2018). Renewable Firming EnergyFarm (No. CEC-500-2018- 009) (p. 20). California Energy Commission. Retrieved from https://www.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/ CEC-500-2018-009/CEC-500-2018-009.pdf 44. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2017). Contract Amendment Request Form – MCAS Miramar. 45. Wasco, M. (2016). Marine Corps Air Station Miramar Installation Microgrid. 46. A flow battery consists of two chemical components dissolved in a liquid and separated by a membrane. Flow batteries can be quickly recharged by either replacing the liquid contained in the system or by adding power to the system. 47. The carport PV system is an installation of solar panels on the roof of a covered parking lot. 48. HiL testing is a practice of evaluating a micogrid through simulations that utilize hardware components of the system, as opposed to using purely a computer program. This process allows for a better understanding of how the elements of a microgrid will perform under real-world conditions (MIT/Lincoln Lab study). 49. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2015, April). Energy Systems Integration: NREL + Raytheon. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63974.pdf 50. Energy Research and Development Division. (2018). Renewable Firming EnergyFarm (No. CEC-500-2018- 009) (p. 20). California Energy Commission. Retrieved from https://www.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/ CEC-500-2018-009/CEC-500-2018-009.pdf 51. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2017). Contract Amendment Request Form – MCAS Miramar. 52. NAVFAC EXWC supports combatant capabilities and sustainable facilities through specialized engineer- ing, technology development, and lifecycle logistics services. 53. Energy Research and Development Division. (2018). Renewable Firming EnergyFarm (No. CEC-500-2018- 009) (p. 20). California Energy Commission. Retrieved from https://www.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/ CEC-500-2018-009/CEC-500-2018-009.pdf 54. Energy Research and Development Division. (2018). Renewable Firming EnergyFarm (No. CEC-500-2018- 009) (p. 20). California Energy Commission. Retrieved from https://www.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/ CEC-500-2018-009/CEC-500-2018-009.pdf 55. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2017). Contract Amendment Request Form – MCAS Miramar. 56. Parallelling is the ability to be tied with the existing microgrid generators to run together, providing additional power to the microgrid. 57. Capt. Gilpin, K. (2013). From the 1 Gigawatt Task Force: A Strategy for Renewable Energy. Currents, 60–64. Retrieved from http://navysustainability.dodlive.mil/files/2012/12/Win13_Strategy_Renewable_ Energy.pdf 58. Bordenkircher, S. B. (2016, June 6). Direct Testimony of Scott B. Bordenkircher on Behalf of Arizona Public Service Company (Docket No. E-01345A-16-0036). Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Commerce Commission. 59. Wood, E. (2016). Military Microgrid Begins Operating in Arizona; Also Benefits Civilians. Microgrid Knowledge. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://microgridknowledge.com/military-microgrid-yuma/ 60. The microgrid (owned and operated by APS) only operates within the APS grid, as opposed to the Otis microgrid which is not owned and operated by the utility to which it transmits electricity. As a result, the Yuma microgrid itself does not need cyber protections, which can instead be centralized at APS. This reduces the costs for installing the microgrid itself. However, these cyber protections will only be as strong as APS’ cybersecurity capabilities. 61. Mellin, S. (2018, October). 6th Space Warning Squadron Cape Cod AFS. Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2nd Annual Defense Energy Resilience Roundtable. Presented at Massachusetts Military Asset and Security Strategy Task Force roundtable, Boston, MA. 62. See, for example, Rickerson, W., Wu, M., & Pringle, M. (2018). Beyond the Fence Line: Strengthening Military Capabilities Through Energy Resilience Partnerships. Washington, DC: Association of Defense Communities.

References and Notes 95 63. Jimenez, A., Hasse, S. G., & Mathur, S. (2018). Microgrid Analysis Tools Summary: Developing Affordable, Clean, Reliable, and Scalable Islanded-Power Systems for Rural Alaska (1.3.21 Alaska Microgrid Partnership). Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Stamp, J., & Clark, M. (2011, August). Microgrid System Design and Economic Analysis Tools. Presented at the US Department of Energy Microgrid Workshop, San Diego, CA; Phrakonkham, S., Le Chenandec, J.-Y., Diallo, D., Remy, G., & Marchand, C. (2010). “Reviews on Micro-Grid Configuration and Dedicated Hybrid System Optimization Software Tools: Application to Laos.” Engineering Journal, 14(3), 15–34; Mohammed, O. H., Amirat, Y., Benbouzid, M. E. H., & Feld, G. (2017). “Optimal Design and Energy Management of a Hybrid Power Generation System Based on Wind/Tidal/PV Sources: Case Study for the Ouessant French Island.” In F. R. Islam, K. A. Mamun, & A. M. T. Oo (Eds.), Smart Energy Grid Design for Island Countries: Challenges and Opportunities, (pp. 381–413). Green Energy and Technology. Springer International Publishing. 64. Klise, G. T., & Stein, J. S. (2009). Models Used to Assess the Performance of Photovoltaic Systems (SAND2009-8258). Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories. 65. Distributed energy resources are demand- and supply-side resources that can be deployed throughout an electric distribution system to meet the energy and reliability needs of the customers served by that system. Distributed resources can be installed on either the customer side or the utility side of the meter. This includes generation, managed loads (including electric vehicle charging), energy storage, and other technologies that can provide energy, load management, and ancillary services, such as reserves, voltage control, and reactive power, and black start capabilities. See Moskovitz, D. (2000). Profits and Progress Through Distributed Resources, Montpelier, VT: Regulatory Assistance Project. 66. Stadler, M., Cardoso, G., Mashayekh, S., Forget, T., Deforest, N., Agarwal, A., & Schönbein, A. (2016). “Value Streams in Microgrids: A Literature Review.” Applied Energy Journal, 162(15), 980–989. 67. Grid Integration Group, Energy Technologies Area, Berkeley Lab. (n.d.). The Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM). Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://building-microgrid.lbl. gov/projects/der-cam 68. US Department of Energy. (n.d.). GridLAB-D: A Unique Tool to Design the Smart Grid. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.gridlabd.org/ 69. HOMER Energy. (n.d.) Make Efficient, Informed Decisions About Distributed Generation and Distrib- uted Energy Resources. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.homerenergy.com/ 70. Electric Power Research Institute. (n.d.). OpenD. 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Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 75. Grid Integration Group, Energy Technologies Area, Berkeley Lab. (n.d.). Optimizing Energy Resources on the Grid: Our Research. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/der-cam- related-publications 76. New York State. NY Prize: A Program of NYSERDA. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.nyserda. ny.gov/All-Programs/Programs/NY-Prize 77. Vallery, G., & Stadler, M. (2015, April). Fort Hunter Liggett Microgrid Conversion. Military & Government Microgrids Summit. Presented at Infocast summit, Arlington, VA. 78. HOMER Energy. (n.d.). Which HOMER Model Is Right for You? Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https:// www.homerenergy.com/products/pro-vs-grid.html 79. Lambert, T., Gilman, P., & Lilienthal, P. (2006). Micropower System Modeling with HOMER. In F. A. Farret & M. G. Simões (Eds.), Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy (pp. 379–418). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 80. Iqbal, M. T. (2004). A Feasibility Study of a Zero Energy Home in Newfoundland. Renewable Energy, 29(2), 277–289; Khan, M. J., & Iqbal, M. T. (2005). Pre-feasibility Study of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems for Applications in Newfoundland. Renewable Energy, 30(6), 835–854; Rehman, S., El-Amin, I. M., Ahmad, F., Shaahid, S. M., Al-Shehri, A. M., Bakhashwain, J. M., & Shash, A. (2007). Feasibility Study of Hybrid Retrofits to an Isolated Off-Grid Diesel Power Plant. Renewable and Sustainable Energy

96 Airport Microgrid Implementation Toolkit Reviews, 11(4), 635–653; Bronksi, P., Creyts, J., Crowdis, M., Doig, S., Glassmire, J., & Guccione, L., . . . Touati, H. (2015). The Economics of Load Defection: How Grid-Connected Solar-Plus-Battery Systems Will Compete With Traditional Electric Service, Why It Matters, and Possible Paths Forward. Boulder, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute. 81. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. REopt Publications. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https:// reopt.nrel.gov/publications.html 82. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2019). REopt Projects: REopt Evaluates Energy Security Mea- sures for the Department of Defense. Retrieved from https://reopt.nrel.gov/projects/case-study-defense. html; National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2019). REopt Projects: REopt Reveals Opportunities to Boost PV System Efficiencies, Halve Fuel Costs at Alcatraz. Retrieved from https://reopt.nrel.gov/projects/ case-study-alcatraz.html 83. Dommel, H. W. (1969). Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in Single-and- Multiphase Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems (4), 388–399. 84. Chassin, D. P., Schneider, K., & Gerkensmeyer, C. (2008, April). GridLAB-D: An Open-Source Power Systems Modeling and Simulation Environment. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.1109/TDC.2008.4517260. 85. Chassin, D. P., Fuller, J. C., & Djilali, N. (2014). “GridLAB-D: An Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Smart Grids.” Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2014. 86. Dugan, R. C., & Montenegro, D. (2018, March). Reference Guide: The Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). (A. Ballanti, ed.) Electric Power Research Institute. https://spinengenharia.com.br/wp-content/ uploads/2019/01/OpenDSSManual.pdf 87. “Microgrids” [GridLAB-D Wiki]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 5, 2019, from http://gridlab-d.shoutwiki.com/ wiki/Microgrids 88. Morgan, T. R., Marshall, R. H., & Brinkworth, B. J. (1997). “‘ARES’—A Refined Simulation Program for the Sizing and Optimisation of Autonomous Hybrid Energy Systems.” Solar Energy, 59(4–6), 205–215. 89. EPFL. CitySim Software. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://leso.epfl.ch/transfer/software/citysim/ 90. Eaton. Distribution System Analysis. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from http://www.cyme.com/software/ cymdist/ 91. Paladin Software DesignBase. Power Analytics Corporation. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https:// www.poweranalytics.com/paladin-software/paladin-designbase/ 92. EMTP Alliance. (n.d.). EMTP-RV Simulation Software: The Reference for Power Systems Transients [Bro- chure]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.edf.fr/sites/default/files/Lot%203/CHERCHEURS/ EMTP-RV/emtp-rv_brochure.pdf 93. Energy: Energy Surety Microgrid. (n.d.). Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://energy.sandia.gov/programs/electric-grid/advanced-microgrids/esdm/ 94. EPRI-SQA. (2016, August 22). OpenETran (Version 1.0.0.2) [Software]. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Avail- able from https://sourceforge.net/projects/epri-openetran/ 95. Bhatnangar, D. (2012, October). ES-Select: A Decision Support Tool. Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved from https://www.sandia.gov/ess-ssl/docs/EsSelectFactsheet.pdf 96. GDFSUEZ. (n.d.). EUROSTAG and Associated Products. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from http:// www.eurostag.be/ 97. EnergyPLAN. (2013, July 3). H2RES [Blog]. Retrieved from https://www.energyplan.eu/othertools/island/ h2res/. 98. Phrakonkham, S., Le Chenadec, J.-Y., Diallo, D., Remy, G., & Marchand, C. (2010, July 22). “Reviews on Micro-Grid Configuration and Dedicated Hybrid System Optimization Software Tools: Application to Laos.” Engineering Journal 14(3): 15–34. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2010.14.3.15 99. Wind Energy Center at the University of Massachusetts. (n.d.). Hybrid2 [Software]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from http://www.umass.edu/windenergy/research/topics/tools/software/hybrid2 100. Schumacher, J. (n.d.). INSEL (Version 8) [Software]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from http://www.insel.eu/ en/home_en.html 101. Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership. (2015). Marginal Abatement Cost Tool (MACTool). Retrieved October 2, 2016, from https://ledsgp.org/resource/marginal-abatement-cost-tool 102. EnergyPLAN. (2013, July 3). MARKAL/TIMES [Blog]. Retrieved from https://www.energyplan.eu/ othertools/national/markaltimes/ 103. Sandia National Laboratories. (n.d.). Microgrid Design Toolkit. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https:// www.sandia.gov/CSR/tools/mdt.html 104. Energy Exemplar. (n.d.). PLEXOS Market Simulation Software [Blog]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://energyexemplar.com/products/plexos-simulation-software/ 105. DIgSILENT. (n.d.). PowerFactory Applications. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.digsilent.de/ en/powerfactory.html

References and Notes 97 106. GE Energy Consulting. (n.d.). GE PSLF*. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.geenergyconsulting. com/practice-area/software-products/pslf 107. Colorado State University. (n.d.). Lab1—Introduction to PSS/E [PDF document]. Retrieved from http:// www.engr.colostate.edu/ECE461/labs/lab1_PSSEIntroduction.pdf 108. Siemens. (n.d.). PSS SINCAL – Simulation Software for Analysis and Planning of Electric and Pipe Net- works [Software]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/ services/transmission-distribution-smart-grid/consulting-and-planning/pss-software/pss-sincal.html. 109. Government of Canada. (n.d.). RETScreen [Software]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.nrcan. gc.ca/maps-tools-publications/tools/data-analysis-software-modelling/retscreen/7465 110. DNV GL. (n.d.). Power Distribution System and Electrical Simulation Software-Synergi Electric. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.dnvgl.com/services/power-distribution-system-and-electrical-simulation- software-synergi-electric-5005 111. The World Bank. (2016, January). Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) Cities Survey Data (Version 1) [Software]. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world- tool-rapid-assessment-city-energy-trace-cities-survey-data-2016 112. XENDEE. (2020, December). Recent Publications by the XENDEE Team. Retrieved from https://xendee. com/publications/

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation

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