Research Opportunities for Materials with Ultrafine Microstructures (1989)

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SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING: GENERAL METHODS 35 hydrodynamic atomization is a means to generate submicron-size particles. The highest cooling rates are obviously obtained for the smallest particles. Melt spinning is the most widely used technique for producing rapidly solidified ribbons in the 25 to 50 µm range, corresponding to cooling rates in the range of 106 K/s. Good examples of melt-spun nanophase composite products are the permanent magnet rare earth Fe-B materials (see Chapter 6). A complete discussion of rapid solidification science and technology is beyond the scope of this study and, as noted in Chapter 1, has been adequately covered in previous National Materials Advisory Board reports. REFERENCES Aida, T., and S. Inoue. 1981. Macromolecules 14:401162. Aksay, I. A. 1988. Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 1, Part B, Ceramic Powder Science. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ceramic Powder Processing Science. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society. Bevk, J. 1983. Ultrafine filamentary composites. Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 13:319. Cannon, W. R., S. C. Danforth, J. S. Haggerty, J. H. Flint, and R. A. Marra. 1982. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 65:324–325. Gleiter, H. 1981. Materials with ultrafine grain sizes. Pp. 15–21 in Deformation of Polycrystals: Mechanisms and Micro-structures, N. Hansen et al., eds. Roskilde, Denmark: Riso National Laboratory. Granqvist, C. G., and R. A. Buhrman. 1976. Ultrafine metal particles. J. Appl. Phys. 47(5):2200. Heeger, A. J., J. Orenstein, and D. R. Ulrich, eds. 1988. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polymers. Materials Research Society Proceedings, Vol. 109. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society. Hench, L. L., and D. R. Ulrich. 1986. Science of Chemical Processing. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hench, L. L., and D. R. Ulrich, eds. 1984. Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Higashimura, T. 1986. Makromol. Chem., Makromol. Symp. 3:83. Khanarian, G., ed. 1986. Molecular and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials: Fundamentals and Applications. Proceedings, SPIE, 682. 

SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING: GENERAL METHODS 36 Khorana, H. G. 1987. Recent work on bacteriorhodopsin. Chapter 1 in Proteins of Excitable Membranes, B. Hille and D. M. Farnbrough, eds. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Klein, L. C. 1987. Design of microstructures in sol-gel processed silicates. P. 39 in Design of New Materials, D. L. Cocks and A. Clearfield, eds. Denver: Cahmus Publishing Co. Kimoto, K., Y. Kamiya, M. Nonoyama, and R. Uyeda. 1963. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2:702. McCandlish, L. E., and R. S. Polizzotti. 1989. Control of Composition and Microstructure in the Co-W-C Ternary System Using Chemical Synthesis Methods. Solid State Ionics (in press). Pope, E. A., and J. D. Mackenzie. 1985. Porous and dense composites from sol-gel. In Proceedings of the 21st University Conference on Ceramic Science (July). Pope, E. A., and J. D. Mackenzie. 1986. Oxide-nonoxide composites by sol-gel. Pp. 809–814 in Better Ceramics Through Chemistry II, C. J. Brinker, D. E. Clark, and D. R. Ulrich, eds. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society. Schnettler, F. J., F. R. Monforte, and W. W. Rhodes. 1968. A cryochemical method for preparing ceramic materials. Science of Ceramics, G. H. Steward, ed., Vol. 4, pp. 79–90. Stoke-on-Trent, England: British Ceramic Society. Siegel, R. W., S. Ramasamy, H. Hahn, Z. Li, T. Lu, and R. Gronsky. 1988. J. Mater. Res. 3:1367. Siegel, R. W., and H. Hahn. 1987. P. 403 in Current Trends in the Physics of Materials. M. Yussouff, ed. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. Siegel, R. W., and J. A. Eastman. 1989. P. 3 in Multicomponent Ultrafine Microstructures, L. E. McCandlish et al., eds. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 132:3. Smith, R. D., B. W. Wright, C. R. Yonker, and D. W. Matson. 1987. Army Research Office Workshop on Supercritical Fluid Technologies. University of Washington (August). Tarasevich, B. J., J. Liv, M. Sarikaya, and I. A. Aksay. 1988. Inorganic gels with nanometer-sized particles. Pp. 225–237, Better Ceramics Through Chemistry III, C. J. Brinker, P. E. Clark and D. R. Ulrich, eds. Materials Research Society. 

SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING: GENERAL METHODS 37 Thölén, A. R. 1979. Acta Metall. 27:1765. Ulrich, D. R. 1988. Nonlinear optical polymer systems and devices. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Ulrich, D. R. 1988a. Sol-gel processing. Chemtech (American Chemical Society), 18(4). Ulrich, D. R. 1987. Multifunctional macromolecular ultrastructures. Polymer, 28:533–542. Wagner, R. A. 1988. A New Process for Final Densification of Ceramics. Final Report, Air Force Contract AFOSR F49620-S5-C-0053 (May 13). Webster, O. W., W. R. Herter, D. Y. Sagah, W. B. Farnham, and T. J. Rajan Babu. 1983. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105:5706. Wu, E. C., K. C. Chen, and J. D. Mackenzie. 1984. Ferroelectric ceramics--The sol-gel method versus conventional processing. In Better Ceramics Through Chemistry, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, Vol. 32, C. J. Brinker, D. E. Clark, and D. R. Ulrich, eds. New York: Elsevier. 

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