Research Opportunities for Materials with Ultrafine Microstructures (1989)

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PROPERTIES 86 The stability of composition modulations has been very thoroughly studied. Greer and Spaepen (1985) describe the first direct determination of the gradient energy coefficients. Artificial multilayers remain unique tools for studying interdiffusion under unusual conditions (low temperature, steep gradients, unstable materials such as amorphous metals or semiconductors). The early work also demonstrated that significant effects of the gradient energy begin to occur at length scales of 10 nm or less. The thermodynamics of inhomogeneous systems should therefore be kept very much in mind in the study of the finest nanostructure. REFERENCES Atzmon, M., K. M. Unruh, and W. L. Johnson. 1985. J. Appl. Phys. 58:3865. Beebe, P., and J. T. Yates, Jr. 1986. Surface Sci. Letters 173:L606. Belton, D. N., Y. M. Sun, and J. M. White. 1984. J. Phys. Chem. 88:5172. Bevk, J. 1983. Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 13:319. Birringer, R., H. Hahn, H. Höfler, J. Karch, and H. Gleiter. 1988. Defect and Diffusion Forum 59:17. Birringer, R., U. Herr, and H. Gleiter. 1986. Suppl. Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 27:43. Bond, G. C. 1985. Surface Sci. 156:966. Burch, R., and L. C. Garla. 1982. J. Catal. 73:20. Cahn, J. W., and J. E. Hilliard. 1958. J. Chem. Phys. 28:258. Cowen, J. A., B. Stolzman, R. S. Averback, and H. Hahn. 1987. J. Appl. Phys. 61:3317. Greer, A. L., and F. Spaepen. 1985. P. 419 in Synthetic Modulated Structure Materials, L. L. Chang and B. C. Giessen, eds. New York: Academic Press. Helmersson, U., et al. 1987. J. Appl. Phys. 62:481. Hicks, R. F., and A. T. Bell. 1984. J. Catal. 90:205. Hort, E. 1986. Diplom Thesis. Universität des Saarländes, Saarbrücken. Horváth, J., R. Birringer, and H. Gleiter. 1987. Sol. State Commun. 62:319. 

PROPERTIES 87 Inoue, Y., J. M. Herrmann, H. Schmidt, R. L. Burwell, Jr., J. B. Butt, and J. B. Cohen. 1978. J. Catal. 53:401. Klimisch, R. L., and K. C. Taylor. 1973. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7:127. Lee, C., L. Schmidt, J. F. Moulder, and T. W. Rusch. 1986. J. Catal. 99:472. Lee, C., and L. Schmidt. 1986. J. Catal. 101:123. Li, Z., S. Ramasamy, H. Hahn, and R. W. Siegel. 1988. Mater. Letters 6:195. Masel, R. I. 1986. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 28:335. McDonald, M. A., D. A. Storm, and M. Boudart. 1986. J. Catal. 102:386. Oh, S. H., and J. E. Carpenter. 1986. J. Catal. 98:178. Oh, S. H., G. B. Fisher, J. E. Carpenter, and D. W. Goodman. 1986. J. Catal. 100:360. Otero-Schipper, P. H., W. A. Wachter, J. B. Butt, R. L. Burwell, Jr., and J. B. Cohen. 1978. J. Catal. 53:414. Paal, Z., and P. G. Menon. 1983. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 25:229. Palazov, A., G. Kadinov, C. Bonev, and D. Shopov. 1982. Infrared spectroscopic study of the interaction between carbon-monoxide and hydrogen on supported palladium. Bulgarian Acad. Sci. Inst. Organ. Chem/Bü-1113, Sofia; J. Catal. 74(NI):44–54. Pitchai, R., S. S. Wong, N. Takahashi, J. B. Butt, R. L. Burwell, Jr., and J. B. Cohen. 1985. J. Catal. 94:478. Siegel, R. W., S. Ramasamy, H. Hahn, Z. Li, T. Lu, and R. Gronsky. 1988. Synthesis characteristics and properties of nanophase TiO2. J. Mater. Res. 3:1267. Siegel, R. W., and J. A. Eastman. 1989. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 132:3. Siegel, R. W., and H. Hahn. 1987. P. 403 in Current Trends in the Physics of Materials, M. Yssouff, ed. Singapore: World Scientific Publ. Spaepen, F. 1985. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 37:295. Tauster, S. J., S. C. Fung, and R. C. Garten. 1978. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100:170. 

PROPERTIES 88 Taylor, K. C., R. M. Sinkevitch, and R. L. Klimisch. 1974. J. Catal. 35:34. Wong, S. S., P. H. Otero-Schipper, W. A. Wachter, Y. Inoue, M. Kobayashi, M. Butt, J. B. Burwell, Jr., and J. B. Cohen. 1980. J. Catal. 64:84.